Annual review of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Aquareoviruses","authors":"Blanca Lupiani,&nbsp;Kothandaraman Subramanian,&nbsp;Siba K. Samal","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00006-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00006-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped with a double layered capsid and contain a genome composed of 11 segments of double stranded RNA. The list of aquareoviruses isolated from fish and shellfish is already long and is growing. Although most aquareoviruses have been isolated from apparently healthy fish and do not cause high mortalities, pathogenesis studies indicate they can cause subclinical infections and can initiate a carrier state. Genetic analysis of aquareoviruses has indicated the existence of great variability among different isolates. A better knowledge of the molecular biology of aquareoviruses will help in the understanding of their origin and their role as pathogens for aquatic animals. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the pathogenesis, genetics and molecular biology of aquareoviruses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 175-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00006-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91686797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular biology of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)","authors":"Peter Dobos","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00003-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00003-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>IPNV is a medium-sized, unenveloped bisegmented dsRNA-containing virus in the family Birnaviridae. Genome segment A (3097 bp) contains two overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs). A large ORF encodes a 106 kDa polyprotein (NH2-pVP2-NS protease-VP3-COOH) which is cotranslationally cleaved by the protease to generate the major capsid proteins VP2 and VP3, and a second, small ORF which overlaps the amino end of the large ORF but in a different reading frame, and encodes a 17 kDa arginine-rich minor polypeptide. Genome segment B (2784 bp) encodes a minor internal capsid polypeptide VP1 (94 kDa), which based on its size, low copy number and the presence of several conserved domains associated with RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) of other RNA viruses, is the putative virion-associated RdRp. VP1 is present in the virion in two forms: as a free polypeptide and as a genome-linked protein (VPg) covalently attached to the 5′ ends of both genome segments. During <em>in vitro</em> RNA transcription, VP1 serves as a primer and remains attached to the 5′ end of the RNA thereby becoming a VPg. Transcription follows a semi-conservative, strand-displacement mechanism. In infected cells two genome-length 24S viral mRNAs lacking 3′ poly A tracts are synthesized that can hybridize to the two denatured genome segments. <em>In vivo</em> protein synthesis involves both polyprotein processing and internal initiation of translation at some of the in-phase methionine codons. The virus-coded protease functions only in <em>cis</em> and its insensitivity to a number of proteinase inhibitors suggests that it may be a novel viral protease. The putative cleavage sites on the polyprotein have been mapped to within a few amino acids but the exact boundary between <span><math><mtext>pVP2</mtext><mtext>NS</mtext></math></span> and <span><math><mtext>NS</mtext><mtext>VP3</mtext></math></span> has not been established. A universal, group-specific epitope has been mapped to near the amino terminus of VP2, whereas a serotype-specific epitope was found to be located in the middle of the polypeptide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 25-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00003-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimedia update: Advances in computer-based applications relevant to fish and fish health","authors":"Andrew S. Kane","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00008-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00008-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computer software has become an important tool for fish health managers, diagnosticians, veterinarians, researchers and educators. This article reviews selected software applications which are either currently available, under development, or which may serve as inspiration for future development of appropriate applications in the fields of fish health. Computer-based multimedia is exemplified using the interactive fish anatomy and necropsy program <em>FishGuts</em>. The utility of other applications including programs for fish health (<em>Aqua Medic, Aqua-Vet, AquaPath</em>), data archiving (“<em>Animal Care System</em>” by Relevant using <em>4th Dimension, Nutshell Plus II, Filemaker Pro</em>), and general resources and entertainment (<em>LIFEmap, OceanLife, World of Sharks, Fishes of the Red Sea, Fishes of the Caribbean, Oceans Below, Aquazone, Undersea Adventure, Sakana Hakkei</em>) are also discussed. Development costs, effort, and the compartmentalized expertise of educators/scientists and programmers tend to hinder the production of quality software products. Collaboration and networking are necessary and fundamental to the expansion of utilitarian computer-based applications in aquatic animal health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 79-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00008-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological classification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and other aquatic birnaviruses","authors":"B.J. Hill,&nbsp;K. Way","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00011-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00011-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquatic birnaviruses infect a large variety of fish, molluscs and crustacea in the freshwater, estuarine and marine