International journal of immunology and immunotherapy最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19: A Cure and Preventive Options","authors":"J. Roli, Panday Dr. Archana","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410052","url":null,"abstract":"The world experienced the outbreaks of coronavirus infection that threaten global pandemic in 2002-2003 by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and in 2011 by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 showed similar, but distinct genome composition of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [1,2]. On an average corona hit the 1.5% to 2020 global GDP and 0.2% to long-run global GDP. We forecast a muted longterm impact because damage to productive capacity will be small, plus economic confidence should quickly return once the virus subsides. The body’s immune system is, at the moment, the most effective weapon people have against COVID-19. The majority of patients can cure themselves of the disease simply by resting at home enabling a small army of their own cells to attack the infection. The some antiviral, anti-malarial, spiked protein based vaccine and antibody plasma therapies as a cure and phytochemical, stronger immune system and guideline given by health agencies discussed as a preventive approach discussed in this article.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82697093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systemic Review: Structural Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2A Promising Preventive Cure by Phytochemicals","authors":"J. Roli, Shukla Dr. Sandeep, Nema Dr. Neeti, Panday Dr. Archna","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410051","url":null,"abstract":"The novel corona virus 2019-nCoV has recently emerged as a human pathogen in the city of Wuhan in China’s \u0000Hubei province, causing fever, severe respiratory illness, and pneumonia disease recently named COVID-19 (1, 2). \u0000The world experienced the outbreaks of corona virus infection that threaten global pandemic in 2002-2003 by Severe \u0000Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and in 2011 by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The genomic \u0000sequence of SARS-CoV-2 showed similar, but distinct genome composition of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. \u0000Phytochemicals are a powerful group of compounds, belonging to secondary metabolites of plants and including a \u0000diverse range of chemical entities such as polyphenols, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, organ Sulphur compounds, \u0000and vitamins. The potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, \u0000antifungal and antiviral activities. \u0000The ideal technology would be vaccine that gives lifelong immunity with a single dose. When whole world \u0000community of scientist working hard to find out clinical solution of this problem so mean time we have to work with \u0000what we have in hand the best prevention approach and the phytonutrient could be a one of them.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45832117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Clerodendrum inerme on Human PBMC","authors":"Akash Lashmanasamy, Rachinnth Ravichandran, Kalavathy Gengiah, S. Chandrasekar, Arumugam Perumal","doi":"10.11648/j.iji.20200802.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20200802.14","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal and ornamental plants have been used for many centuries in various ayurvedic treatments and chinese medicine. Many of which have proven to possess many bioactive compounds which may treat many deadly ailments. One such medicinal and ornamental plant is the Clerodendrum inerme. The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Clerodendrum inerme is well proven by many previously established works of literature. This provides a pathway to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the plant since anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity go hand in hand. This study aims to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic activity of Clerodendrum inerme. The leaves were harvested, dried and extracted using methanol. The phytochemical analysis for the extract was conducted and a column chromatography was performed to separate the extract into various fractions. Cell proliferation and NO inhibition assay was performed for each fraction and a GC-MS analysis for the best fraction was performed to identify the key compounds responsible for the immunomodulatory activity. The crude extract showed the presence of many key phytochemical groups. The column chromatography yielded eight different fractions and the sixth fraction was found to possess the best immunomodulatory activity as it showed the most significant reduction in cellular proliferation as well as nitric oxide production. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fourteen compounds in the key fraction.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"76 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86181152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration Induced Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells","authors":"Aditi Singh, Elcim Eroglulari, Athar Aziz","doi":"10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.12","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium (Ca2+) is a key secondary messenger. It is responsible for the generation of intracellular signals which regulates the cellular division, differentiation and cell death. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is maintained at a 105-fold lower level than the extracellular calcium concentration. The rise in [Ca2+]i induces differentiation in stem cells and this increased [Ca2+]i also serves as an early indicator of cellular death by apoptosis. In haematological malignancies such as chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), the cells are arrested in the megakaryocytic stage and are unable to differentiate into platelets. In this study, we treated two cell lines derived from CML patients-K562 and Marimo, with Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs) - fendiline and BTP2. We examined the effects of CCBs on cellular differentiation and growth in the two cell lines. The [Ca2+]i was found to increase with the increasing concentration of the CCBs. The morphology of the cells was then examined under a light microscope. It was observed that this increasing [Ca2+]i subsequently induced differentiation in both the cell lines. Differentiation is closely linked with proliferation. At even higher concentrations (25 µM), it was observed that these CCBs led to a decline in the number of cells. Cell cycle analysis was then performed to verify if the CCBs had an apoptotic effect on the cell lines. On performing cell cycle analysis, it was concluded that these CCBs at a higher concentration triggered apoptosis in the cells. The results suggest that CCBs causes increase in the intracellular calcium concentration in the cell lines which leads to differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells. In addition to this, these CCBs are toxic for the cells at high concentrations as they induce apoptosis in the cell lines.