Annual review of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Pathobiology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms","authors":"Mohamed Faisal","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90038-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90038-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Page 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90038-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of methods using ray's fluid thioglycollate medium for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus infection in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica","authors":"David Bushek ,&nbsp;Susan E. Ford,&nbsp;Standish K. Allen Jr.","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90029-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90029-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate detection and quantification of parasite body burden are critical for understanding many aspects of host-parasite interactions. The standard assay for diagnosing <em>Perkinsus marinus</em> infections in <em>Crassostrea virginica</em> involves incubation of oyster tissue in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM), followed by iodine staining and microscopic examination for parasites. The original RFTM tissue assay is destructive and provides only a ranked level of infection intensity. A recent modification provides a technique to enumerate <em>P. marinus</em> after incubation in RFTM and determines total body burden. Application of this technique to hemolymph samples has provided a nondestructive assay. We provide a critical evaluation of these three assays. Data from previous studies were not adequate to critically evaluate performance of the tissue and hemolymph assays. Sensitivity and accuracy of these assays were therefore compared against weight-standardized body burden in Delaware Bay oysters over the course of a year. Determination of total body burden was significantly more sensitive than the other assays. Neither tissue nor hemolymph assays provided accurate estimates of individual infection intensities and were insensitive at low infection levels. The tissue assay was easier to use and slightly more accurate than the hemolymph assay, and both provided reasonable estimates of average infection level in the population. In summary, total body burden assessment is recommended when highly accurate measures of infection intensity or prevalence are necessary, the tissue assay is recommended for monitoring epizootics because of its simplicity and accuracy at the population level, and the hemolymph assay is only recommended when oysters must be kept alive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 201-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90029-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The parasitic dinoflagellates of marine crustaceans","authors":"Jeffrey D. Shields","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90031-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90031-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parasitic dinoflagellates have recently emerged as significant disease agents of commercially important crustaceans. For example, epizootics of <em>Hematodinium</em> have seriously affected certain crab and lobster fisheries. The parasitic dinoflagellates of crustaceans are, however, relatively unknown. Marine crustaceans are parasitized by two orders of dinoflagellates: the Blastodinida and the Syndinida. Crustaceans are also parasitized by the Paradinida and the Ellobiopsidae, taxa that have close historical ties and possible taxonomic affinities with the dinoflagellates. The taxonomy and life history patterns of the different parasitic species are largely dictated by their host-parasite relationships. For example, sporulation in the blastodinids occurs internally but is completed externally with the expulsion of spores via the anus of the host. The egg-parasitic chytriodinids sporulate externally after destroying their host egg. The tissue-dwelling syndinids have plasmodia that sporulate internally and generally kill their hosts upon the expulsion of the dinospores. Unfortunately, complete life cycles have not been elucidated for any of the parasitic forms, hence characteristics of the life cycles must be applied cautiously to the systematics of the taxa. For example, gamogony and the presence of resting cysts are only known from a few species; they probably occur in most species. Further work on the life cycles of the parasitic dinoflagellates of crustaceans should concentrate on establishing the life cycles of representative species from each order or family. Parasitic dinoflagellates infect copepods, amphipods, mysids, euphausiids, and decapods. Their pathogenicity varies with their invasiveness in the host. The gut-dwelling blastodinids are relatively benign, while the chytriodinids kill their host egg. Members of the pervasive Syndinida and Paradinida are overtly pathogenic and insidiously ramify throughout the hemal sinuses and organs of their hosts. Members of the Ellobiopsidae vary from the commensal <em>Ellobiocystis</em> to the overtly parasitic <em>Thalassomyces</em>. Host castration and feminization are common pathologic results of infection by these parasites. The severity of the castration is dependent upon the invasiveness of the parasitic species and the duration of the infection, while the degree of feminization is related to the stage at which the host acquires the infection. Most of the parasitic dinoflagellates occur in epizootics in their host populations. Recent epizootics of <em>Hematodinium</em> spp. have had severe effects on crustacean fisheries in Alaska, Virginia, and Scotland, and may potentially result in changes to the benthic communities of the hosts. The epizootics are often associated with host-parasite systems that occur in regions with unique hydrological features, such as fjords or poorly draining estuaries with shallow sills. These regions are ideal for the application of a “landscape” ecology appr","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 241-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90031-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish","authors":"Susan M. Bower ,&nbsp;Sharon E. McGladdery ,&nbsp;Iola M. Price","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of shellfish-based industries and the concomitant increase in demand for the introduction and transfer of different shellfish species and stocks has increased the risks of spreading their parasites and diseases around the world. To avoid the accidental introduction of infectious disease agents, information on known parasites and diseases must be readily available. Since the number of recognized infectious agents and facts on known diseases is continuously increasing, it is necessary to update the current state of knowledge. Thus, published and new accounts of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, metazoa, and infectious diseases of unknown aetiology in commercially exploited shellfish (molluscs, echinoderms, and crustaceans) are summarised. The summaries were devised to