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Seminars in virology最新文献

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cis-Acting Signals in Bromovirus RNA Replication and Gene Expression: Networking with Viral Proteins and Host Factors 溴病毒RNA复制和基因表达中的顺式作用信号:与病毒蛋白和宿主因子的网络
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0125
Michael L. Sullivan , Paul Ahlquist
{"title":"cis-Acting Signals in Bromovirus RNA Replication and Gene Expression: Networking with Viral Proteins and Host Factors","authors":"Michael L. Sullivan ,&nbsp;Paul Ahlquist","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0125","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bromoviruses are representative members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of animal and plant positive-strand RNA viruses. Tractable biochemical and genetic features have made bromoviruses useful systems for<em>in vivo</em>and<em>in vitro</em>studies of<em>cis</em>-acting RNA sequences and<em>trans</em>-acting factors in RNA replication, subgenomic mRNA synthesis, translation, encapsidation, and virus–host interactions. Among other findings, bromovirus<em>cis</em>-acting RNA replication signals are large, structurally complex, and conserve potential conformational switches that may coordinate RNA replication with other infection processes. The tRNA-like 3′ ends of bromovirus RNAs are required for negative-strand synthesis and recognized by multiple tRNA-specific host enzymes. The presence of additional host regulatory sequence motifs in other bromovirus<em>cis</em>-acting regions suggests that their function also involves interaction with host as well as viral factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51141764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 48
Nodavirus RNA Recombination 诺达病毒RNA重组
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0108
L.Andrew Ball
{"title":"Nodavirus RNA Recombination","authors":"L.Andrew Ball","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0108","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genomes of nodaviruses contain two positive-sense RNAs that encode the RNA polymerase and capsid proteins, respectively. In this system, recombination occurs when the polymerase switches templates during negative strand RNA synthesis, usually at a site where the nascent strand can form 4–5 bp with the acceptor template. Two other factors influence the choice of recombination site: (1) template secondary structure, which is predicted to hold the recombination sites in close proximity; and (2) similarity of the cross-over site to an origin of replication, which suggests that the polymerase interacts directly with the acceptor template.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51139413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Recombination in Alphaviruses 甲病毒的重组
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0115
James H. Strauss , Ellen G. Strauss
{"title":"Recombination in Alphaviruses","authors":"James H. Strauss ,&nbsp;Ellen G. Strauss","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0115","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51140263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
RNA Structure and Stability RNA的结构和稳定性
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0118
Jacek Nowakowski, Ignacio Tinoco Jr.
{"title":"RNA Structure and Stability","authors":"Jacek Nowakowski,&nbsp;Ignacio Tinoco Jr.","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0118","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>RNA molecules fold into specific base-paired conformations that contain single-stranded regions, A-form double helices, hairpin loops, internal loops, bulges, junctions, pseudoknots, kissing hairpins, and so forth. These structural motifs are recognized by proteins, other RNAs, and other parts of the same RNA. The interactions of these structural elements are crucial to the biological functions of the RNA molecules. We describe the different motifs and discuss their thermodynamic stabilities relative to single strands of RNA. The stabilities determine under what conditions they occur and whether they change when interacting with proteins or other ligands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 153-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51139882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 59
“Might as Well Jump!” Template Switching by Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase, Defective Genome Formation, and Recombination “还是跳吧!”逆转录病毒逆转录酶的模板转换，缺陷基因组形成和重组
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0114
Vinay K. Pathak , Wei-Shau Hu
{"title":"“Might as Well Jump!” Template Switching by Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase, Defective Genome Formation, and Recombination","authors":"Vinay K. Pathak ,&nbsp;Wei-Shau Hu","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0114","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High evolutionary potential and genetic variation in retroviral populations depend upon the mutation and recombination rates per replication cycle, the replication rate (replication cycles per time), and the selective forces that act on the population. The virally encoded reverse transcriptases lack proofreading capability and are evolutionarily selected for jumping (switching templates) during reverse transcription. One consequence of the template switching nature of reverse transcriptases is a high rate of intramolecular template switching, which leads to defective genome formation; another consequence is intermolecular template switching between two copackaged genomic RNAs, which leads to recombination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51140202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 46
RNA Determinants of Picornavirus Cap-Independent Translation Initiation 小核糖核酸病毒帽无关翻译起始的RNA决定因素
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0127
Stacey R. Stewart, Bert L. Semler