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89029889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Utilization of Child Immunization Services in a Tertiary Health Institution in Sokoto North-West Nigeria","authors":"Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola, Ebenezer Daniel, P. Abiodun, O. Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, A. Bello, CHRISTIE OMOLOLA ADAMS, O. Ojo, I. Popoola","doi":"10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.13","url":null,"abstract":"Despite our hygiene and safety some infections can still spread hence the need for vaccination and immunization of people especially during childhood. The high effectiveness of immunization in preventing diseases and death as made immunization one of public health’s most cost-effective intervention. When parents fail or do not complete their child’s vaccination, diseases that are long gone might re-appear. This study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers/guide towards immunization and the factors affecting utilization of immunization services in a tertiary institution in North-West Nigeria. One hundred and thirty-eight mothers/guides participated in this cross-sectional study. Respondents were recruited using a purposive sampling technique. A 47-item questionnaire on the self-reported knowledge, attitudes and practices towards utilization of immunization services was formulated and used for data collection. A focus group discussion which involved three vaccination health workers working in the health facility was also carried out in the study. A large proportion of the participants are within the age group of 21-30 (60.14%). Those who had no formal education, 53 (38.41%) were the majority. This study revealed that 93% have poor knowledge while 7% have good knowledge about immunization. 57.97% have good attitudes and 42.03% have poor attitude towards immunization. 52.90% have good practices while 47.10% have poor practices towards immunization. Level of education was revealed to have statistical significant relationship with mothers/guides knowledge, attitude and practice towards immunization. Factors such as lack of husbands’ consent, absence from town, sick child, travel cost and travel distance were reported to affect utilization of immunization services. According to the outcome of this study, it implies that a high proportion of mothers/guides have poor knowledge about immunization. Efforts should be made to appropriately educate mothers/guides on various vaccine preventable diseases and appropriate immunization schedules to ensure better compliance. Lack of husband’s consent is a major factor that affects the utilization of child immunization services by mothers/guides. Therefore, efforts should be targeted at educating men and employ necessary campaigns to change gender discrimination in relationships and households in this part of Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"32 2 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83135425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corona Virus: An Immunological Perspective Review","authors":"S. Nimesh, S. Bharat, Mehta Abhay, Nema Dr. Neeti, P. Archna","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410050","url":null,"abstract":"As the world is seeing the plague of COVID-19, an illness brought about by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, developing hereditary qualities and clinical confirmations recommend a comparative way to those of SARS and MERS. A course of viral particles enters the body through the nose, eyes or mouth. Breathing conveys a portion of these particles to the lower respiratory tract where the spike proteins of the coronavirus, acting like a key, lock into epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract just as those in the air sacs in the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 can remain undetected longer than numerous influenza or coronaviruses and its spike proteins can pick up passage by opening the ACE2 protein on the lung cells. People might be tainted by and experience the ill effects of various distinctive infections, and in many occasions the disease is settled with or without tissue harm. Reinfection is normally subclinical, and for some infections we have compelling immunizations; exemplary models incorporate measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus and varicella zoster infections. Different infections, for example, HIV, hepatitis C infection (HCV), hepatitis B infection (HBV) and some herpesviruses, can cause significant tissue harm in a few or all people they contaminate, and sores can get incessant. These infections as a rule have at least one properties that permit them to decrease the viability of host versatile or natural resistance, and we need powerful immunizations against the vast majority of these specialists. Contamination with infections, for example, flu infection and respiratory syncytial infection (RSV) has a variable result. Most people may endure mellow or subclinical contamination, yet others experience serious ailment that can be deadly. Numerous infections taint people and most are controlled agreeably by the resistant framework with restricted harm to have tissues. Some infections, in any case, harm the host, either in segregated cases or as a response that ordinarily happens after disease. The result is affected by properties of the tainting infection, the conditions of contamination and a few variables constrained by the host. A coronavirus is a sort of basic infection that causes a disease in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses aren’t perilous. COVID-19 is an illness that can cause what specialists call a respiratory tract disease. It can influence your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). It’s brought about by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90598932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of IL-17 and IL-23 in the Pathogenesis of Neutrophilic Asthma","authors":"S. Nightingale","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410049","url":null,"abstract":"Asthma is a complex chronic airway disease with several distinct phenotypes characterized by different immunopathological pathways, clinical presentation, physiology, comorbidities, biomarker of allergic inflammation, and response to treatment. Approximately 10% of patients with asthma have severe refractory disease, which is difficult to control on high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and other modifiers. About 50% of these individuals suffer from neutrophilic asthma. Neutrophilic asthma is a phenotype of asthma that is severe and persistent, with frequent exacerbations, and hospitalization. It is characterized by the presence of high levels of neutrophils in the lungs and airways. The IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma. IL-23 is crucial for the differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells, and it is required for full acquisition of an effector function of Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-23 prolongs the expression of Th17 cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-17F, IL-22, and GM-CSF which induce tissue pathology and chronic inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells produce IL-17 which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma by expressing the secretion of chemoattractant, cytokines, and chemokines which lead to the recruitment, and activation of neutrophils. Activated neutrophils release multiple proteinases, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species which cause airway epithelial cell injury, inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Neutrophilic asthma is unresponsive to high dose inhaled corticosteroids, and probably to novel monoclonal antibody therapies. There is need for targeted precision biologics, and other treatment modalities for these patients, such as macrolide antibiotics, and bronchial thermoplasty.