Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Modal frequency analysis for Camellia oleifera with sympodial branching growth mode using allometric scaling law","authors":"Lewei Tang ,&nbsp;Huiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Pan ,&nbsp;Mingliang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the branching growth mode of <em>Camellia oleifera</em> is considered to be a sympodial branching pattern. A simplified fractal model of <em>Camellia oleifera</em> is established with several similar basic units. The morphological parameters of the basic bifurcated units in the tree model are correlated according to the biological allometric scaling law. For the basic bifurcated unit, a cantilever trunk modelled as the Euler-Bernoulli beam with two lateral branches is obtained regardless of the mass of foliage. The modal frequency of the basic bifurcated unit is calculated using Hamilton's principle. Finite element simulation using ANSYS software is performed to obtain the simulation modal frequencies in comparison with the theoretical frequencies. An empirical formula relating to the modal frequencies is derived from the perspective of energy transfer. The effect of branch angle on the modal frequency is further investigated. Besides, the empirical formula is extended for the calculation of the modal frequency of three basic bifurcated units. The modal frequency in branch mode is also obtained and compared with the simulation results. In the field measurement, two coefficients involving the lateral branching ratio and the slenderness coefficient were identified from the morphological measurements. The modal frequency for the basic bifurcated unit and the tree were measured using the dynamic signal analyser. The relative errors of the modal frequency from the empirical formulas and the field experiments are less than 6 %, which demonstrates the feasibility of the modal frequency analysis of <em>Camellia oleifera</em> using the proposed empirical formulas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104296"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital simulation of condensation and water loss in ventilated lychee packaging","authors":"Jicheng Lin ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yihong Jiang ,&nbsp;Dongfeng Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Cai ,&nbsp;Guopeng Lin ,&nbsp;Zhiwu Ding ,&nbsp;Enli Lü ,&nbsp;Jiaming Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lychee quality deteriorates rapidly post-harvest. Appropriately ventilated packaging can help maintain quality during the supply chain. However, interruptions in the cold chain can lead to temperature differences between the inside and outside of packages, increasing condensation and liquid water formation, which negatively affects lychee quality. This study used numerical simulations to analyse forced ventilation in different packaging structures, focusing on how the number of top openings affects internal temperature, humidity, condensation, and water loss. Additionally, the stacking of packaged lychee was modelled to predict water loss and condensation under actual supply conditions. The results showed that increasing the number of package openings reduces humidity differences and condensation, with eight openings resulting in 9.18 % less water loss rate compared to six openings. Six openings reduced condensation by 23.67 % compared to four openings. Furthermore, during storage and transportation, the amount of water loss and condensation varied by location, with lychees near the air outlet losing less water but experiencing more condensation. The findings of this study provide insights into reducing in-package condensation and water loss in the lychee supply chain, offering a reference for optimising storage and transportation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104297"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inversion of on-tree peach firmness via high-fidelity fruit finite element models and sim-to-real deep transfer learning","authors":"Jiaqi Xiong ,&nbsp;Yilei Hu ,&nbsp;Xianbin Gu ,&nbsp;Ce Yang ,&nbsp;Di Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Firmness is an important attribute of peaches related to texture and ripeness. The inversion of on-tree peach firmness contributes to monitoring fruit ripeness and determining the optimal harvest time for enhancing fruit quality. However, accurate inversion of fruit firmness is still challenging because of the limited number, range and distribution of training datasets. Therefore, an acoustic vibration method based on high-fidelity fruit finite element (FE) models and sim-to-real deep transfer learning was proposed for the inversion of the on-tree peach firmness with limited samples. Ten FE models of peaches comprising skin, flesh, pits and kernels were constructed to generate simulated vibration responses of on-tree peaches during fruit ripening. A 1D-Inception-SE network was established to extract features from the vibration responses to characterise peach firmness. To reduce the difference in feature distribution between the simulated dataset and the experimental dataset, a deep transfer learning method based on a domain adversarial neural network was introduced. The results indicated that the high-fidelity FE models of peaches were