Annual review of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"On the role of tubificid oligochaetes in relation to fish disease with special reference to the myxozoa","authors":"Ralph O. Brinkhurst","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90004-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90004-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Whirling disease is caused by the myxozoan parasite <em>Myxobolus cerebralis</em>, Hofer. It has been associated with a serious decline in wild rainbow trout populations in the western United States. The alternate host is the tubificid oligochaete <em>Tubifex tubifex</em>, and perhaps other tubificids. <em>Tubifex</em> is a very adaptable taxon, being found in various morphological forms. Polyploidy has been demonstrated. There is some suspicion that sibling species may be found to exist. Infection rates in tubificids are low. Related myxosporeans are associated with a variety of aquatic oligochaete worms belonging to three families, Tubificidae, Naididae and Lumbriculidae, and also with polychaetes. Myxozoans are now recognized as members of the phylum Cnidaria. Other fish parasites, such as the cestodes <em>Archigetes</em> and <em>Caryophyllaeus</em> and the nematode <em>Eustrongylides</em>, are transmitted by tubificids. The tubificid worm population in an ecosystem may provide an infective reservoir as the disease persists for long periods in the worm. Control of worm populations might be achieved by reducing organic inputs, lowering erosion, increasing flow and removing objects that accumulate pockets of silt. The use of pesticides is unlikely to be effective because of a lack of specific impact and consequent disruption of the whole benthic community, at least.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90004-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rickettsial infections of fish","authors":"J.L. Fryer,&nbsp;C.N. Lannan","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90002-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90002-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Piscirickettsia salmonis</em> is the first of the previously unrecognized rickettsial pathogens of fish to be isolated, characterized, and demonstrated to be the etiologic agent of an epizootic disease. However, since the isolation of <em>P. salmonis</em> in 1989, the scope and impact of these pathogens has become increasingly apparent. This growing awareness of the role of the rickettsiae in fish health has led to documentation of rickettsial diseases in diverse species of fish and in disparate geographic locations and aquatic environments. Considerable work remains in order to establish the source, reservoir, and normal mode(s) of transmission of these agents and to devise appropriate methods of disease prevention and control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90002-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two pathways — Same destination: Development of educational programs in fish health","authors":"Donald A. Abt ,&nbsp;Graham L. Bullock","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90007-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90007-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Educational programs in fish health have developed in several different settings during the 20th century. Two prominent programs which have played major roles in providing educational opportunities developed independently during the last 40 years yet display numerous similarities in their goals and approaches. One arose primarily from a freshwater fisheries biology perspective while the other found its roots in traditional veterinary medical education. Not surprisingly, their pathways converged in due time. The following articles provide a brief view of the origins, philosophies, and accomplishments of these two particular programs. Other programs exist and still others are needed to fully serve those seeking to become a part of the aquatic animal health field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 93-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90007-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune response of fishes to ciliates","authors":"H.W. Dickerson ,&nbsp;T.G. Clark","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90008-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90008-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ciliates are highly evolved protists comprising a phylum of diverse species, many of which are opportunistic or obligate parasites. Ciliates parasitic to fish consist of salt and freshwater forms with endo- or ectoparasitic modes of infection. Some of the more commonly encountered genera include <em>Chilodonella, Brooklynella, Ophryoglenina, Ichthyophthirius, Cryptocaryon, Uronema, Tetrahymena, Epistylus</em>, and <em>Trichodina</em>. Species range from obligate parasites and commensals to opportunistic, facultative forms. Some parasitic ciliates are highly pathogenic and fishes in closed environments such as aquaria and farm ponds are particularly susceptible to high mortalities. Nevertheless, fish have evolved an immune system capable of mounting an effective protective response against parasite challenge. Much of the experimental research on immunity against ciliates has been carried out with <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em>, on obligate parasite that invades surface epithelia of virtually all freshwater fish species. Interest in the immune response against <em>I. multifiliis</em> stems from the fact that convalescent fish become resistant to subsequent challenge (suggesting the possibility of immunoprophylaxis), and the need to curtail severe losses caused by this parasite in intensively farmed fishes. Furthermore, <em>I. multifiliis</em> has proven to be a useful experimental model because it is amenable to study under laboratory conditions. In this review cellular and humoral factors involved in both innate and acquired immunity against ciliates are covered and include natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, and antibody responses. Current ideas on the mechanisms of antibody-mediated cutaneous immunity against <em>I. multifiliis</em> are discussed and approaches toward the development of vaccines against this and other ciliate parasites are presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 107-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90008-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective immune response of fish to parasitic flagellates","authors":"Patrick T.K. Woo","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90009-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90009-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The piscine immune system is normally quite efficient in protecting the host (innate and acquired immunity) from parasitic infections. Innate immunity may occur at two distinct levels — between host species and within a host species. If the resistance is at the host species (or a higher taxonomic group) level, then it is <em>inter-host innate immunity</em>. For example, <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em> can be infected with the pathogenic