Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Maturity recognition and localisation of broccoli under occlusion based on RGB-D instance segmentation network","authors":"Shuo Kang ,&nbsp;Jiali Fan ,&nbsp;Yongkai Ye ,&nbsp;Chenglong Li ,&nbsp;Dongdong Du ,&nbsp;Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective harvesting robots for broccoli face significant challenges in field operations, where occlusions by leaves and stems, varying maturity stages and lighting interferences greatly affect performance. Addressing the need for a robust network capable of maturity recognition and localisation under various occlusion conditions for spherical crops, OccluInst—a single-stage instance segmentation network based on RGB-D and CNN-Transformer architecture was proposed. The solution is to make full use of visible information and crop characteristics. This model builds a dual-branch cross-modal calibration framework to generate instance-aware kernels and segmentation mask features. The proposed Attention Weight Interactive Fusion Module (AWIF) enhances the fusion efficiency of multi-scale RGB and depth features in complex scenarios, while the designed Adaptive Fusion Ratio Module (AFR) filters out noisy depth data and extracts valuable information to achieve feature alignment. Additionally, the developed Material Awareness Module (MA) highlights critical areas, improving feature extraction for irregular, multi-scale targets. The improved circular boundary anchor box accurately localises broccoli under various levels of occlusion. Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each module. OccluInst can swiftly and accurately identify the maturity categories and coordinates of broccoli under different occlusion levels. It achieves a mAP₅₀ of 86.2% and mAR of 83.5%, with an average centre point deviation of 3.68 pixels on images with a resolution of 848 × 480, and a detection speed of 51.4 frames per second, providing a robust visual foundation for selective harvesting robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 270-284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD-DEM coupling simulation and parameter optimisation of sugarcane harvester extractor","authors":"Baocheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Shaochun Ma ,&nbsp;Weiqing Li ,&nbsp;Zhijie Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Qian ,&nbsp;Peng Huo ,&nbsp;Sha Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impurity removal process of sugarcane mechanised harvesting by extractor faces the challenge of high impurity content and cane loss. To improve the impurity removal performance of extractor and explore the internal flow field and material movement, the impurity removal process was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) coupled method. The results revealed that the large-sized depression at the installation site of the hydraulic motor, along with variations in the blade profile at the leading and trailing edges, and the short length of the cleaning chamber, contributed to a wide range of vortex and flow separation, which made the material move in disorder and easily discharged from one side of outlet, reducing the impurity removal efficiency. With the number of blades, installation angle, and chord length as factors, and velocity and number of leaves as the indicators, a Box-Behnken experiment was conducted to optimise the extractor parameters. The results showed that, at speeds of 1250, 1450, and 1650 r min⁻¹, the average outlet airflow velocity increased by 11.9%, 14.6%, and 19.9% respectively, the total pressure increased by 33.94%, 34.33%, and 25.19% respectively, and the extractor efficiency increased by 34.88%, 36.96% and 39.65% respectively. The improved extractor significantly reduced the impurity content while maintaining a stable cane loss at high travel speeds (3 km h⁻¹), the corresponding reduction rates at the three speeds were 20.9%, 23.9%, and 18.0%. The research will contribute to guiding the design and optimisation of sugarcane harvester extractors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 80-93"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and test investigation of a 3WZ-600 profiling sprayer for dwarf-dense planting jujube orchard","authors":"Yali Li ,&nbsp;Xianfei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Junpeng Liang ,&nbsp;Hongtao Sun ,&nbsp;Jingbin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray application is the primary method of pest management in the dwarf-dense planting jujube orchards, but it offen suffers from off-target drift, poor spray volume uniformity, and low pesticide deposition rates. To address these issues, considering the orchard's planting pattern and the external characteristics of the tree growth, a simplified 3WZ-600 profiling sprayer was designed in this study to accommodate trees of varying heights. In particular, the sprayer's design scheme and relevant parameters were determined through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The design focused on the key components necessary for achieving effective profiling spray application, particularly the profiling spray