environments throughout the world and yet despite this extensive host range and geographical distribution, the vast majority of isolates have been found to be antigenically-related to the original reference serotypes (VR299, Sp and Ab) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of salmonids. However, in early studies it was seen that there is a high degree of antigenic diversity amongst isolates with some reacting only relatively weakly with these three traditional serotypes, suggesting that other serotypes may exist. In this review we examine the published studies on the degrees of antigenic relatedness between IPNV isolates and other aquatic birnaviruses and discuss the attempts by various authors to identify and/or define different serotypes. The published data from serum neutralization tests is critically appraised and the factors influencing neutralization results discussed. Details are then presented of our own cross-neutralization study with almost 200 isolates of IPNV and other aquatic birnaviruses using a standardized procedure. On the basis of the limit we set for the maximum degree of difference from a reference serotype for an isolate to belong to that serotype, the isolates we examined could be divided into two distinct serogroups (which do not cross-react), the first containing nine serotypes and the second containing a single serotype. We propose a change from the traditional terminology of the recognised reference serotypes to a new simplified system: Serogroup A containing serotypes A₁ to A₉ (so far), and Serogroup B containing the single serotype B₁ (so far). The use of panels of selected monoclonal antibodies against one or more of these reference serotypes offers the prospect for a simpler method for serotyping new isolates and identifying new serotypes. In limited studies to date, reaction patterns with panels of monoclonal antibodies in immunodot and ELISA tests have, in the main, substantiated the serotype classification scheme achieved by serum neutralization tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 55-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00011-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological and pathological responses of salmonids to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)","authors":"Eileen C. Sadasiv","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00001-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00001-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aquatic birnavirus IPNV is commonly found in association with apparently healthy, mature salmonids. Some birnaviruses cause lethal diseases in fry; however, many of those discovered in fish may not be pathogenic for the species from which they were isolated. More pathogenic virus may be produced from the acinar cells of the pancreas; less pathogenic virus by skin and gut cells. Skin infection could explain the lack of virus clearance after development of circulating antibody; the less pathogenic form of the virus may not induce protective antibodies. True vertical transmission to progeny fish would seem not to occur, but virus may adhere to egg cases and spread to fry which ingest them at the time of first feeding. When viruses are found with moribund mature fish, alternative causes of death must be considered. Atlantic salmon <em>Salmo salar</em> smolts, which have high levels of virus during pre-smolting, can develop pancreatic lesions (possibly mediated by the immune system) on transfer to salt water. IPNV infection may be linked to immunosuppression; possible controlling genes have been found.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 209-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00001-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America","authors":"Theodore R. Meyers ,&nbsp;James R. Winton","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00002-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00002-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The first detections of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in North America were in Washington State from adult coho (<em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em>) and chinook (<em>O. tshawytscha</em>) salmon in 1988. Subsequently, VHSV was isolated from adult coho salmon returning to hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest in 1989, 1991 and 1994. These isolates represented a strain of VHSV that was genetically different from European VHSV as determined by DNA sequence analysis and T1 ribonuclease fingerprinting. The North American strain of VHSV was also isolated from skin lesions of Pacific cod (<em>Gadus macrocephalus</em>) taken from Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska in 1990, 1991 and 1993. In 1993 and 1994, the virus was isolated from Pacific herring (<em>Clupea harengus pallasi</em>) in Alaskan waters of PWS, Kodiak Island, Auke Bay and Port Frederick. During 1993 and 1994 the herring fishery in PWS failed from a probable complex of environmental stressors but VHSV isolates were associated with hemorrhages of the skin and fins in fish that returned to spawn. Also in 1993 and 1994, VHSV was isolated from apparently healthy stocks of herring in British Columbia, Canada and Puget Sound, Washington. Thus, the North American strain of VHSV is enzootic in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean among Pacific herring stocks with Pacific cod serving as a secondary reservoir. Although the North American strain of the virus appears to be moderately pathogenic for herring, causing occasional self-limiting epizootics, it was shown to be relatively avirulent for several species of salmonids. Pacific herring are common prey for cod and salmon and were most probably the source of the VHSV isolates from the adult salmon returning to spawn in rivers or at hatcheries in Washington State. Compelling circumstances involving the European isolates of VHSV suggest that this strain of the virus also is enzootic among marine fish