International journal of immunology and immunotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics, Treatment and Prognosis of 74 COVID-19 Patients from Cities Outside Wuhan: A Descriptive Study","authors":"Jiazhao Yang","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410047","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since December 2019, pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), namely COVID-19, has rapidly spread from Wuhan city to other cities across China, with the cumulative number of infections reaching 80,000. According to official data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan are significantly different from COVID-19 patients in other cities. Objective: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of 74 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Design: Retrospective, single-center case study. Methods: Clinical data of 74 COVID-19 patients discharged from the Anhui Provincial Hospital Infectious Disease Hospital (Hefei city, Anhui Province) from January 21 to February 25, 2020, were collected to analyze the patients in our hospital had a history of close contact with people from Wuhan. Fever, cough, expectoration, and fatigue were the most common symptoms. Compared with patients in Wuhan, COVID-19 patients in Anhui Province had milder conditions and optimistic therapeutic outcomes, suggesting that there may be some regional differences in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between different cities.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46157441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Immunological Algorithm to Defeat Covid-19","authors":"Gupta Ajay, G. Ayush","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410046","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Local tissue destruction in Covid-19 patients is reported to be an inappropriate immune body response than viral loading. Very high levels of cytokines of mixed Th1/Th2 affinity have been demonstrated in critically ill patients. Methods and results: Countries like Italy, Spain or Germany etc. with very low prevalence of tuberculosis and discontinued BCG immunization since decades, are witnessing the worst form of this global pandemic of Corona virus. It has also been seen that Covid-19 affected more of those countries who have robust and free influenza vaccination programme. High mortality of Covid-19 patients is probably result of the reduced Th1 immunity due to lack of past exposures to various infections and poor or absent local innate immunity due to the parental influenza vaccinations. Conclusion: Influenza has been reported providing protection against the Mycobacteria. It is possible that a reciprocal cross immunity exists between the two pathogens. BCG vaccination should prove to be a great defence against Covid-19. Since BCG induces predominantly the cellular immunity which usually is peaked at 6-10 weeks, it may not yield instant protection as is needed. It may therefore be augmented with oral live-attenuated Salmonella vaccination to boost local mucosal immunity in mean time.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"524 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89693606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Plasma from Survivors of COVID-19: A Novel and Next Frontier Approach to Fight against Pandemic Coronavirus","authors":"S. Nimesh, P. Archna","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410045","url":null,"abstract":"Blood from people who have recovered can be a rich source of antibodies, proteins made by the immune system to attack the virus. The part of the blood that contains antibodies, so-called convalescent plasma, has been used for decades to treat infectious diseases, including Ebola and influenza. In the absence of a cure or vaccine for the coronavirus, a group of scientists is searching for a fast solution in an unconventional place: The veins of people who have recovered. Starting in New York City hospitals this week, and soon in dozens of medical centers across the United States, researchers will start drawing blood from COVID-19 survivors, who have antibodies their bodies made to fight the disease. They’ll then isolate their plasma, the liquid part of blood that contains antibodies. And in a process called “convalescent plasma therapy,” their antibodies will be transferred to others, either to protect them against getting infected or to boost the immune systems of those who are already sick. This highly experimental therapy hasn’t been proven to work against the coronavirus, but preliminary research out of China suggests that it has helped a small group of patients recover. It’s also seen some success in past infectious disease outbreaks, including in fighting the coronavirus that caused the SARS outbreak.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"505 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86005449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There A Vaccine for Covid-19 and Are We Unaware of It?","authors":"Mobaraki Kazhal, A. Jamal","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410044","url":null,"abstract":"Citation: Mobaraki K, Ahmadzadeh J (2020) Is There A Vaccine for Covid-19 and Are We Unaware of It?. Int J Immunol Immunother 7:044. doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410044 Received Date: March 28, 2020: Accepted: April 18, 2020: Published: April 20, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Mobaraki K et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75756710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors as Novel Immuno-Oncology Agent and Vaccine Adjuvant","authors":"B. Shanta","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410043","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency in humans causes lymphopenia and this provided the rationale for developing PNP inhibitors as immunosuppressive agents. However, careful re-evaluation of clinical history of PNP deficient