reliable for simulating the vibration behaviours of on-tree peaches during fruit ripening. The proposed deep transfer learning method raised the <em>R</em>^<em>2</em> of the test set from 0.79 to 0.83. Compared to the 1D-Inception-SE model with 320 experimental samples, the deep transfer learning model with both simulated data and 160 experimental samples achieves superior performance while requiring only half the number of experimental samples. The results demonstrated that the proposed method could efficiently and effectively improve the firmness inversion accuracy for on-tree peaches by measuring limited samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104291"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved steering model and integrated robust control for a curved path-tracking controller for headland turns","authors":"Yueqi Ma,&nbsp;Guohui Fu,&nbsp;Chao Ban,&nbsp;Tong Su,&nbsp;Ruijuan Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accuracy of the rice transplanter's curved path-tracking during headland turns significantly impacts the row spacing precision of rice transplanting, especially in the initial stage of each row operation. This study aims to improve the curved path-tracking accuracy of rice transplanters. To achieve this, an improved transplanter steering model and tracking error model are developed based on the transplanter's steering characteristics, using the transplanting arm array centre as the reference point. Building upon the proposed tracking error model, an integrated robust curved path-tracking controller is proposed, combining low-frequency disturbance observer-based feedforward control, Linear Quadratic Regulator control, H-infinity control, and quadratic stability. This controller is robust to perturbation parameters and disturbances caused by uneven paddy field bottom, sideslip, path curvature, and model linearisation, and it also has a rapid convergence rate. Model comparison results indicated that the turning radii predicted by the proposed transplanter steering model closely match the actual turning radii of the rice transplanter, outperforming the conventional Ackermann steering model. Additionally, the controller using the transplanting arm array centre as the reference point exhibited higher tracking accuracy for transplanting arm array centre compared to using the rear axle centre as the reference point. Ablation experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of each component in the proposed control method, among all components, the low-frequency disturbance observer-based feedforward control had the most significant impact on accuracy improvement. Overall, the proposed curved path-tracking controller exhibited high accuracy for curved path-tracking control and effectively meets the operational requirements of the rice transplanter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on intelligent maize targeted fertilisation method based on BPNN PID adaptive position feedback regulation","authors":"Wenqi Zhou,&nbsp;Huaiyu Liu,&nbsp;Yao Wang,&nbsp;Cunliang Liu,&nbsp;Han Tang,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Jinwu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given problems, such as low accuracy of fertiliser application control, large positioning errors, and poor fault monitoring effects in targeted fertilisation operations, this study proposes an intelligent maize-targeted fertilisation method based on a Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) adaptive position feedback regulation. With the STM32 microcontroller as the master-slave controller, an intelligent maize-targeted fertilisation system was developed through the design of multi-sensor fusion, control parameter calculation and optimisation, construction of a fertilisation drive device, and fault monitoring system. BPNN PID adaptive optimisation was used to control the angular displacement of the fertiliser applicator, and automatic control technology drove the targeted fertilisation mechanism. By integrating dual photoelectric sensors to detect the target maize, an encoder collects the angular displacement of the fertiliser applicator, a ranging sensor monitors the fertiliser amount in the fertiliser box, a pressure sensor monitors the status of the fertiliser pipe, a positioning sensor monitors the operation speed, and multi-machine communication processes the fertilisation operation data. Targeted control and fault monitoring of fertilisation operations under multi-sensor fusion were realised. The adjustment time of the optimisation algorithm is 0.9 s, and the response is fast. Experiments show that the accuracy of fertiliser application control is greater than 95 %, the average positioning error of fertilisation is less than 28.1 mm, the fault alarm success rate reaches 97 %, and the average response time of fault alarm is less than 0.45 s. The intelligent maize-targeted fertilisation method in this study can achieve precise fertilisation control in maize-targeted fertilisation operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104292"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving sediment discharge efficiency in drip emitters via Tesla-inspired microchannels: PyFluent simulation and SHAP-based structural insights","authors":"Peng Hou ,&nbsp;Tuo Yin ,&nbsp;Shengqi Jian ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Xinhao Gao ,&nbsp;Xueli Zhang ,&nbsp;Changjian Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment deposition is a critical factor contributing to emitter clogging and flow instability in drip irrigation systems, particularly under sediment-laden water conditions. At the micro-scale (10–1000 μm), flow and particle transport within emitter channels are governed by complex interactions involving confinement effects, turbulent structures, and particle–wall interactions. However, the mechanisms controlling sediment migration and removal remain insufficiently understood, and there is a lack of robust modelling tools to support emitter design under such conditions. In this study, a novel Tesla-inspired bidirectional microchannel was proposed to improve hydraulic performance and sediment discharge efficiency. A high-resolution Euler–Lagrange two-phase flow model was developed using PyFluent, integrating key physical processes including Schiller–Naumann drag, Saffman lift, turbulent dispersion, and rebound boundary conditions to simulate sediment behaviour at particle scale. Simulation results revealed that the inclusion of reverse-flow units significantly enhanced shear zones and vortex intensity, leading to a 97.18 % increase in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE, CFD simulation). Under different forward- and reverse-flow unit configurations, PSD and QSDV both decreased by 22.73 %–53.40 %. Variations under different channel widths and depths showed different ranges due to QSDV being normalised by volume (all CFD simulation results). Contribution analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identified hydraulic diameter and the number of forward-flow units as dominant structural factors influencing sediment transport through their effects on local energy dissipation and flow field reorganisation. These findings provide a physically interpretable and practically applicable modelling framework for optimising emitter design. This study proposed approach offers new insights into the coupling between microchannel geometry and sediment dynamics, supporting the development of anti-clogging strategies in drip irrigation systems using non-conventional water sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved light efficiency LED array design via increasing uniformity for pea sprouts","authors":"Li Du ,&nbsp;Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Can Wang ,&nbsp;Yiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Junhua Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Ma ,&nbsp;Danyan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light distribution is an important factor affecting plant growth under facility lighting. However, traditional lighting provides uneven illumination, which increases the difficulty of cultivation management and creates challenges in standardised plant production. Achieving the best light environment is highly significant for high-efficiency production. To effectively address uneven light distribution in the planting layer, this study proposed a high light efficiency LED array design that increases light distribution uniformity based on the improved genetic algorithm. This design has been verified by optical simulation, spectrometer measurement and pea sprout cultivation. The simulation results showed that the illumination uniformity of the optimised LED array and traditional square LED array were 91.7 % and 85.7 %, respectively. The uniformity of the illuminance measured by the spectrometer for two LED arrays was 92.5 % and 80.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the two LED arrays on the growth of pea sprouts were compared. The total light intensity of the optimised LED array was reduced by 20.1 % lower; however, the yield of the pea sprouts increased by 8.6 % higher. The light intensity required to produce pea sprouts per unit mass was 26.5 % lower, while the energy and economic efficiency improved. Therefore, the LED array designed based on the improved genetic algorithm has high illumination uniformity and light use efficiency and presents a novel method for improving pea sprout production and lighting optimisation strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit cooling performance analysis within a fully loaded refrigerated container: CFD modelling and validation","authors":"Tarl M. Berry ,&nbsp;Nurayn A. Tiamiyu ,&nbsp;Jacques van Zyl ,&nbsp;Umezuruike L. Opara ,&nbsp;Paul Cronje ,&nbsp;Alemayehu Ambaw ,&nbsp;Vaughan Hattingh ,&nbsp;Corné Coetzee ,&nbsp;Thijs Defraeye","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refrigerated containers (RCs) are crucial for transporting fresh produce to international markets, significantly influencing fruit quality along the cold chain. Although RCs are a mature technology, fresh produce industries report challenges relating to temperature heterogeneity and ineffective monitoring approaches. This study developed and validated a computational fluid dynamics model to characterise airflow and heat transfer inside an RC packed with standard ventilated packaging for South African citrus fruit. The model was implemented with an accurate representation of a refrigeration unit, incorporating the presence of fans and evaporator coils based on experimental characterisations. Air