in the Atlantic Oean. The highly pathogenic nature of the European strain of VHSV for salmonid fish may be the result of the exposure of rainbow trout (<em>O. mykiss</em>), an introduced species, in a stressful environment of intensive culture and the high rate of mutation inherent in all rhabdoviruses. Consequently, we recommend that efforts be made to eradicate the North American strain of VHSV when detected in live salmonids to reduce the possibility of its evolution into a more virulent salmonid virus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 3-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular biology of Aeromonas salmonicida","authors":"Brian Noonan,&nbsp;Trevor J. Trust","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00010-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00010-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fish pathogen, <em>Aeromonas salmonicida</em>, has been the focus of a number of molecular genetic studies designed to characterize the microorganism and its pathogenesis. The paracrystalline surface protein layer (A-layer) of <em>A. salmonicida</em> has been studied in considerable detail. The A-layer gene, <em>vapA</em>, has been cloned and sequenced and studies have been performed on its regulation. The secretion pathway specific for the A-layer subunits has also been partially characterized as has the general protein secretion pathway. Other genes involved in the biogenesis of the <em>A. salmonicida</em> surface include <em>abcA, asoA</em> and <em>asoB</em>. The <em>abcA</em> gene encodes a protein which is involved in lipopolysacharide O-chain synthesis and secretion and may have a role in the regulation of <em>vapA</em> gene expression. <em>A. salmonicida</em> also possesses plasmids of various sizes which exhibit a high degree of conservation and can encode antibiotic resistance elements. Insertion sequence elements have been identified in two strains of <em>A. salmonicida</em> and are capable of transposing within a cell to cause mutations that affect virulence. Molecular biology techniques have also been applied to the problem of detection of low levels of <em>A. salmonicida</em> in natural environments and carrier fish. The development of tools such as specific DNA probes and PCR primer pairs allows the detection of extremely low numbers of <em>A. salmonicida</em> even in the presence of high numbers of other bacteria. The development of vaccines against <em>A. salmonicida</em> has incorporated some new techniques such as the generation of specific mutations in the chromosome or the production of large quantities of particular proteins, such as the outer membrane porins, in expression systems. Another approach involves the use of an avirulent <em>A. salmonicida</em> strain as a shuttle system to express fragments of genes from viral pathogens with a view to providing protective immunity against multiple diseases with a single vaccine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 95-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00010-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author and keyword index volume 5, 1995","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)90002-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(95)90002-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages I-II"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(95)90002-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91686798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author and keyword index volume 4, 1994","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90039-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90039-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 429-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90039-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137279401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) of nonsalmonids","authors":"W. Meier,&nbsp;M. Schmitt,&nbsp;T. Wahli","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90035-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90035-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a viscerotropic disease of fish that can cause enormous losses in European rainbow trout populations. Although previously thought to be species specific, recent reports have indicated that other nonsalmonid fish species, such as pike, whitefish, grayling, turbot, and herring, can become mortally infected with VHS. This paper reviews several cases of natural VHS-outbreaks in nonsalmonids. Pike, whitefish, grayling, turbot and Pacific herring infected with VHS displayed symptoms typical of hemorrhagic septicemia. The isolation and serological identification of the viruses from all of the infected fish species revealed a close relation to the Egtved-virus strain F1. The virus isolates from diseased pike and rainbow trout were capable of infecting their respective host fish. Experimental infections of pike, whitefish, and grayling fry with Egtved virus strain F1 resulted in high mortalities, with symptoms typical of VHS. Although experiments with older fish suggested an age-dependent decrease in susceptibility, the virus could be isolated from most of the infected fish after several months of experimental infection (carrier status). Histological and electron microscopical findings were comparable to those seen in VHS-infected rainbow trout. The susceptibility of nonsalmonid species to VHS infection is disconcerting with respect to the potential losses of the economically important turbot, Pacific herring, and whitefish, as well as the ecologically valuable grayling which is threatened by extinction. If the VHS susceptible nonsalmonid species can also support the propagation of the Egtved-virus, it could acquire carrier-status and, as a result, represent a “natural” reservoir for the virus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 359-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90035-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}