Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the two-way fluid-structure interaction between the rice canopy and the downwash airflow of a quadcopter UAV","authors":"Yanqing Mai ,&nbsp;Sheng Wen ,&nbsp;Jiantao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yubin Lan ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rice vegetation canopy oscillates due to the UAV rotor downwash flow field, directly impacting the spatial distribution of UAV spray droplets within the crop canopy. However, the effects of the multirotor plant-protection UAV's downwash airflow, particularly its turbulent motion on the vegetation canopy, remain underexplored. This investigation employs a two-way coupled fluid-structure modeling approach to investigate the interaction between the UAV rotor downwash flow field and the rice canopy. The normalised mean absolute error (NMAE) of the measured and simulated downwash airflow velocities inside and outside the rice canopy ranged from a minimum of 5.06% to a maximum of 18.07%. Further, the relationship between the vegetative behaviour of rice and the UAV's downwash airflow was explored. The research results show a positive correlation between the strength of the mixed layer and the degree of bending in rice plants. Observations of the rotor's downwash flow field revealed several representative behavioural states of rice plants, including swaying, flapping, regular swinging, and irregular swinging. Additionally, coherent vortex structures in the mixing layer, associated with various behavioural states of rice plants, were compared. Subsequently, the distribution patterns of the downwash airflow within the rice canopy were explored. The findings of this study significantly enhance understanding of the complex interactions between the downwash airflow from a multi-rotor UAV and the crop canopy, highlighting crucial dynamics that affect spray deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 343-364"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of vibration analysis to discriminate hollow radishes","authors":"Chengqiao Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice cream radish is <strong>a new hybrid variety that easily suffers from hollowness after harvest. This physiological disorder is hard to identify through visual inspection due to the absence of obvious external symptoms. To address this issue, a rapid detection method was proposed based on finite element analysis and</strong> multivariate statistical methods. Through physical and chemical analysis, it was shown that the firmness, density, <strong>soluble solid content,</strong> and water content <strong>of hollow radishes</strong> decreased with the appearance of hollowness defects, whereas the crude fibre content of fresh weight showed a different tendency. A two-layer radish model simulating the peel and flesh was established to investigate the effects of various physical properties on the second to seventh resonance frequencies and amplitudes by finite element analysis. The simulation results showed that the peel thickness and hollow volume had a major influence on the variation of the second normalized resonance frequency. Due to the minimal range of peel thickness, the influence of hollowness defects would be mainly considered for the prediction of hollow radish. A detection system based on the acoustic vibration method was developed to acquire the response signal of radish, and different discriminative models were established using seven vibration parameters selected by <strong>stepwise discriminant analysis</strong>. Among these various modelling methods, the best classification performance was observed for the backpropagation neural method, with an overall accuracy of 97.73% in the validation set. This finding indicated that hollow radish could be identified using the proposed detection system, which could be applied to commercial sorting lines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D time-series phenotyping of lettuce in greenhouses","authors":"Hanyu Ma ,&nbsp;Weiliang Wen ,&nbsp;Wenbo Gou ,&nbsp;Xianju Lu ,&nbsp;Jiangchuan Fan ,&nbsp;Minggang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuqiang Liang ,&nbsp;Shenghao Gu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring the growth dynamics of plants in three-dimensional (3D) space is one of the most fundamental data acquisition requirements for plant breeding and cultivation. The rapid development of high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms (HTPPP) makes it possible to obtain big data in plant phenomics. However, how to extract phenotypes from the raw phenotyping data to obtain the agronomic indicators demanded by agronomists has become an urgent issue. In this study, time-series point clouds of potted lettuce plants were generated via multi-view stereo (MVS) method using top-view Red, Green, Blue (RGB) images acquired by a rail-driven HTPPP in a greenhouse. A time-series point cloud registration method was proposed by extracting pots as features, and daily population-individual plant point cloud segmentation was achieved based on the registration information and contrasted with two other different segmentation methods. Then vegetation and pot was segmented using the random forest (RF). Finally, the phenotypes including plant height, crown width, and convex hull volume of each plant were extracted. The results show that the average mean intersection over union (mIoU), mean precision (mP_r), mean recall (mR_e), and mean F1-score (mF₁) of the population-individual plant segmentation were 71.86%, 97.38%, 86.08%, and 91.02%, respectively. The vegetation-pot point cloud segmentation achieved an accuracy of 98.81%. The averaged coefficient of determination (R²) for the extracted plant height and crown width were 0.79 and 0.60, respectively, with the averaged root mean square error (RMSE) being 0.05 m and 0.03 m, respectively. The accuracy of plant height was significantly higher than that of PlantEye. The extracted phenotypes can be used to quantitatively differentiate the growth dynamics of different sub-populations of lettuce plants. This study presents an automated solution for extracting time-series 3D phenotypes under HTPPP in a greenhouse. It provides crucial technological support for efficient phenotype acquisition in plant breeding and cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 250-269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a hydraulic variable-diameter threshing drum control system for combine harvester part I: Adaptive monitoring method","authors":"Yanbin Liu ,&nbsp;Yaoming Li ,&nbsp;Kuizhou Ji ,&nbsp;Zhiwu Yu ,&nbsp;Zheng Ma ,&nbsp;Lizhang Xu ,&nbsp;Changhe Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional cereal combine harvesters cannot adjust the threshing gap according to the change of feeding rate, leading to large threshing losses. Previous research has developed a hydraulic variable-diameter threshing drum, which adjusts the threshing gap by changing the drum diameter. However, the oil pressure within and without the rod cavity of the hollow hydraulic cylinder for the threshing drum is affected by both the feeding rate and threshing gap in these systems. The correlation model between the independent variables (feeding rate and threshing gap) and the response values (threshing performance and oil pressure) has not yet been studied. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between the independent variables and the response values is studied by using the test method of central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The results showed that under the optimal threshing gap corresponding to different feeding rates, the threshold of oil pressure change within rod cavity was approximately 0.64–0.78 MPa, with a variation of &lt;0.14 MPa. Therefore, an adaptive monitoring method based on constant oil pressure is proposed, which could keep the oil pressure within the rod cavity in the threshold range by adjusting the threshing gap. This minimised the entrainment loss rate under different feeding rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 174-182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cubicle hood sampler: Design of a practical system for the measurement of dairy cows’ methane production rates","authors":"Cécile M. Levrault ,&nbsp;Jur T. Eekelder ,&nbsp;Peter W.G. Groot Koerkamp ,&nbsp;Johan P.M. Ploegaert ,&nbsp;Nico W.M. Ogink","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring methane production from individual cows is crucial for the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction strategies. However, monitoring methane production rates (<strong>MPR</strong>) under practical conditions and with acceptable levels of accuracy, intrusiveness, and throughput remains challenging. In this study, we present a renewed design of the Cubicle Hood Sampler (<strong>CHS</strong>) as a potential solution to this challenge.</div><div>Placed in the cubicles, the CHS collects and analyses the methane content of the air exhaled by cows when lying down. The ability of four CHS units to recover known MPR was assessed in three series of recovery tests using a reference method (artificial reference cow (<strong>ARC)</strong>). For the fluxes tested, there were no significant difference in recovery rates (mean 110.5 ± 8.7%) between CHS units (<em>p</em> = 0.207), production rates (<em>p</em> = 0.080), and repetitions (<em>p</em> = 0.148). Recovery rates appeared not to be significantly different from 100% (<em>p</em> = 0.154), and root mean square error equated 35.0g, which is considered acceptable for MPR levels of 200 and 400g/day. Repeatability equated 0.94, showing the high repeatability and reliability across replicates. These results place the CHS as a promising tool for on-barn methane measurements. However, the radio frequency identification used to link measurements to specific cows did not yield sufficient levels of correct identification. Similarly, the monitoring of head poses was not satisfactory, and the CHS still requires further improvements to be made.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"251 ","pages":"Pages 11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of temperature regulation measures on the thermodynamic characteristics of bee colonies based on finite element simulation","authors":"Yuntao Lu ,&nbsp;Wei Hong ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Shijuan Li ,&nbsp;Baohua Xu ,&nbsp;Kun Wei ,&nbsp;Shengping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and temperature fluctuations have posed significant threats of the survival of bee colonies. While artificial control of hive temperature can effectively protect bee colonies and conserve honey, there is a current lack of quantitative research on the effects of regulatory measures on colony temperature and heat loss. This study employs finite element simulation to model the thermodynamic changes in hives under various ambient temperatures and regulatory measures. The findings indicate that the minimum heat loss in beehives occurs at an ambient temperature of 34 °C. Variations in ambient temperature significantly affect the internal temperature and heat loss within the hive. An increase in colony size contributes to internal hive temperature control and enhances energy efficiency. However, the opening of ventilation ports at the top of the hive can lead to a several-fold increase in heat loss and should be used judiciously. It is recommended to use insulation materials with a thermal resistance value exceeding 25 K W⁻¹ for optimal insulation effects. This study elucidates the impacts of ambient temperature and regulatory measures on the thermodynamics of bee colonies, thereby aiding in enhancing the survival capability of bee colonies under extreme weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 306-316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision heating strategy based dynamic heater path planning for frost protection in apple orchards","authors":"Weiyun Hua ,&nbsp;Long He ,&nbsp;Paul Heinemann ,&nbsp;Minghui Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost is one of the severe weather events causing economic losses in agriculture. Traditionally, heating can be applied in an orchard during a frost event either using fixed heaters or mobile heaters to travel through. However, both traditional heating strategies have limited heating capacity. In this study, a precision heating strategy was proposed to prioritise applying heat to orchard canopies with high heating demands utilising multiple heaters. The precision heating experiment in a simulated orchard environment with dynamic multiple goal points was implemented by an improved A-Star path-planning algorithm, in which a path cost estimation method based on linear programming was presented to find the optimal paths for multiple heaters and a conflict-based search (CBS) method was used to generate collision-free paths. In addition, an estimation method for the heater number based on the precision heating strategy was proposed and the difference of the heater number between precision heating and traditional heating was compared. The simulated results show that the improved A-Star algorithm had higher search