speed and cooling validations showed good agreement with the models. Simulations identified a vertically dominant airflow pattern, with air speeds within the pallets ranging from 0.03 m s^-1 to 0.16 m s^-1. Air velocities within the pallet regions were categorised into four zones: a turbulent air recirculation zone, a high-velocity stabilisation zone, a declining air velocity zone, and a heterogeneous air velocity zone near the door. Excessively cooled regions were identified, potentially increasing chilling injury risk, a primary concern for South African citrus exports. The study evaluated temperature monitoring, and an optimal position for hygrothermal sensors was proposed for single-device monitoring. It was further shown that air temperature data is conditionally representative of pulp temperature. The insights gained can guide industry practitioners in enhancing temperature monitoring practices and inform future research on optimising RC cooling efficiency and minimising chilling injury risks to improve fruit quality and reduce waste in the fresh produce supply chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of maize picking roller surface structure on stalk pulling force","authors":"Yipeng Cui ,&nbsp;Pengxuan Guan ,&nbsp;Jianning Yin ,&nbsp;Zehao Zha ,&nbsp;Qiming Yu ,&nbsp;Zhenwei Wang ,&nbsp;Duanyang Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the maize ear harvesting process, a reasonable selection of the picking roller's surface structure can significantly enhance stalk pulling force, reduce ear-picking losses, and improve overall harvesting efficiency. Investigating the influence of different picking roller surface structures on stalk pulling force is therefore of critical importance. In this study, a simulation model was developed based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) to simulate the interaction mechanisms between the ear-picking device and maize stalks. The accuracy of the simulation model was validated through bench tests, using maximum stalk pulling force and power consumption as key evaluation metrics, with relative errors of 5.4 % and 5.2 %, respectively. The study further explored the effects of picking roller surface structure (pattern shape, pattern height and pattern spacing) on stalk pulling force. The results indicate that pattern shape, pattern height, pattern spacing, and their interactions have a significant impact on stalk pulling force. The optimal surface structure of the picking roller is a inclined pattern structure with a pattern height of 2.5 mm and a pattern spacing of 8 mm. The simulation results can be used to analyse the effect of the picking roller surface structure on stalk pulling force, providing a theoretical basis for the rational selection of picking roller surface structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104289"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technologies for automatic assessment of pig welfare using animal-based indicators in the slaughterhouse: a review","authors":"Angela Ramon-Perez ,&nbsp;Irene Camerlink ,&nbsp;Nienke van Staaveren ,&nbsp;Kristina Maschat ,&nbsp;Kenny van Langeveld ,&nbsp;Thomas Banhazi ,&nbsp;Michaela Fels ,&nbsp;Maite Jachens ,&nbsp;Jarissa Maselyne ,&nbsp;Björn Forkman ,&nbsp;Pol Llonch","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most meat-producing species end their life at the slaughterhouse. Here, animals are gathered from diverse farms, allowing for extensive data collection, including on welfare status. Assessing animal welfare requires reliable indicators, particularly those that are animal-based. Automated welfare evaluation offers a continuous, objective, and consistent approach for monitoring large numbers of animals, eliminating human bias and fatigue associated with high-speed production lines, and decreasing farm visits. This review aims to identify animal-based welfare indicators for pigs that can be automatically measured at slaughterhouses and to examine commercially available Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies used at the slaughterhouse, including prototypes and on-farm technologies that can be adapted and applied to slaughterhouses. A three-step methodology is used: first a systematic literature search, followed by a comprehensible commercial search, and finally an expert consultation survey to confirm that all technologies were identified. A total of 16 technologies for slaughterhouse applications and 71 technologies for on-farm use were identified. Among the on-farm technologies, 52 were deemed feasible for slaughterhouse implementation, while 19 were considered unsuitable due to mismatches with slaughterhouse purposes, such as feeding behaviour or heat detection. The results also highlight the need to address automated welfare assessment during the transport phase to ensure thorough understanding and continuous monitoring of animal welfare across the entire production chain. While automated systems for monitoring pig welfare show significant potential, challenges in practical implementation and widespread adoption remain, requiring collaboration between researchers, industry stakeholders, and technology developers to fully realise their potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 104286"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}