patients and clinical experience with PNP inhibitors together with new experimental data suggest inhibition of PNP may have immune activating effects through elevation of guanosine and activation of various tolllike receptors (TLRs). This paper proposes a mechanism of action for the immune activating effects of PNP inhibition. Methods: To evaluate in vitro TLR activation, by PNP inhibitor and the purine nucleosides that are elevated with PNP inhibition, HEK293 cells expressing various TLRs linked to the SEAP reporter group was used. To evaluate forodesine as vaccine adjuvant, well known mouse models of tetanus toxoid vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine was used. To evaluate anti-tumor and anti-bacterial effects of forodesine, syngeneic B16F10 mouse melanoma model and L.monocytogenes bacterial infection mouse model were used. Results: Guanosine demonstrated significant and robust activation of TLR2 and TLR4, in HEK293 cells. Like other TLR activators, PNP inhibitor forodesine which elevates guanosine in vivo demonstrated statistically significant increases in antibody titers and, although not significant, a trend towards increase in interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels compared to vaccine alone groups in tetanus toxoid and Hepatitis B vaccine mouse models. Similarly, forodesine treatment improved the mouse immune system as demonstrated by significant decrease in tumor growth in mouse melanoma model, inspite of lack of direct in vitro cytotoxic effects of forodesine on malignant cells. In addition, like other TLR agonists, forodesine demonstrated significant decrease in weight loss in L.monocytogenes bacterial infection model. Discussion: In PNP inhibitor clinical trials, immune activating effects have been noted which included increased response to tetanus toxoid vaccine, graft versus leukemia effects in post hematopoietic stem cell transplant relapse acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, and in vivo effectiveness in non-leukemic cancers in spite of lack of direct in vitro cytotoxic effects on the malignant cells. Clinical findings in PNP deficient patients include autoimmune manifestations, elevation of IL-18 levels (an IFN-γ inducer), and neurological disorders which is consistent with immune activation. Lymphopenia noted in PNP deficient patients is primarily due to constitutive activation of immune system in these patients causing immune exhaustion and T-cell elimination. Genetic studies, clinical experience with PNP inhibitors together with the preclinical data presented here clearly support the role of PNP inhibitors as immune-activating agents. Contrary to prior literature, we have confirmed that PNP inhibition has immune activating effects. Conclusion: Clinical findings in PNP deficient patients along with ","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75751932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-recurrent Immunocorrection in Gynecology Andrology and Proctology","authors":"V. Beniuk, V. Goncharenko, A. Kurchenko, Oleksii Tatskyy, S. Konovalenko, Svitlana Vintoniuk, S. Melnikov, K. Nurimanov, S. Podpriatov","doi":"10.11648/J.IJI.20200801.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJI.20200801.11","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides evidence of clinical experience with the use of Arecur® for the treatment of endocervicitis and dysplasia of the cervix, endometrioma, chronic bacterial prostatitis, and for postoperative rehabilitation in patients after removal of hemorrhoids. Arecur® contains exogenous peptides of natural origin – anti-infective proteins of the group of defensins and RJP-1 and has antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. In the study groups, in which Arecur® was assigned to the patients, were reported significantly better clinical efficacy results. The ability of exogenous peptides to mobilize T-lymphocytes to identify and destroy infected and atypical cells determines the elimination of human papilloma virus and creates the conditions for reducing the risk of malignant cell transformation of cervical canal. Arecur®, by enhancing the immune supervision of ectopic endometrial cells, promotes regression of clinical symptoms and prolongation of inter-relapsing intervals in patients with endometriosis. In chronic bacterial prostatitis Arecur® increases the efficiency of etiotropic and symptomatic therapy. After surgical removal of hemorrhoid lesions, Arecur® provides more positive dynamics of rehabilitation, improves patients' quality of life and prevents complications. The obtained results allow us to reasonably recommend Arecur® as a medicine for anti-recurrent immunocorrection in gynecology, andrology and proctology.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75222417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG on the Number and Differentiation of T Lymphocytes in the Intestine of Early Weaned Piglets","authors":"Shonyela Seria Masole, Fong Bo, Yan Wentao, Yang Guilian, Wang Chunfeng","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410042","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms by the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). When appropriate quantities are used, probiotics will have beneficial effects on human and animal bodies. Probiotics can be used to prevent and treat intestinal infection, urogenital diseases, bacterial vaginosis and skin diseases. Methods: In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) ATCC53103 was selected as the experimental strain. Sixty-five-day healthy piglets were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group LGG group and the control group PBS group. The piglets in LGG group were given 1 ml LGG (6 × 109 cfu/ml) every day. The piglets in the PBS group were given 1 ml PBS every day. Piglets were slaughtered on the 15th day, and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), ileum and Peyer’s patches (PPs), ileum and jejunal lamina propria (LP) were taken. The