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75070966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinant of TT (Tetanus Toxoid) Immunization Compliance on Pregnant Women in the Tawaeli Health Center Working Area","authors":"Rosmala Nur, Munawarah, Sitti Radhiah, Novi Inriyanny Suwendro, Nurhaya S. Patui, Elvaria Mantao, R. Larasati, Ulfa Aulia","doi":"10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJI.20200802.11","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey showed Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) of Indonesia 305/100,000KH, in Central Sulawesi Province AKI in 2017 was as many as 89 cases/100.000KH, of which 3.3% was caused by Tetanus Neonatorum infection by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The coverage of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) immunization in Palu City during 2018 was 87.6% which was conducted in the Tawaeli Health Center. TT immunization coverage in 2015 was (51.4%), in 2016 amounted to (41.96%), in 2017 amounting to (39.5%), this is one indication of the potential for maternal mortality due to infection is still a threat. The objective of the research was to determine the determinants of compliance with TT immunization for pregnant women and their impact on maternal and infant mortality in the Tawaeli Community Health Center work area. The study used quantitative with a cross sectional approach. The population was pregnant women and postpartum mothers who were in the area of the Tawaeli Community Health Center with 74 people taken by accidental sampling. The results of the study showed that mothers who obeyed complete TT immunization were 33 respondents (44.6%) and those who did not comply with complete TT immunization were 41 respondents (55.4%). The chi-square test results showed that the level of knowledge (p = 0.017), attitude (p = 0,000), family support for compliance with TT immunization of pregnant women (p = 0.016). In conclusion, the determinants of adherence to TT immunization for pregnant women are knowledge, attitudes and family support. We recommend that midwives and cadres do IEC regarding the importance of TT immunization for pregnancy and increase coverage by swiping TT immunization into the homes of pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"52 1 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77785227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Usual Suspects' but Always Ignored: The Nutritional and Immune System's Status Affect the Infective Endocarditis Hospital Mortality","authors":"O. ozluk, A. Akdeniz, E. Guclu, B. Tuncay, T. Bozat","doi":"10.11648/J.IJI.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJI.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"The therapy of Infective Endocarditis is a very long and difficult. There are many factors that affected the management of therapy. Among them, maybe the most ignored factor belongs to the patient's' immune-nutrition status. Even though this assessment is more complicated; in recent years, prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was an established that inflammation-based nutritional score and the lymphocyte to-CRP ratio (LCR) was accepted as a marker of immune-inflammation's marker. Our study is aimed to investigate the relationship between LCR and PNI values and in-hospital mortality. Our comprehensive tertiary cardiology hospital in Turkey was included in this observational study, 36 patients with definite infective endocarditis were enrolled. We calculated LCR and PNI index from blood samples results of first hospitalization day. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. In hospital mortality occurred in 12 (33%). LCR index was significantly lower in hospital mortality group (p=0.04) PNI index was also lower in hospital mortality group but it was not significant. The nutritional and immune system's status of the patient at the beginning of the treatment determines the hospital mortality of the patient during challenging treatment. In this context, the assessment of the PNI index and lymphocyte to-CRP ratio could aid physicians in determining hospital mortality risk and could affect the management of infective endocarditis patients.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"87 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80405981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5) Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Knee Osteoarthritis in Saudi Population","authors":"Amani A. Alrehaili, Maha K Algethami, Hadeer W Elsawy, Amal Fathi Gharib","doi":"10.23937/2378-3672/1410048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3672/1410048","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most prevalent joint diseases. Reduced patient life quality and productivity represent a major personal and community strains. GDF5 gene is involved in the development of bone and cartilage. Studies reported a clear and highly reproducible association between susceptibility of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and GDF5. This study aims to detect GDF5 gene polymorphism and to evaluate its association with susceptibility to KOA. Methods: This study is a case-control carried out at the female section of College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University. 50 Samples with KOA were collected from patients at King Faisal Medical Complex (Rheumatology Clinic), Taif, KSA. The body mass index (BMI) and the functional disability were estimated in all patients. CRP and RF were estimated in the serum of all included subjects by ELISA. ESR was determined by Westergren method. GDF5 T > C (rs143383) promoter polymorphism was assessed by PCRRFLP. Results: We observed a statistically significant elevation of CRP, RF, and ESR on the patients with KOA relative to the controls. Seventy-two percent of our patients have obesity grade I and II and 56% have severe functional disability on Womac index. The TT and TC genotypes of GDF5 gene polymorphism were statistically more frequent in KOA patients than in the controls. TT genotype may be a risk factor to KOA. The T allele was more frequent in KOA and C allele was more frequent in the controls. GDF5 polymorphism was not related to BMI and functional disability of KOA. GDF5 polymorphism was found to be significantly related to high ESR and CRP. Conclusions: The present study revealed a possible genetic link between KOA and GDF5 polymorphism and that the TT genotype may increase the risk of development of KOA. However, a future study with a large number of patients is needed to confirm our results.","PeriodicalId":92912,"journal":{"name":"International journal of immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81544223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}