be of use to regulatory agencies, diagnosticians, researchers, and students who may require information on this diverse subject. The information is organised according to the host that is normally infected (i.e. oysters, mussels, clams, cockles, scallops, abalone, sea urchins, sea stars, lobsters, shrimp, prawns, crabs, and freshwater crayfish). Each of the 169 summaries includes the common or widely accepted name of the parasite or disease agent, and the scientific name (where known) or taxonomic affiliation. In addition, geographic distribution, host species infected (both naturally and experimentally), impact on host health, diagnostic techniques including illustrations for many of the diseases, known methods of control, and appropriate references are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 1-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental methods for pharmacokinetic studies in salmonids","authors":"Tor Einar Horsberg","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90034-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90034-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many aspects of the use of chemical agents to combat diseases in aquaculture should be based on a firm knowledge of their pharmacokinetic behaviour in fish. The environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, pH etc.) under which kinetic studies are conducted, may vary greatly. Pharmacokinetic experiments to determine the rate and magnitude of absorption from water or feed, distribution, qualitative and quantitative metabolism and excretion in fish under various environmental conditions, are important for the determination of correct dosage regimens and withdrawal periods. These studies are often technically very difficult to carry out. Several techniques and experimental designs for different kinetic experiments are described in this review. Techniques requiring considerable manipulation of the fish, such as anaesthesia, catheterisation, cannulation, and immobilisation in metabolism chambers, will subject the fish to significant stress, which in turn may influence the data generated. The parameters reported thus often show considerable divergence. The influence of the experimental design on the results obtained has rarely been studied or addressed in papers describing pharmacokinetic studies in fish. In future studies, more attention should be paid to validation of the experimental methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 345-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90034-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brown ring disease in clams","authors":"C. Paillard,&nbsp;P. Maes,&nbsp;R. Oubella","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90030-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90030-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Brown Ring Disease (BRD) in the manila clam, <em>Ruditapes philippinarum</em> is a bacterial disease which perturbs the calcification process. This disease occurs in wild and reared clam populations of France, Spain, and occasionally Italy, but has never been reported in Japan from where this species originates. BRD has also been detected in another clam species (<em>Ruditapes decussatus</em>) from France and Spain. Following Koch's classical postulates for pathogen identification, a bacterial strain was identified as the agent responsible for this disease. This bacterium was characterized as belonging to the genus <em>Vibrio</em> and has been termed <em>Vibrio</em> P1 or VP1. The macroscopic sign which characterises this disease is a conchiolin deposit adhering to the inner surface of the shell. To recover from the disease, the clams regenerate their shells by covering the deposit with calcified secretions much like the nacrezation process. Disease and recovery stages have been established for use in epidemiological and experimental studies. Tissue lesions are not systematically observed in diseased clams. Alterations of the digestive gland and the mantle are uniquely detected in the more severe stages of the disease. In all diseased clams, however, the periostracal lamina shows alterations: It is invaded by cell debris and bacteria, and areas of darker melanin-like pigmentation are observed. This disorganized periostracal lamina is not a good substrate for the biomineralization process and, therefore, accumulates forming a deposit on the inner face of the shell. Host-pathogen interactions have been focused at two levels: the internal defense system and the external embedding mechanism. Changes in the hemolymph were observed after challenge with VP1. In the early stages of the disease, an elevation in both circulating hemocytes and peptidase levels appeared; however, a subsequent depression of these parameters was recorded as the disease progressed. An external defense process such as bacterial embedding within periostracal lamina layers is described. Melanization of the periostracal lamina has also been suggested to be an active defense response against bacteria. These new defense processes in Brown Ring Diseased clams could complement the classical hemolymphatic system and, therefore, may act to limit bacterial proliferation within the tissues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 219-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90030-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The isolation, identification, and systematics of the motile Aeromonas species","authors":"Sam W Joseph ,&nbsp;Amy Carnahan","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90033-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90033-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Our knowledge of the systematics of the aeromonads was in a state of confusion until recent genetic studies demonstrated that many more species of <em>Aeromonas</em> existed than had been previously realized. Because of studies performed using DNA-DNA hybridization, we presently recognize 14 genomospecies in which 10 have been named with hybridization group <span><math><mtext>8</mtext><mtext>10</mtext></math></span> (now combined) having two biovars. These findings suggest that correctly identified, individual species of <em>Aeromonas</em> could eventually be associated with particular signs and syndromes of fish diseases, as has been done to some extent with human <em>Aeromonas</em>-caused diseases. Considerable progress has been made, primarily with human isolates, in developing identification schema which show promise for accurately identifying the majority, if not all, of the <em>Aeromonas</em> spp. Rapid identification kits can be used to a limited extent in combination with manual methods. However, rapid methods alone are of limited benefit for identifying all of the species. Other methods are being used to further study the classification of <em>Aeromonas</em> sp. and to subtype <em>Aeromonas</em> sp. below the species level for epidemiological purposes. Many of these studies are using molecular approaches such as ribotyping, ribosomal RNA sequencing, isoenzyme analysis, DNA and RNA probes, and traditional serotyping. Lastly, there should be