Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Design and optimisation of bump-enhanced conditioning rollers for uniform alfalfa stem damage","authors":"Qiao Jin ,&nbsp;Hongqian Li ,&nbsp;Decheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yong You ,&nbsp;Yunting Hui ,&nbsp;Sibiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conditioning is a critical step in alfalfa hay harvesting, directly influencing its quality. A conditioning model was developed to identify the key factors affecting conditioning effectiveness. To address the issue of uneven stem damage caused by conventional conditioning rollers, a surface bump structure was designed. By arranging these bumps spatially, the rollers applied micro-rubbing actions to the alfalfa stems, thereby enhancing structural disruption. Parametric optimisation studies clarified how bump diameter, non-interference distance and helix angle influence stem disruption efficiency. The design was further refined using the finite element method. Subsequently, a Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimise three key operational parameters: feed rate, roller gap, and roller rotational speed. Drying tests were then conducted to compare the conditioning performance of different roller designs. Results showed that the minimum number of broken branches (0.67) and maximum number of non-fracture damage occurrences (7.67) were achieved with a bump diameter of 2.85 mm, a non-interference distance of 1.61 mm, and a helix angle of 23.85°. Aiming to maximise the conditioning while minimising the conditioning loss rate and energy consumption, the optimal parameters were determined to be a roller rotational speed of 683 r min⁻¹, a roller gap of 3.13 mm and a feed rate of 779 g s⁻¹. The moisture content of alfalfa conditioned using the roller with bumps dropped to around 40 % within the first 60 min. Compared with the other two conditioning rollers, this design demonstrated superior performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104251"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A general discrete element modelling method and harvest process for wheat plants","authors":"Jianhua Fan ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Qian ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Jianqun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A general modelling approach for mature wheat plants with continuous deformation and breakable characteristics is proposed. First, by analysing the shape and size of three typical wheat plants as well as the coordinates of the discrete particles, the geometrical models of the wheat stalk, ear and grain that compose the wheat plant are constructed. Then, the physical and contact mechanical parameters of the wheat plant are determined and verified via a series of actual tests, including moisture measurement, drainage method, slope test and inclined plane drop test. In addition, the bonding mechanical parameters are obtained by analysing the results of the tensile, compression and shear experiments. On the basis of the above work, the mechanical model of the wheat ear, grain and stalk is constructed considering Hertz-Mindlin contact and bonding models with the discrete element method. Finally, the proposed wheat plant model is validated and verified by comparing the experiment and simulation results in terms of the harvest process including cutting and threshing. The results showed that the cutting force and total threshing rate obtained from the simulations differ from the actual test values by no more than 4.4 % and 9 %, respectively. The strong agreement between the simulation and experimental results indicates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed general modelling method for the wheat plant. In summary, the present study provides an effective tool to analyse the wheat harvest process and agricultural machinery design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104284"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sampling density and location on airflow rate measurements in a naturally ventilated pig barn with an outdoor exercise yard: A boundary layer wind tunnel study","authors":"Xuefei Wu ,&nbsp;Sabrina Hempel ,&nbsp;David Janke ,&nbsp;Barbara Amon ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jürgen Zentek ,&nbsp;Thomas Amon ,&nbsp;Qianying Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An accurate ventilation rate estimation is the basis for developing ventilation strategies, optimising indoor air quality and determining pollutant emissions from livestock buildings. To accurately quantify the airflow rate of a novel naturally ventilated pig barn with an outdoor exercise yard, the influence of sampling density and location on the airflow rate measurement was studied. The experiment was conducted in a large atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel by measuring the airflow velocity at the openings (the yard opening and the window of the indoor room) of a scaled pig barn model. Under four wind directions (0 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>, 60 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>, 120 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>, and 180 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>), the study evaluated four sampling densities distributed separately along the vertical or the lateral directions of the opening, different mesh-like sampling strategies, and airflow rate measurement with or without considering the edge effects of the opening. The results showed that: 1) Sampling densities distributed vertically and laterally along the yard opening, as well as those distributed vertically along the window, were significantly affected by wind directions (p &lt; 0.05). 