bars. To ensure their stability and safety during operation, static and vibration modal analyses of their profiling posture were conducted using ANSYS software. Subsequently, CFD numerical simulation was employed to simulate the spraying process and study the effects of three different spray distances on droplet movement characteristics, deposition distribution characteristics, and uniformity. The simulation predicted an effective spray range of 400–800 mm. Finally, to validate these simulation results, the profiling sprayer was used to conduct field experiments to explore the influence of spray parameters on operation quality. Optimal working parameters were identified as a speed of 1 m s⁻¹, a nozzle pressure of 0.96 MPa, and a spray distance of 400 mm. The test results showed that, under these conditions, the average pesticide adhesion rate was 78.97%, and the deposition coefficient of variation was 21.42%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 213-224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An opensource indoor climate and yield prediction model for Chinese solar greenhouses","authors":"Bo Zhou ,&nbsp;Daniel Reyes Lastiri ,&nbsp;Nan Wang ,&nbsp;Qichang Yang ,&nbsp;Eldert J. van Henten","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a climate model for Chinese solar Greenhouses (CSGs) integrated with a tomato yield model. The developed model evaluates how CSG design and operation influence indoor climate and yield. It was described and validated against three experiments, with different scenarios for selected initial conditions to verify the ability to simulate the impact of large thermal masses. Significant model parameters were identified through sensitivity analysis. The climate and yield model accurately predicted indoor climate variables and tomato yield across the three experiments from one empty CSG in Shenyang and two operational production CSGs in Beijing. Indoor air temperature showed the acceptable results for long-term simulation, with an RRMSE of 12.1%, RMSE of 1.58 °C, and ME of 1.08 °C. The model, for the first time, incorporated the balance of carbon dioxide under CSG conditions achieving an RRMSE ranging from 8.64% to 27.1%, RMSE from 63.72 to 192.5 ppm, and ME from −17.8 to 2.45 ppm. Additionally, tomato yield predictions exhibited satisfactory errors, with an RRMSE ranged from 22.3% to 26.3%, RMSE ranged from 0.61 to 0.71 kg m⁻², and ME ranged from −0.33 to 0.46 kg m⁻². The sensitivity analysis underscored the significance of air exchange-related parameters, and introducing a control variable for the optimal LAI would be beneficial for enhancing accuracy. This model is publicly available as open-source Python code at <span><span>https://github.com/jdsjxin/CSGtom</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, providing a valuable tool for optimising the design and operation of existing CSGs and guiding the improvement of new CSGs in northern China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 183-212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative characterisation of microporous ceramic emitters microstructure and visualisation of seepage based on CT 3D reconstruction","authors":"Xuefei He ,&nbsp;Pute Wu ,&nbsp;Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shoujun Wu ,&nbsp;Xufei Liu ,&nbsp;Fuhui Yang ,&nbsp;Yuli Sun ,&nbsp;Yiqian Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pore characteristics play a leading role in the seepage performance of microporous ceramic emitter. To investigate the pore characteristics and seepage performance of microporous ceramic emitter, the pore parameters such as pore equivalent radius, pore throat size, and pore coordination numbers are quantitatively and statistically analysed by computer tomography (CT) three-dimensional reconstruction. Then, the seepage performance of single-phase water flow in pore space is simulated and analysed, and the three-dimensional visualisation of pore seepage in a microporous ceramic emitter is realised. The results show that the equivalent radius of pores in microporous ceramics predominantly ranges from 40 to 160 μm, with the pore throat size exhibiting a logarithmic normal distribution. With an increase in porosity, the pore coordination numbers rise, enhancing the connectivity among them. The tortuosity of the channel is reduced. The number of pores and the average pore equivalent radius also increase with the increase of porosity. The three-dimensional visualisation of pore seepage in microporous ceramic emitters shows that the permeability of microporous ceramic emitters has obvious anisotropy, and the pore structure has a strong control effect on seepage. With the increase of porosity, the seepage path of the microporous ceramic emitter gradually develops from branching to network. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the preparation and application of microporous ceramic emitters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 68-79"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porometer for estimating stomatal conductance in maize: Determination of trueness and precision according to ISO 5725","authors":"Chiara Rusconi ,&nbsp;Roberto Confalonieri ,&nbsp;Ermes Movedi ,&nbsp;Angela Gazzoli ,&nbsp;Gregorio Arrigoni ,&nbsp;Gloria Brocca ,&nbsp;Anna Diva Cosentino ,&nbsp;Tommaso Foglia ,&nbsp;Federico Lombardo ,&nbsp;Brando Mandelli ,&nbsp;Marika Pavasini ,&nbsp;Giacomo Pigni ,&nbsp;Livia Paleari","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stomatal conductance (<em>g</em>_<em>s</em>) is a key variable for quantifying crop water status and different technologies have been developed for its determination. While infrared gas analysers (IRGA) are widely recognised as a reference for <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> measurement, their limited usability and portability, and their cost, are making porometers an increasingly seductive alternative. However, few studies have compared porometers with other methods, and key information on performance metrics along the <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> biophysical range is missing. The accuracy (precision and trueness) of the LI-600 porometer for <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> measurement in maize was evaluated using the ISO 5725 protocol. A ring trial was carried out by growing plants in pots under three irrigation regimes to identify different <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> levels. Measurements of <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> were performed by three independent groups of operators at two growth stages using the porometer and the IRGA (reference). For intermediate <em>g</em>_<em>s</em> values, precision was satisfactory (mean relative standard deviation of repeatability and reproducibility &lt;19%), whereas marked underestimations were observed. In cases of severely stressed and well-watered plants, the trueness was good (overall R² was 0.62), whereas the poor precision could be compensated by the possibility of taking a high number of replicates (very short time is needed for acquiring data). This, together with the high usability, make porometers an alternative in the case of intensive or time-constrained field campaigns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 158-162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of berry sunburn damage with machine learning: Results on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","authors":"Allegro Gianluca ,&nbsp;Ilaria Filippetti ,&nbsp;Chiara Pastore ,&nbsp;Daniela Sangiorgio ,&nbsp;Gabriele Valentini ,&nbsp;Gianmarco Bortolotti ,&nbsp;István Kertész ,&nbsp;Lien Le Phuong Nguyen ,&nbsp;László Baranyai","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to climate change, heatwaves and prolonged periods of drought are more frequent and cause serious consequences to yield and berry composition of grapevine (<em>Vitis vinifera</em> L.). In response to this challenge, machine learning model was built to predict sunburn damages on the berries. The trial was conducted over two years (2022–2023) in a not irrigated vineyard of cv. Sangiovese, trained to vertical shoot positioning (VSP) spur pruned cordon. The vineyard was monitored from veraison to harvest with a weather station and thermocouples connected to a wireless sensor network (WSN). The evolution of the sunburn damages was visually evaluated twice a week. The damages appeared soon after veraison and the severity of the symptoms increased when heatwaves occurred. Weather station data including air temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity were analysed and used to build prediction models for sunburn damage. Ten parameters were derived from raw data to supply the prediction models of neural network (NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) optimised with gamma tuning. The NN achieved 90.32% accuracy in cross-validation, followed by SVM with 86.22% using radial kernel. The machine learning model was created using TensorFlow framework and it is available in the mobile phone application SHEET which will alert grape growers about the risk of sunburn damages on their orchards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-stage 3D multi-fish tracking model using patch-based underwater stereo matching","authors":"Yuxiang Li ,&nbsp;Hequn Tan ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Deng ,&nbsp;Dianzhuo Zhou ,&nbsp;Ming Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor recirculating aquaculture systems necessitate the extensive application of automatic monitoring technologies due to the inherent complexity and precision involved. Underwater three-dimensional (3D) tracking is essential for monitoring fish. However, underwater imaging in aquaculture environments frequently encounters challenges such as image blurring, low contrast, and excessive noise. These problems reduce the effectiveness of stereo matching algorithms, subsequently affecting the precision of binocular-based underwater 3D tracking. As a result, current applications often rely on expensive hardware, such as Time-of-Flight (TOF) cameras or structured light cameras. To achieve high-precision underwater 3D tracking economically with binocular cameras, a two-stage 3D multi-fish tracking (TMT) model was proposed. The TMT model concentrates on processing fish-containing patches, eliminating complex and extensive background regions in underwater images. This improves contour and spatial position accuracy in stereo matching, reduces computational demands, and simplifies point cloud filtering. Specifically, in stage 1, a detector and tracker identify fish-containing patches within stereo images. Stage 2 uses a novel patch-based underwater stereo matching method to match patches of the same fish in the left and right images, then calculates and filters the fish point cloud. Evaluations of positioning accuracy showed that the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between model results and the true values is less than 2 cm in both horizontal and vertical directions, and less than 5 cm in the depth direction. Furthermore, the TMT model demonstrates stable performance during a 7-h hypoxia experiment on fish, effectively identifying various fish behavioural changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 144-157"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution law of vascular bundle stiffness in rice stems and microscale simulation","authors":"Menghao Shi ,&nbsp;Tingjue Wang ,&nbsp;Dongdong Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Xiong ,&nbsp;Fuming Kuang ,&nbsp;Dequan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncertainty regarding the distribution law of vascular bundle stiffness and its influencing factors in rice stems has led to difficulties in optimising the working parameters of rice transplanters and in breeding rice varieties with strong lodging resistance. In this study, the stiffness distribution law of large vascular bundles at different locations and their influencing factors were comprehensively analysed through vascular bundle tensile mechanical tests. Throughout the stem, the stiffness of large vascular bundles gradually decreased from the base to the top. Within each stem segment, the stiffness of large vascular bundles decreased progressively from the outer leaf sheath toward the inner layers. The average stiffness of large vascular bundles in the bottom stem segment was the largest, reaching 6.4 ± 0.49 × 10⁻² MPa. Based on the working standards for rice seedling transplanters, the most suitable parameters for paddy field preparation and transplanting depth were determined as follows: soaking field water depth of 4–5 cm, soaking time of 1–3 days, mud field settling of 1–3 days, and rice transplanting depth of 3 cm. Through the fitting analysis of the stiffness of large vascular bundles and their structural parameters, the primary factors influencing vascular bundle stiffness were identified as the cross-sectional area of the vascular bundle and the area of the vascular bundle sheath. Ultimately, a biomechanical model of rice stalk large vascular bundles containing realistic microstructural features and non-homogeneous material properties was established, and the simulation results showed a significant positive correlation with the experimental results (R = 0.99, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01, R² = 0.99). This biomechanical model provides a foundation for the subsequent construction of a coupled multi-physical field model of the rice stalk mechanism–water field environment, including micro-organisms, and for exploring interaction mechanisms at the micro-scale during rice transplantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 325-342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEM modelling methods and trait analysis of sunflower seed","authors":"Xuan zhao,&nbsp;Hongbin Bai,&nbsp;Fei Liu,&nbsp;Wenxue Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the application of computer-based digital simulation technology and improve the accuracy and efficiency of discrete element simulations for sunflower seeds, this study employs image processing techniques to establish an equivalent mathematical model of sunflower seed contours. A simplified discrete element modelling method based on the contour parameters is proposed. Additionally, a predictive model for the angle of repose, using a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM), is constructed. Physical and calibration experiments were conducted to measure and calibrate the relevant physical parameters of sunflower seeds. Using the relative error of the angle of repose as the response value, the optimal simulation parameter combination was determined through Plackett-Burman, steepest ascent, and Box-Behnken tests, as well as the FNN. The results indicate that the static friction coefficient between seeds (CoS_S–_S), the dynamic friction coefficient between seeds (CoL_S-S), and the coefficient of restitution between seeds (CoR_S-S) are significant factors. The model demonstrates excellent fitting performance, showing advantages in both accuracy and stability. The optimised parameters for sunflower seeds were validated through three tests, resulting in an average relative error of 1.37% for the angle of repose, which meets the requirements for discrete element simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}