BMC Plant Biology最新文献

{"title":"Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles mitigate cadmium and lead toxicity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by enhancing antioxidant defense and nutrient homeostasis.","authors":"Mahmoud R Sofy, Ahmed R Sofy, Hossam M Fouda, Heba I Mohamed, Hala G El-Araby, Hebat-Allah Ali Hussein, Woroud S Alshammari, Fatma M A Elkady, Mona S Agha","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09269-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09269-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heavy metal pollution, particularly from cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), poses a significant risk to agricultural productivity and food quality by affecting plant growth, nutritional composition, and redox balance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄ NPs) in reducing the harmful effects of Pb and Cd on tomato plants. After exposure to 100 mg L⁻¹ of either Cd or Pb, tomato seedlings were treated with 40 and 80 mg L⁻¹ of CoFe₂O₄ NPs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Heavy metal stress adversely affected various parameters, including growth, photosynthetic efficiency, water content, and nutrient levels (N, P, K). However, the application of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, especially at 40 mg L⁻¹, significantly alleviated these negative impacts. Treated plants showed improved growth, enhanced nutrient uptake, increased chlorophyll content, and better water status compared to untreated ones. Additionally, CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles increased proline, phenolics, and key enzymes like glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT). They also reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and cadmium/lead (Cd/Pb) concentrations in plant tissues. Multivariate analyses, such as PCA, highlighted the protective effects of these nanoparticles against heavy metal stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles could successfully reduce the toxic effects of both cadmium and lead in tomato plants through their positive influence on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, nutrient absorption, and the antioxidative system of plants. Based on the results, it can be concluded that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles can serve as an environmentally friendly tool of nanotechnology to improve crops' efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13520272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148825426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning techniques for accessing the chlorophyll content and fluorescence in maize based on UAV multispectral sensor.","authors":"Pradosh Kumar Parida, Somasundaram Eagan, Naba Kishor Parida, Santosh Ganapati Patil, Nitish Kumar Jena, Manjushree Singh, Krishnan Ramanujam, Radhamani Sengodan, Sivakumar Uthandi, Shri Rangasami Silambiah Ramasamy","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09661-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09661-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) are key indicators of crop physiological status and productivity. Advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral sensing, integrated with machine learning (ML), have opened new possibilities for precise and non-destructive monitoring of these traits. This study evaluated the performance of thirty vegetation indices (VIs) and six ML algorithms for estimating CCC and ChlF in maize during kharif season and rabi season at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Regression analyses revealed that red-edge indices, such as RECI, NDRE, MTCI, and LCI, consistently outperformed greenness indices. Among them, RECI and NDRE achieved the highest R² values (0.893 for CCC and 0.829 for ChlF) and the lowest RMSE values (0.058 for CCC and 0.021 for ChlF) during kharif season. In contrast, during rabi season, MTCI for CCC and LCI for ChlF showed the best performance, with R² values of 0.783 and 0.883, and RMSE values of 0.081 and 0.018, respectively. Among machine learning algorithms, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) achieved the highest predictive accuracy for CCC (R² = 0.891, RMSE = 0.063, MAE = 0.045) and ChlF (R² = 0.889, RMSE = 0.017, MAE = 0.013) during kharif season. However, Random Forest (RF) outperformed during rabi season, achieving the highest accuracy for CCC (R² = 0.623, RMSE = 0.083, MAE = 0.066) and ChlF (R² = 0.867, RMSE = 0.015, MAE = 0.011), respectively. In contrast, K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) consistently underperformed in predicting both CCC and ChlF across kharif season and rabi season. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of integrating UAV-based multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) with ML algorithms for accurate and scalable estimation of maize CCC and ChlF under varying seasonal conditions, highlighting their applicability for precision crop monitoring and sustainable agricultural management. However, further validation across different crop seasons and multiple locations remain limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing bread wheat yield and growth in new sand soils via potassium humate supplementation and copper foliar spray.","authors":"Hanan E Ghanem, Kh I Gad, S H Abo El-Ela","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09700-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09700-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat is the main cereal crop and staple food worldwide. A field study was carried out at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station in Egypt using sprinkler irrigation during the two successive seasons of 2024/2025 and 2025/2026 to examine the impact of potassium humate supplementation and/or copper foliar spraying on enhancing morpho-physiological parameters, nutritional content, yield and yield components in newly sand soils. A split-plot design with three replicates was carried out, with foliar sprays of Cu in subplots and potassium humate in main plots. The Giza 171 wheat cultivar was treated with potassium humate (0 and 30%), and wheat plants were sprayed with varying concentrations of copper (0, 10, and 20 mg/L). The acquired data confirmed that the exogenous potassium humate application at 30% seems to enhance all growth metrics, membrane stability and photosynthetic pigments as well as improving leaf turgidity by raising relative water content, lowering saturation deficit, which in turn increased yield and yield components during both seasons. Moreover, a gradual rise in copper up to a high level of 20 mg/L enhanced morpho-physiological parameters, consequently inducing wheat grain yield. Furthermore, all levels of copper, especially 20 mg/L, improved yield characteristics, grain output, and the grain nutritional content (the percentage of NPK and total protein in wheat grains). Thus, this study showed that foliar copper application specifically, at 20 mg/L proved to be an effective strategy for increasing grain yield. When potassium humate and foliar copper application were combined, the greatest increase in grain yield was observed with 30% potassium humate and Cu20 mg/L, recording 889.67 and 900.34 g/m² for the first and second seasons, respectively. We came to the conclusion that potassium humate supplementation at 30%, and copper foliar spray up to 20 mg/L are certain to boost wheat production cultivated on newly sand soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13523433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying heat shock-responsive lncRNAs in wheat during grain filling.","authors":"Weishuang Zhao, Huiqiang Wang, Qiang Li, Ziyue Geng, Jiachang Li, Mengjia Wang, Jiaoteng Bai, Wenchen Qiao, Xigang Liu, Shuzhi Zheng","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09785-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09785-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heat stress (HS) during the grain-filling stage severely threatens wheat yield. While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate plant stress responses, their specific roles in wheat grain filling under HS remain poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we integrated population-scale transcriptomics to explore lncRNA-associated thermotolerance networks. Analysis of 41 diverse wheat genotypes under control and HS conditions identified 9,463 high-confidence lncRNA loci and thousands of differentially expressed transcripts. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) uncovered modules closely linked to thousand-grain weight (TGW), highlighting 79 hub lncRNAs. Association analysis revealed 22 lncRNAs with haplotypes significantly correlated with TGW. Field phenotyping demonstrated that under HS, wheat genotypes the high expression of MSTRG.64082 exhibited significantly higher TGW than those with medium or low expression. A positive correlation between TGW and the expression level of MSTRG.64082 was also observed in the 2025 field trials. Furthermore, the heat-induced expression of MSTRG.64082 was accompanied by the specific upregulation of key heat-responsive genes. Genetic analysis indicated that MSTRG.64082 harbors a favorable haplotype (HapC) associated precisely with enhanced TGW under HS. Notably the HapC allele displays a temperature-associated latitudinal cline, with its frequency increasing significantly in warmer regions. These findings suggest that MSTRG.64082 potentially acts as a positive regulator of heat tolerance and may have been subjected to selection pressure in warm climates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive population-level atlas of heat-responsive lncRNAs during wheat grain filling and highlights MSTRG.64082 as a promising candidate locus for breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation water pH regulates cadmium accumulation, growth performance, and forage quality trade-offs in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.).","authors":"Hava Seyma İnci, Bedriye Bilir, Erdal Cacan, Selim Ozdemir, Faik Bingol, Eren Inak","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09805-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09805-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a serious challenge to agricultural sustainability, threatening soil health, crop productivity, and the safety of food and feed chains globally. Irrigation water chemistry can significantly alter Cd mobility, plant uptake, and forage quality in arid and semi-arid regions. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an important forage valued for its high biomass production and stress tolerance. However, the role of irrigation water pH in regulating Cd accumulation, soil chemistry, and forage quality in sorghum remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A pot experiment was conducted in which sorghum cv. 'Master BMR' was grown in soil contaminated with 10 mg kg⁻¹ Cd (cadmium sulfate, 3CdSO₄·8 H₂O). Irrigation water was adjusted to pH levels of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 using HCl/NaOH over a 120-day season. Cadmium concentrations in plant tissues, morphological traits, soil chemical properties, forage quality parameters, translocation factors (TF), and bioconcentration factors (BCF) were evaluated to determine the effects of irrigation water pH on Cd behavior and plant performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increasing irrigation water pH reduced Cd concentrations in roots, stems, leaves, and panicles. Root BCF was highest under acidic irrigation and lowest at pH 9. Alkaline irrigation was associated with lower tissue Cd concentration but higher ADF and NDF values and lower crude protein content. Better plant growth and biomass production were observed under moderately acidic to neutral irrigation conditions (pH 6-7). Multivariate analyses revealed strong interactions among Cd accumulation, soil chemistry, forage quality, and growth-related traits across the pH gradient.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Irrigation water pH strongly influenced Cd behavior and forage quality in sorghum. Alkaline irrigation water lowered Cd concentrations in plant tissues but reduced forage nutritional value by increasing fiber fractions and decreasing crude protein. Considering Cd accumulation, plant growth, and forage quality together, pH 6-7 represented the most favorable overall compromise under the present pot-experiment conditions, although some aboveground Cd concentrations remained relatively high at pH 6. These results indicate that a near-neutral pH in irrigation water could mitigate heavy-metal risks in Cd-contaminated forage production systems. Nonetheless, further validation across various soils, sorghum varieties, levels of Cd contamination, and field conditions is necessary prior to making broad management recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13508448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148817404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of chitosan-encapsulated mono- and di-metallic (Zn/Ca) MOFs to modulate seed quality and antioxidant defense in Chenopodium quinoa under salinity stress.","authors":"Noura E Mahmoud, Reda M Abdelhameed","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09734-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09734-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that severely limits the growth and nutritional yield of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Although metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show strong potential in agricultural settings, hybridizing them with biopolymers facilitates application under environmental conditions. This study aimed to develop a novel biostimulant by synthesizing chitosan-encapsulated mono-metallic (Zn-MOF) and di-metallic (Zn/Ca-MOF) frameworks and evaluating their efficacy in quinoa under saline field conditions. The composites were synthesized and characterized for their structural and chemical properties. Quinoa plants were cultivated under saline field conditions and treated with chitosan-MOF composites to assess physiological and biochemical responses, with a focus on nutritional value and the antioxidant defense system. Our findings revealed that application of the chitosan-MOF composites-most notably the bimetallic Zn/Ca formulation-substantially enhanced plant growth, biomass accumulation, and physiological performance under saline field conditions. Treatment with the composite enhanced the accumulation of key nutritional constituents in the seeds, specifically increasing the relative proportions of phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Furthermore, application of the composite enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (including SOD and POD), which was accompanied by a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation (45%) and hydrogen peroxide levels (57%). These physiological improvements corresponded to significant gains in plant biomass and seed quality parameters under saline field conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates that chitosan-encapsulated di-metallic frameworks serve as an effective, multi-functional strategy for enhancing salt tolerance in quinoa, offering a sustainable approach to improving crop resilience and food security in saline environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13499332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional study of the AfRAP2 gene in Amorpha fruticosa L. tolerance to saline-alkali and drought stress.","authors":"Yu Yang, Zixiang Liu, Lihua Yang, Ziang Liu, Shuchao Huang, Xiufeng Li, Qingjie Guan","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09778-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09778-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Amorpha