2) The mesh-like sampling strategy can ensure accurate measurement results with a difference ratio of less than 5 %. 3) Suitable sampling densities without considering the wall effect caused by the vertical edge of the opening can still support reliable airflow rate measurement. The results of this study contribute to developing the direct method of airflow rate measurements in naturally ventilated livestock buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104275"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental research on mechanised strip application process based on DEM of compressed granulated straw","authors":"Guibin Chen ,&nbsp;Jiaming Yang ,&nbsp;Fuzeng Yang ,&nbsp;Qingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Zhijie Liu ,&nbsp;Zhengdao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Returning the entire straw to the field can lead to excessive buildup, obstructing the seeding process and reducing quality. To address this, technologies like straw granulation and strip application enhance straw decomposition and soil organic matter. However, differing sizes of granulated straw can impact seeding quality. This paper presents a straw-crushing device with a differential counter roller that breaks long straw particles during rotation. It also includes trenching shovels, covering discs, and compaction wheels for practical mechanised application. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the straw crushing capacity and analyse the factors affecting the crushing rate. The work determined that the centre distance between the two rollers is 99 mm, the teeth height <em>H</em> is 15 mm, teeth width <em>b</em>₁ is 10 mm, and teeth thickness <em>b</em>₂ is 10 mm. It was found that the minimal variation in the straw crushing rate varied between 0.77 and 1.77 kg s⁻¹. Optimal crushing rates are achieved when the upper roller's rotation speed ranges from 100 to 200 r·min⁻¹ and the lower roller's speed ranges from 300 to 400 r·min⁻¹. A simulation model is also developed to analyse the mechanised strip application process. Through single-factor tests and orthogonal test methods, the operational parameters were optimised. The findings indicated that an upper roller speed of 150 r·min⁻¹, a lower roller speed of 300 r·min⁻¹, a strip application depth of 150 mm, and a forward speed of 5 km h⁻¹ resulted in a straw crushing rate of 33.6 %. The uniformity variation coefficient of strip application is determined to be 14.4 %, which complies with the strip application requirements. Field validation of the test parameters yielded an average coefficient of variation of 14.9 %; the average crushing rate of granulated straw is 41.5 %, with an error margin of 0.5 % and 7.9 % compared to field tests. The optimised parameters achieve the necessary standards for mechanised strip application, providing valuable technical support for developing new granulated straw strip application methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online multi-view multispectral detection for early bruised apple","authors":"Jia-Yong Song ,&nbsp;Ze-Sheng Qin ,&nbsp;Chang Ma ,&nbsp;Li-Feng Bian ,&nbsp;Chen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Online multispectral dynamic inspection is crucial for smart agriculture, particularly in acquiring multispectral image data across the entire surface of fruits during the inspection process. This study focuses on early bruises in apples, presenting an online multispectral multi-surface imaging strategy. The proposed strategy is based on an imaging model using two side mirrors, combined with an imaging sensor with a lens-filter array. This configuration enables the rapid capture of spatial texture and multispectral information from the multiple viewing directions for a sample in a single imaging process of one CCD. During the design process, a monochromatic LED-based integrating sphere optical system is introduced to uniformly illuminate the entire surface of the apple samples. Based on this, a mathematical model is established for the side mirror layout and system geometric parameters to determine the system configuration that scans the sample surface. In practical applications, the proposed method achieved an effective classification rate of 91 % for three quality categories of apples—sound, slightly bruised, and severely bruised—at a detection speed of about 3 per second. These results suggest that this study provides potential technical support for apple quality monitoring in smart agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling machine-induced soil deformation in forest soils using stump proximity and machine learning","authors":"Gunta Grube ,&nbsp;Stefano Grigolato ,&nbsp;Jari Ala-Ilomäki ,&nbsp;Johanna Routa ,&nbsp;Harri Lindeman ,&nbsp;Rasmus Astrup ,&nbsp;Bruce Talbot","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil deformation is a key challenge in sustainable timber harvesting, particularly in environments with low bearing capacity. In mechanised forestry, this issue is especially pronounced in peatlands, where