expression of CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4+ CD8+ double positive T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry and immunefluorescence. Resutlts: The results of flow cytometry showed that there was no significant difference in CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes in the MLN of the LGG group compared with the PBS group (P > 0.05). The CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes in the jejunum and ileum of the LGG group were significantly different from those in the PBS group (P < 0.05) (P < 0.05). The CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes in the jejunum LP of piglets in LGG group were significantly different from those in PBS group (P < 0.05). In the LGG group, CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes in the ileal LP of piglets were significantly different from those in the PBS group (P < 0.01). The CD4+ CD8+ T lymphocytes in the IEL of the LGG group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In summary, LGG can stimulate the increase in the number of T lymphocytes in piglets and tend to differentiate into Th1.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81828661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Neutrophil Isolation Protocol","authors":"Muñiz-Buenrostro Antonio, Y. Arce-MendozaAlma, I. Montes-ZapataEdgar, C. Calderón-MeléndezRubi, J. Montelongo-RodrÍguezMaricruz","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410041","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response. Due to their key role in inflammation, neutrophil functions such as locomotion, cytokine production, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and release of extracellular traps are extensively studied. Objective: Develop a simple, fast and cheap method to isolate neutrophils from human blood. Methods: A blood sample of 15 ml was obtained from healthy subjects. Subsequently, neutrophils where obtained using the modified density gradient separation method. Finally cell viability and morphology was analysed. Results: An average of 1.5 × 107 cells/ml was obtained with a > 98% neutrophil purity and a viability greater than 95%. Conclusions: Our protocol demonstrates that neutrophils can be isolated without investing a lot of money per procedure, which means this protocol will simplify the struggle of scientists to isolate neutrophils in terms of steps and expensive material.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81675131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Flavonoid Extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf) Harms (Meliaceae) Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Function of Asthmatic Patients Neutrophils","authors":"M. Oumar, K OulianovieGuessom, C. Tume, A. Kamanyi","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410040","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: In asthmatic patients, neutrophils are known to be hyperactive, characterized by a production of numerous inflammatory mediators. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of total flavonoid extract (TFE) of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (P. kotschyi) on neutrophil activities and anaphylactic reactions. Methods: Extract was tested on neutrophils isolated from blood of asthmatic patients activated by N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or histamine, and on anaphylactic reaction induced by horse serum and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine intraperitoneal in albino Wistar rats. In vitro, fMLP-induced production of peroxidase activity, superoxide anion (O2 -), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and histamine-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide were evaluated, while blood total and differential leukocytes, and level of NF-α and LTB4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured in rat. Results: Treatment with TFE of P. kotschyi exhibited significant reduction in the peroxidase activity (IC50, 76.03 μg/ml), O2 (IC50, 84.89 μg/ml), TNF-α (IC50, 54.07 μg/ml) and LTB4 (IC50, 48.97 μg/ml) production by fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. Moreover, TFE displayed markedly reduction in NO (IC50,37.31 μg/ml) and H2O2 (IC50, 32.05 μg/ml) production by the histamine-activated neutrophils. In addition, the treatment of rat with TFE brought to normalcy, the increased total white blood cells, neutrophil and eosinophils in blood, TNF-α and LTB4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Conclusion: Results of study indicated that stem bark lavonoids of P. Kotschyi could be effective in the treatment of anaphylaxis and asthma.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90269589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer Immunotherapy Therapeutic Manipulation of the CD8-HLA Class I Interaction: Potential and Challenges","authors":"P. Savage","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410035","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between CD8 and HLA class I is largely monomorphic and of low affinity. Previous studies have indicated that changing the affinity of this interaction can have dramatic biological effects. Reductions in CD8-HLA class I binding affinity can lead to inhibition of T cell mediated target cell killing, whilst modest affinity increases lead to enhanced target cell killing with retained antigenic specificity. Here it is shown that target cells bearing a high affinity chimeric MHC molecule termed a ‘Supertarget’ comprising the HLA-A2 molecule incorporating the murine MHC Kb alpha 3 domain can be killed by T cells irrespective of their native HLA or peptide specificity. We will review the immunotherapy potential of this Supertarget protein and also how novel drugs acting as agonists or antagonists at the CD8-HLA class I interface could have clinical potential.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76715168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}