an avoidance of the dogma that if a system works for human isolates, it will work for fish and environmental isolates, also. There is a need to devise new systems and to evaluate the existing systems at different temperatures extensively using <em>Aeromonas</em> isolates from fish with the ultimate goal of achieving a reliable standard method for identification of <em>Aeromonas</em> fish isolates to the species level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 315-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90033-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibropapillomatosis of marine turtles","authors":"Lawrence H. Herbst","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90037-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90037-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cutaneous fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles, <em>Chelonia mydas</em> (GTFP), was first reported over 50 years ago. In the last decade, GTFP has emerged as a significant worldwide epizootic with prevalences as high as 92% in some green turtle populations. Lesions similar to GTFP have been observed in other marine turtle species including olive ridleys, <em>Lepidochelys olivacea</em>, flatbacks, <em>Natator depressus</em>, and loggerheads, <em>Caretta caretta</em>, but disease in these species occurs at lower frequencies and is less well documented. The etiology of GTFP is unknown, and a variety of hypotheses concerning the possible etiology and pathogenesis of GTFP have been proposed and are discussed in this paper. Possible etiologies include viruses, metazoan parasites, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical carcinogens. Recent evidence from controlled transmission experiments implicates a filterable infectious agent as the primary etiology of GTFP. A herpesvirus has been identified in some lesions but has not been isolated and cultured; consequently, Koch's postulates have not yet been fulfilled for this agent. The epizootiology and pathogenesis of GTFP are poorly understood. Epizootiologic evidence, while limited to a few field studies, suggests that environmental conditions in certain near-shore marine habitats favor a high prevalence of disease expression. The possibility that immune system modulators play a role in the persistence and severity of this disease is discussed. Detailed investigations of the epizootiology of GTFP must await identification of the etiologic agent and development of specific diagnostic tests. In addition, until immune function tests can be developed and validated for free-ranging turtles, hypotheses about the role of immune system dysfunction in GTFP epizootics cannot be tested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 389-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90037-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in fish farming: A critical evaluation of method and meaning","authors":"Peter Smith ,&nbsp;Maura P. Hiney ,&nbsp;Ole Bent Samuelsen","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90032-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90032-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture has resulted in the increase in the frequency of strains resistant to these agents. Potentially these resistant strains can have an impact on the therapy of fish diseases, the therapy of human diseases, or the environment of the fish farms. Analysis of the extent of these impacts is hindered by the limited information available and the variation in methods that have been used. There is, for example, considerable variation in the methods used to measure the sensitivity of strains and in the criteria used to determine the clinical significance of these laboratory data. It is important that some standardisation of sensitivity testing methods is attempted. The available data on the frequency of resistance in fish pathogens suggest that the use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture has significantly reduced the therapeutic options for treating fish diseases. The data available to assess the impact of the use of these agents in aquaculture on the therapeutic options for the treatment of human infections are incomplete. At present, no quantitative assessment of this risk can be attempted. Considerations of the data on the impact of the veterinary use of these agents on the therapy of human diseases would suggest that the extent of the risk represented by their use in aquaculture is small. The epidemiology of the human pathogens that have been associated with fish would tend to confirm this assessment. There is little data pertaining to the ecology of R plasmids in the natural environment. The significance of these plasmids in transferring resistance determinants from the aquatic compartment to the human compartment can, at present, only be assessed at a theoretical level. However, such a theoretical analysis suggests that the contribution of R plasmids, selected in the aquatic environment, to the frequency of resistance in human pathogens is probably very small. Fish farmers will have to develop methods of husbandry that limit the rate at which resistant strains emerge. Without these changes in husbandry, fish farming will rapidly enter the preantibiotic era. It is probable that these changes will also have the effect of reducing any impact of antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture on the environment outside the fish farm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 273-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90032-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral infections of aquatic animals with special reference to Asian aquaculture","authors":"W. Ahne","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90036-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(94)90036-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Worldwide, the number of communicable diseases of animals raised in aquaculture continue to increase. Viral infections of cultivated shellfish, crustacea, and finfish have been frequently recognized in the past few years. In the Asian regions, penaeid shrimp and several teleost fish underwent epizootics associated with heavy losses in aquaculture. Baculoviruses are particularly harmful to shrimp and prawns. Herpes-, irido-, reo-, or rhabdovirus-like agents can cause outbreaks in fish farms. Viral diseases are important limiting factors in the expansion of aquaculture. However, studies on viral infections of aquatic animals have been focused primarily on economically important farmed fish. Therfore, certain viral diseases of teleost fish are relatively well understood. In contrast, our knowledge of viral infections of farmed aquatic invertebrates is still very spare. Although a great number of viruses have been detected in farmed molluscs and crustaceans, the pathogenicity and epizootiology of most of the agents is not known.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 375-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90036-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37831932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}