rutting arises from soil displacement and root shearing within the soft, organic substrate. While tree roots are known to reinforce soil, the specific role of stump-root systems in mitigating rut formation remains underexplored. This study examines the influence of stump presence on rut depth using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based digital terrain models (DTMs), manual field measurements, spatial modelling, and machine learning techniques. UAV-derived rut depth estimates were first compared with manual data, revealing slightly lower values in deeper ruts, particularly in curved trails, with mean discrepancies of 3 cm. Statistical analysis confirmed that cumulative stump influence significantly reduced rut depth, with a small to medium effect in straight trails (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.04–0.20) and a moderate to large effect in curved trails (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.02–0.32). Machine learning models achieved high predictive accuracy (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.69–0.85), identifying stump-related variables and soil shear modulus as key predictors of rut formation. These findings emphasise the importance of incorporating stump-root reinforcement into forest planning to optimise machine path selection and minimise soil disturbance. Future research should refine species-specific reinforcement models and explore advanced root mapping techniques, such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR), to strengthen decision-support tools for sustainable forestry.</div><div><strong>Science4Impact statement (S4IS)</strong></div><div>This study presents a spatially informed methodology to evaluate the influence of tree stump-root systems on rut formation in peatland soils. By integrating UAV mapping and machine learning, this study enables the predictive identification of low-impact areas, reducing site disturbance and supporting climate-smart forestry. These findings offer a practical starting point and a potential tool for optimising skid trail layout, improving operational efficiency, and minimising soil disturbance and site damage. The approach supports evidence-based decision-making in peatland conservation, helping align forest operations with broader environmental and climate goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104255"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and blockage diagnosis in axial flow threshing and separation device under variable feed conditions","authors":"Yongle Zhu ,&nbsp;Zheng Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiping Wu ,&nbsp;Zelin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaoming Li ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To prevent blockage in axial flow threshing and separation devices caused by varying material moisture and feeding rates while simplifying monitoring and diagnostic system, a test bench was used to collect vibration signals from four monitoring points of devices, analyse blockage tendencies under different conditions. Signals were denoised and reconstructed with the Slime Mould Algorithm and Variational Mode Decomposition, and segmented with overlapping moving time windows. Time, frequency, and time-frequency domain features were extracted to assess device operating status and sensitivity of signal changes at different monitoring points. Findings revealed that the duration of a slight blockage tendency was long under normal moisture content and small increments of feeding rate. With high moisture content and large increments of feeding rate, the duration of slight blockage tendency will decrease and quickly enter a severe blockage tendency state, with continued feeding resulting in immediate blockage. The monitoring point directly below the concave grate exhibited the most sensitive signal changes, with the largest waveform variations and standard deviation deviations. Feature dimensionality reduction was performed using Relief-F algorithm, and Bayesian-optimised machine learning models were trained for state identification. The diagnostic model of a monitoring point directly below the concave grate demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, recall, and reliability, indicative of an effective monitoring point. The Bayesian-optimised Support Vector Machine model achieved the best performance, with 85.1 % and 93.6 % accuracy under different conditions and rapid prediction speeds (53000 and 40000 obs s⁻¹). This met the requirements for a simplified, accurate, and fast online monitoring system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104262"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on anti-blocking law of variable amplitude screening under multipoint feeding of materials","authors":"Zheng Ma ,&nbsp;Yongle Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanbin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiping Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cleaning process in crop harvesting is crucial, with sieve vibration parameters significantly impacting cleaning quality. However, low load thresholds and high feed rates of sieve can cause material buildup and blockages. To address this challenge, the screening mechanism can be enhanced using the principle of variable amplitude. The anti-blocking screening process with variable amplitude is simulated under multi-point material