fruticosa L. is a leguminous shrub with high tolerance to drought, poor soil, and saline-alkali stress conditions. As a member of the family of transcription factors in higher plants, the ethylene response factor AP2/ERF plays a crucial role in both plant adaptation to abiotic stress and in growth and development. In this study, based on genes identified from the transcriptomic sequencing of Amorpha fruticosa L. under drought stress, the upregulated gene AfRAP2 was isolated from its seedlings, with the aim of elucidating its stress-response function using molecular biological techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the AfRAP2 gene was cloned from the leaves of Amorpha fruticosa L. using RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that AfRAP2 contains an AP2 domain and belongs to the DREB subfamily of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family, showing close phylogenetic relationships with LaEREBP from Lathyrus albus. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results indicate that AfRAP2 is expressed in various tissues of Amorpha fruticosa L., with the highest expression in leaves and the lowest in stems, furthermore, its expression is significantly upregulated in roots and leaves upon induction by NaHCO₃ and PEG6000. Subcellular localization experiments confirmed that the AfRAP2 protein is localized to the nucleus, and GUS histochemical staining assay revealed that its promoter drives GUS expression in anthers. Resistance analysis of overexpressing yeast strains showed that yeast transformed with the AfRAP2 gene exhibited significantly better growth under sorbitol, mannitol, and NaHCO₃ stress conditions compared to the control, indicating that this gene enhances yeast tolerance to drought and saline-alkali stress. We screened transgenic tobacco and Populus davidiana × P. alba var. Pyramidalis. The results showed that under natural drought and saline-alkali stress treatments, the transgenic lines exhibited significantly improved growth and higher activities of the physiological indicators of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) compared with wild-type plants, indicating that the overexpression of the AfRAP2 gene plays a key role in the response to saline-alkali stress and drought stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, AfRAP2 contains an AP2 domain and belongs to the DREB subfamily of transcription factors, under abiotic stress induced by NaHCO₃ and mannitol, it can induce the expression of the AfRAP2 gene in tobacco and Populus davidiana×P. alba var. pyramidalis. AfRAP2 plays a vital role in the plant response to saline-alkali stress and drought stress and is a promising candidate gene for stress-tolerant breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-modified biochar improves the adaptability of sugar beet seedlings to saline-alkali soil by enhancing their physiology.","authors":"Chuanhe Zhao, Piao Yunuo, Jean Wan Hong Yong, Muhammad Ishfaq, Muqadas Sattar, Dawei Yin, Muhammad Riaz, Songlin Yang, Baiquan Song","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09769-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09769-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biochar is widely recognized for enhancing plant stress tolerance, and using acid modified-biochar may further enhance its suitability as a soil amendment for plant growth under saline-alkali conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms by which modified biochar regulate sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth and physiology remain unclear. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of acid-modified biochar on the physiology of sugar beet seedlings grown in saline-alkali soil. The unfavourable saline-alkali conditions decreased photosynthetic efficiency and inhibited leaf development, whereas all acid-modified biochar treatments restored sugar beet physiological performance, with sulfuric acid-modified biochar (BS) delivering the strongest favourable effects. BS increased the total foliar chlorophyll content by two folds, enhanced the net photosynthetic rate by 86.22%, and improved the photosynthetic performance index (PI_ABS) and maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) by 1.5 folds, and 4.13%, respectively. BS also increased the chlorophyll fluorescence energy flux parameters (RE₀/CS_m, ET₀/CS_m, and ET₀/CS₀). In addition, BS lowered leaf relative electrical conductivity by 6.79%, decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 23.53%, and increased catalase (CAT) activity by 22.43%; suggesting reduced membrane damage and potentially a more balanced antioxidant response. As a result, leaf area and aboveground biomass increased by 15.61% and 139.44%, respectively. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that sulfuric acid-modified biochar amendment mitigated the saline-alkali stress in sugar beet by stabilizing foliar PSII activity, optimizing energy allocation, and maintaining membrane integrity, and providing the physiological basis for restoring sugar beet growth in unfavourable saline-alkali soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13491937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A herbivore-inducible CYP82 catalyzes DMNT formation in Idesia polycarpa leaves.","authors":"Melina Panagoulias, Jannik Bäsmann, Stina Strassburg, Maya Bach, Miriam Fernández-Giro Muñoz, Markus Krischke, Martin J Mueller, Nathalie D Lackus","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09677-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09677-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds (HIPVs) are important components of plant defense, but the molecular basis of their biosynthesis in woody plants remains poorly understood. Among HIPVs, the homoterpenes (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT) are well-characterized herbivore-induced volatiles in herbaceous plants, whereas their biosynthesis in woody species remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized herbivore-induced volatile emissions from Japanese orange cherry (Idesia polycarpa) leaves following feeding by gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar) and investigated the molecular basis of homoterpene HIPV biosynthesis in this perennial woody species.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Herbivory substantially altered the volatile emission profile of I. polycarpa leaves, leading to strong induction of mono- and sesquiterpenes and particularly high emission of the C₁₁ homoterpene DMNT, whereas the C₁₆ homoterpene TMTT was not detected. These changes were accompanied by elevated jasmonic acid and jasmonate-derived metabolites in damaged leaves. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified a CYP82-family cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and two TPS-g terpene synthases as candidate genes involved in DMNT biosynthesis. Biochemical assays showed that IpCYP82L45 converts (E)-nerolidol into DMNT in vitro, while heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that IpTPS15 and IpTPS3 produce (E)-nerolidol and linalool, respectively. Co-expression of IpTPS15 and IpCYP82L45 in N. benthamiana reconstituted DMNT production in planta. Furthermore, no diterpene synthase capable of producing (E,E)-geranyllinalool, the precursor of TMTT, was identified in I. polycarpa, consistent with the absence of TMTT emission.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings establish a likely jasmonate-associated DMNT biosynthetic pathway in I. polycarpa involving the coordinated activity of IpTPS15 and IpCYP82L45. This work advances the molecular understanding of herbivore-induced volatile biosynthesis in non-model woody species and provides new insights into terpene-mediated defense mechanisms in trees.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13495430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of salt and drought resistance function of maize transcription factor ZmEREB54.","authors":"Yuqian Gao, Junxia Wang, Dengyu Zheng, Jie Zhao, Yuanyi Wu, Zhongyi Wu, Jinjie Guo, Chun Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09760-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09760-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgrounds: </strong>AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor) represents one of the largest transcription factor superfamilies in plants, playing crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as responding to abiotic stresses. Investigating the functions of maize (Zea mays L.) AP2/ERF family genes will provide novel genetic resources for maize genetic improvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily member ZmEREB54 (GRMZM2G020054, Gene ID: 100,278,463) was cloned from maize and was systematically analyzed functionally. The full-length CDS of ZmEREB54 gene was 561 bp, encoding 186 amino acids with a typical AP2/ERF conserved domain. Its promoter region contained cis-acting elements associated with responses to various abiotic stresses and hormones. Maize expression pattern analysis revealed that ZmEREB54 was highly expressed in V12 roots, with significant expression changes under osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, and treatments with abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Phenotypic analysis showed that transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing ZmEREB54 exhibited significantly longer roots compared to wild-type plants under high salinity, drought, osmotic stress, and hormone treatments (JA, ABA). Stress-responsive marker genes RD29A and RD22 were upregulated in the transgenic A. thaliana lines. The significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and markedly increased peroxidase (POD) activity in transgenic A. thaliana further demonstrate the improvement of its stress tolerance. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays revealed an interaction between ZmEREB54 and ZmMADS24.6, suggesting potential cooperative regulation of ZmEREB54 and ZmMADS24.6 in maize root development and stress responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study establishes a solid foundation for further clarifying the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ZmEREB54 in regulating maize root growth and development, as well as responding to drought and salt stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13525665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}