efficiency, resulting in 36.8% less total path cost and 98.7% less computational time than the control group. The comparison between precision heating and traditional heating indicates that the number of heaters used in the precision heating strategy decreased by 96.8% and 85.9% compared to the traditional fixed heating strategy and mobile heating strategy, respectively. Overall, this study provided a concept of high heat-demand priority precision heating and proved its superiority for frost protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 117-132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture type and excitation and detachment forces of Chinese walnuts under dynamic conditions in vibration harvesting","authors":"Changyi Liu,&nbsp;Daochun Xu,&nbsp;Jiale Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vibration harvesting is a highly effective method for the large-scale mechanised harvesting of walnuts. However, theoretical analysis and study of the detachment force and fracture type under dynamic conditions is lacking in the current research on walnut detachment during vibration harvesting. Here, a theoretical model of walnut motion under applied vibration is established to obtain the relationship between the excitation force and the response frequency and amplitude. A stress analysis of the Chinese walnut fruit is then carried out to determine the fracture type. Dynameter and field harvesting experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical analysis and make further explorations. The results demonstrate the correctness of the formula for calculating the excitation force and verify that the fracture type of walnuts under vibration harvesting is bending fracture. The proposed fracture zone index <em>β</em> is found to be between 0.235 and 0.385. Moreover, using a novel video extraction method, the walnut fruit detachment force was determined to range from approximately 6.2 to 8.4 N. These results provide a reference for choosing vibration parameters and calculating the excitation force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 94-104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the influence of straight-plain types of rotary tiller blades with various edge curves on maize residue using DEM","authors":"Shilin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Gao ,&nbsp;Yubin Bi ,&nbsp;Jianxin Dong ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhao ,&nbsp;Xian Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In no-tillage and minimum tillage systems, the abundance of crop residues and stubble left on the soil surface poses considerable challenges in seedbed preparation and residue handling for seeders in maize-wheat rotations. This study utilised the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to develop models illustrating the interactions between plain-straight blades featuring three edge-curves (Archimedean spiral, sinusoidal-exponential spiral, and logarithmic spiral) and maize residues, encompassing stubble and straw. Simulation experiments were employed to evaluate the soil disturbance, operational resistance, torque requirements, and residue-cutting efficiency of these various blade types at four initial static slide-cutting angles (ISSCAs: 35°, 45°, 55°, 65°). The simulation results exhibited an error of &lt;7.5% compared to actual measurements of straw bending properties and soil cone index. The results showed that blade length, curvature, and dynamic slide-cutting angle range increased with higher ISSCA values. The elevation in slide-cutting angles notably enhanced the slide-cutting performance of the blade, leading to diminished torque requirements and draft forces within specific ISSCA ranges while improving residue-cutting efficiency. The stubble-cutting revealed more obvious soil disturbance than straw-cutting due to the adhesion between roots and soil. Notably, all three blade types exhibited increased vertical force and amplified soil disturbance area at 65° ISSCA during stubble cutting, primarily influenced by blade length. The Archimedean spiral blade demonstrated superior residue-cutting efficiency at 55° ISSCA while exhibiting reduced torque demands, operational resistance, and soil disturbance among all treatments. The findings help optimise the structure of plain-straight blades and field residue management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 49-61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early detection of bacterial canker in tomato plants using spectroscopy for smart agriculture applications","authors":"Panagiotis Papazoglou ,&nbsp;Ioannis Navrozidis ,&nbsp;Stefanos Testempasis ,&nbsp;Xanthoula Eirini Pantazi ,&nbsp;Anastasia Lagopodi ,&nbsp;Thomas Alexandridis","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Clavibacter michiganensis</em> subsp. <em>michiganensis</em> (Cmm) causes bacterial canker in tomatoes, causing severe yield loss. It would be of practical research interest within smart agriculture to develop an effective and quick method to distinguish pre-symptomatic infected tomato plants from healthy ones to take protective measures in time. In this study, artificially inoculated tomato plants with Cmm were grown in a temperature-controlled chamber. Using the Relief method, 25 wavelengths in the visible spectrum (cyan and red regions) showed the highest statistical differences, between healthy and asymptomatic infected tomato plants, two days before the first appearance of the foliar symptoms, in each plant. In addition, inoculated tomato plantlets showed differences in contrast to healthy ones, in the near-infrared spectrum, thirteen days after the inoculation with Cmm. The spectral data were used for the creation of early detection models of healthy and inoculated pre-symptomatic plants, in a specific number of days before the appearance of the first symptoms, in each plant, and in a specific number of days-post inoculation, using two ML algorithms (SVMs and kNN). The algorithms proved effective and robust in the discrimination of the two classes of the two instances mentioned. Furthermore, three patterns of data-preprocessing followed before the training of the algorithms, i.e. the case of multidimensionality, the application of PCA, and the use of Relief method. Finally, six models were created for datasets that contain spectral data of asymptomatic inoculated with Cmm and healthy tomato transplants, all of which showed very high overall accuracy, ranging from 92 to 100%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"251 ","pages":"Pages 1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}