feeding by Multi-Body Dynamics and Discrete Element Method, where the feed rate of the grain mixture, and the angle of the guide chute, are treated as variables. The study then analysed the average velocity of the particle groups on the screen surface, the material mass ratio, screening efficiency, and impurity content. The results indicated that as the guide chute angle increased, the screening time, decreased progressively, which suggested that variable amplitude can effectively enhance screening efficiency and mitigate material accumulation. More critically, variations in the feed rate, significantly impact screening performance, thereby changing both screening efficiency and anti-blocking capabilities. Based on these optimised parameters, a mathematical model was developed and validated experimentally. High-speed photography and image processing were used to analyse the material distribution on the screen surface, confirming the reliability of the amplitude adjustment mechanism. The findings demonstrate that amplitude screening offers substantial benefits in improving efficiency and reducing blockages. Ultimately, the model's <em>R</em>² value of 0.884 confirms its high reliability, and the consistency between the simulation and experimental results underscores the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed amplitude screen method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic responses of an aquaculture cube net cage suspended inside a jacket foundation for various net solidities and bottom weights","authors":"Yuan-Mao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun-Wei Bi ,&nbsp;Xue-Wen Zhou ,&nbsp;Sen-Qi Cui ,&nbsp;Liu-Yi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wind-aquaculture integration structure offers significant potential for marine resource use and is gaining increasing attention from academia and engineering community. This study introduces an innovative integrated structure called JOWT-AC, which suspends a net cage within a jacket structure. Based on the lumped-mass method, a cube cage is established within the internal space of the jacket. The contact interaction between the net and the jacket is considered by introducing a penetration model. Based on previous research findings and 1/25 scale flume experiments, the accuracy of the cage motion and tension was validated. The results show that as the current velocity increases, the cage state can be categorised into three stages: the safe aquaculture regime, the square bottom ring contact regime, and the cage unbalance regime. When the net solidity is between 0.12 and 0.20, the cage becomes unbalanced at a current velocity of 1.2 m s⁻¹. When the bottom weight ranges from 1000 to 1600 kg, the current velocity at which the cage becomes unbalanced varies. The increase of the bottom weight can effectively enhance the cage's ability to resist unbalance. The research results can provide valuable support for integrated systems design of jacket structure and cage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104271"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating light quantity and quality over plant organs using a ray-tracing method to investigate plant responses in growth chambers","authors":"Sabine Demotes-Mainard ,&nbsp;Hervé Autret ,&nbsp;Christophe Pradal ,&nbsp;Julien Le Gall ,&nbsp;Vincent Guérin ,&nbsp;Nathalie Leduc ,&nbsp;Didier Combes ,&nbsp;Christophe Renaud ,&nbsp;Michaël Chelle ,&nbsp;Jessica Bertheloot","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ray-tracing models enable the assessment of light quantity and quality intercepted by plant organs, supporting biological studies in growth chambers with varying light conditions. However, their validation within canopies and clear usage methods remain limited. This work establishes a reliable method for using these models. The method includes i) accounting for the intensity and spectrum of light sources in the calibration procedure; ii) a generic calibration strategy using a few well-placed light measurement points based on chamber geometry. It evaluates the method to simulate light phylloclimate at the organ scale across biologically relevant wavebands of contrasted widths and properties. Using the SEC2 light simulation framework, three virtual experiments were conducted in a growth chamber, with and without rose plants. Inputs included chamber geometry, material optical properties, lamp emissions, and digitised plant mock-ups. Simulations were compared with spectral measurements at various chamber positions and sensor orientations, both without plants and inside a canopy. Results showed high accuracy in replicating spatial light variability, with RMSE ranging 0.011 to 0.021 and 0.014–0.038 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹nm⁻¹ across different wavebands and sensor orientations, for vertical and horizontal transects, respectively. Applying this approach to a case study demonstrated its effectiveness in formulating new biological hypotheses regarding the role of local light in regulating bud outgrowth. This was achieved by highlighting differences in phylloclimate induced by variations in plant architecture. This work thus provides a comprehensive framework for facilitating the application of ray-tracing models in growth chamber studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104256"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}