hemoflagellate, <em>Cryptobia salmositica</em> isolated from <em>Oncorhynchus</em> spp. but cannot be infected with <em>Cryptobia catostomi</em> from <em>Catostomus commersoni</em>. At the next level, there are individuals within a susceptible host species that are resistant to infection — this is <em>intra-host innate immunity</em>; e.g. some <em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em> are resistant to <em>C. salmositica</em> infection while others are not. This resistance to infection is not dependent on age or size of the fish; it is inherited and is controlled by a dominant gene. Protection at both levels of innate immunity is via the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation to lyse the parasite. Also, <em>S. fontinalis</em> can be infected with the pathogenic <em>C. salmositica</em> have very high parasitaemias but they do not suffer from the disease as <em>O. mykiss</em>. This resistance to disease is related to high levels and rapid production of α₂-macroglobulin which is one of two natural antiproteases. The α₂-macroglobulin in the blood neutralises the metallo-protease secreted by the pathogenic <em>C. salmositica</em>. Acquire immunity was shown in fish that survived infections of pathogenic flagellates. Fish that have recovered from <em>Amyloodinium ocellatum, C. salmositica, Cryptobia bullocki</em>, and <em>Trypanosoma danilewskyi</em> are protected. This protection requires prior exposure to the pathogen and/or its antigens. Humoral (e.g. complement fixing antibodies to lyse the parasite) and cell-mediated (e.g. T-cell cytotoxicity, phagocytosis) are part of the protective mechanism in acquired immunity. Also, an attenuated live <em>C. salmositica</em> vaccine has been developed and it protects juvenile and adult salmonids from cryptobiosis for at least 2 years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90009-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish immune responses to experimental and natural infection with helminth parasites","authors":"C.J. Secombes,&nbsp;L.H. Chappell","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90012-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90012-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selected features of the responses by fish to helminth parasites are discussed and comparison is made where appropriate with mammals. These include: (i) Factors influencing host specificity and consideration of the mechanisms that underpin the restriction of some parasites in their host spectrum, (ii) How fish leucocytes kill helminth larvae, with emphasis on the role of released oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) free radicals from macrophages, (iii) Immune evasion strategies used by fish helminths, including invasion of immunologically privileged sites, encystment, adsorption of host proteins on the parasite surface, and high surface membrane turnover, (iv) Potential immunogens for vaccination and use for immunodiagnosis of infection, and (v) Natural and induced protection against helminths, with emphasis on the potential for future vaccination strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 167-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90012-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative immunologic models can enhance analyses of environmental immunotoxicity","authors":"Edwin L. Cooper ,&nbsp;Nicoló Parrinello","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90013-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90013-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To treat immune systems and how environments affect them is a unique challenge especially when the environment is considered in its broadest perspective: internal and external. Internal focuses on relationships between immune, nervous and endocrine systems (neuroendocrine) and how they interact to maintain homeostasis. External considers physical and chemical influences that act to change the internal. Using animal models is based upon phylogeny which focuses on invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles, including mammalian results and relationships to humans. Emphasizing primitive animals is due to a growing interest in using them as models, sentinels, surrogates—predictors of what may happen when the environment is disturbed. They are inexpensive, socially acceptable, and since they live in diverse habitats under natural conditions, what may happen to them may be more applicable to humans than to laboratory reared models (sometimes inbred) whose controlled habitats may not be considered as natural. Humans do not live in controlled laboratories but like numerous animals, we do live in various climates, under different conditions of light, temperature, crowding, seasons and in different habitats that determine the quality of life including the susceptibility to disease. The immune system is affected by these influences, and it in turn is responsible for the body's surveillance against these threats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 179-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90013-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of serological techniques for virus surveillance and certification of finfish","authors":"Scott E. LaPatra","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90003-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90003-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Virus surveillance and certification procedures for finfish have traditionally relied upon isolation of replicating agents in cell culture and identification using serological procedures. However, accurate monitoring may also be achieved using techniques to detect fish antibodies against viral disease agents. The serological procedures most used for detection of fish antibodies are the serum neutralization test and immunofluorescence. Other techniques such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been less commonly used. Using infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) as examples, this paper reviews the serological test procedures used for rhabdoviral surveillance and the applications of this methodology to viral epizootiology and certification of finfish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90003-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56373616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish diseases and disorders. Volume 1: Protozoan and metazoan infections","authors":"Shawn M. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90015-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90015-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Page 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90015-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56374022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author and keyword index volume 6, 1996","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90016-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90016-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages III, V"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90016-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137402415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}