{"title":"RNA Determinants of Picornavirus Cap-Independent Translation Initiation","authors":"Stacey R. Stewart,&nbsp;Bert L. Semler","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0127","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Internal ribosome entry was first identified as a translation mechanism used by picornavirus RNAs and has since been shown to be used by other viral and eukaryotic RNAs as well. Cap-independent translation is dependent on complex interactions between eukaryotic factors and picornavirus RNAs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Determinants for ribosome association lie in the 5′-noncoding region of viral RNAs and consist of several levels of structure including primary sequence, stem-loop structures, and perhaps tertiary folding. Host cell factors involved in this process include some canonical translation factors and additional RNA-binding proteins, of which only a few have been identified. Recent advances in reconstituting translation<em>in vitro</em>have provided a useful means for deciphering the roles of protein and RNA factors and the steps leading to end-independent protein synthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 242-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51141442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 63
RNA Signals in Entero- and Rhinovirus Genome Replication 肠病毒和鼻病毒基因组复制中的RNA信号
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0128
WenKai Xiang, Aniko V. Paul, Eckard Wimmer
{"title":"RNA Signals in Entero- and Rhinovirus Genome Replication","authors":"WenKai Xiang,&nbsp;Aniko V. Paul,&nbsp;Eckard Wimmer","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0128","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The VPg-linked, plus-stranded RNA genomes of entero- and rhinoviruses contain very different 5′ and 3′ terminal regions which harbor signals for RNA replication. The terminal cloverleaf-like structure of the 5′-nontranslated region (5′NTR) is known to be required for plus-strand RNA synthesis. Genetic evidence suggest that two stem-loop structures and the poly(A) tail of the 3′NTR have a function in minus-strand synthesis. All of the nonstructural viral proteins, and possibly also some cellular polypeptides, are believed to be involved in RNA replication. RNA synthesis is initiated on a poly(A) template and involves uridylylation of VPg to yield VPgpU(pU). This precursor is likely to serve as primer for the RNA polymerase 3D<sup>pol</sup>during both minus- and plus-strand RNA synthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 256-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51141466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 68
RNA Recognition by HIV-1 Tat and Rev HIV-1 Tat和Rev对RNA的识别
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0121
Ruoying Tan , Alexander Brodsky , James R. Williamson , Alan D. Frankel
{"title":"RNA Recognition by HIV-1 Tat and Rev","authors":"Ruoying Tan ,&nbsp;Alexander Brodsky ,&nbsp;James R. Williamson ,&nbsp;Alan D. Frankel","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0121","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>HIV-1 Tat and Rev, two essential regulatory proteins, contain arginine-rich domains that are largely responsible for specific binding to their respective RNA sites, TAR and RRE. Structural studies demonstrate how these RNAs provide precise three-dimensional frameworks for protein binding.<em>In vivo,</em>Tat and Rev interact with additional cellular proteins to carry out their important roles in viral transcription and mRNA processing and transport.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51140053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
RNA Signals That Control DNA Replication in Hepadnaviruses 控制肝病毒DNA复制的RNA信号
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0123
Jianming Hu, Christoph Seeger
{"title":"RNA Signals That Control DNA Replication in Hepadnaviruses","authors":"Jianming Hu,&nbsp;Christoph Seeger","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0123","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The small 3.2-kb-long DNA genomes of hepadnaviruses are replicated by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. This RNA “pregenome” contains important signals that control critical steps of replication that include RNA packaging, initiation of reverse transcription, and elongation of minus strand DNA. Transcribed with terminally redundant ends, from a covalently closed circular DNA, pregenomic RNA also contains signals that regulate the conditional use of a polyadenylation site. To function as a pregenome the transcript must not enter the splicing pathway and therefore bears signals that permit splicing-independent egress from the nucleus and transport to ribosomes where it exerts its other role as a messenger RNA for the synthesis of capsid and polymerase polypeptides. Translation, in turn, demands signals that maintain the stoichiometry of about 200 capsid proteins per molecule of polymerase synthesized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 205-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51141701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Defective Interfering Particles of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Functions of the Genomic Termini 水泡性口炎病毒的缺陷干扰粒子:基因组末端的功能
Seminars in virology Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0111
Sean P.J. Whelan, Gail Williams Wertz
{"title":"Defective Interfering Particles of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Functions of the Genomic Termini","authors":"Sean P.J. Whelan,&nbsp;Gail Williams Wertz","doi":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0111","DOIUrl":"10.1006/smvy.1997.0111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The functions of the<em>cis</em>-acting sequence elements at the termini of the negative strand RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus and its defective-interfering particles were evaluated. Either genomic terminus could signal replication but increasing the complementarity of the termini enhanced replication irrespective of whether the termini consisted of the 3′ leader and its complement or the 5′ trailer and its complement. The 5′ trailer region contains an essential<em>cis</em>-acting requirement for assembly of RNPs into infectious particles. These findings explain why the majority of DI RNAs are of the 5′ copy-back class: RNAs with complementary termini from either end have a replicative advantage, but only 5′ copy-back RNAs contain the signal for assembly into particles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92955,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in virology","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 131-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/smvy.1997.0111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51139527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
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