Journal of veterinary medicine最新文献

{"title":"Qualitative Case Study of Public Health Preparedness and Response to the Rabid Raccoon Discovered in Wise County, Virginia.","authors":"Brian Martin,&nbsp;Benjamin Williamson,&nbsp;Vinayak K Nahar,&nbsp;Karen Gruszynski,&nbsp;Manoj Sharma,&nbsp;Jason W Johnson","doi":"10.1155/2019/5734590","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/5734590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rabies is a zoonotic lyssavirus of mammals that is a major public health threat due to the high mortality rate in humans who develop clinical symptoms. In the United States and other developed countries, the main reservoirs are wildlife species. In April 2017, a raccoon tested positive for rabies in Wise County, Virginia, with a second raccoon testing positive in May. Wise County, Virginia, is one of the few counties in western Virginia that is not endemic for raccoon rabies variant virus. Due to this fact, local, state, and federal agencies worked together to prevent and control the outbreak to stop the public health theat. The purpose of this study was to understand how professionals from these various agencies viewed the response efforts to the two rabid raccoons in 2017 and to determine what could be done to improve future responses. A list of responders from the different agencies involved in the outbreak in 2017 was created. Participants were recruited via email and those who agreed to be interviewed were contacted via telephone. Participants were asked a series of 13 questions pertaining to the 2017 outbreak to understand more about the strengths and weaknesses perceived during the outbreak. Of the 11 individuals contacted, six agreed to an interview. Data were analyzed utilizing a three-step qualitative analysis process which included the steps of open coding, audit trail, and axial coding. Staff and partnerships were identified as strengths of the response while funding, community, and region were identified as weaknesses of the response. It is hoped that by identifying different strengths and weaknesses through qualitative analysis this will aid in improving future responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"5734590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/5734590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37391144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale,</i> Roscoe) Essential Oil on Growth and Laying Performances, Serum Metabolites, and Egg Yolk Antioxidant and Cholesterol Status in Laying Japanese Quail.","authors":"Tchoffo Herve,&nbsp;Kana Jean Raphaël,&nbsp;Ngoula Ferdinand,&nbsp;Ngoumtsop Victor Herman,&nbsp;Ngouozeu Moyo Willy Marvel,&nbsp;Tadondjou Cyril D'Alex,&nbsp;Folack Tiwa Laurine Vitrice","doi":"10.1155/2019/7857504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7857504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>, Rosc.) essential oil on growth and laying performances, egg yolk antioxidant and cholesterol status, and serum metabolites in Japanese quail. Eighty 3-week-old Japanese quails weighing between 120 and 130 g were equally and randomly assigned to four groups receiving daily and orally, respectively, 100 <i>µ</i>l/kg body weight (bw) distilled water and 50, 100, and 150 <i>µ</i>l/kg bw of ginger rhizomes essential oil, respectively. The entire feeding trial for all groups lasted for 9 weeks and the <i>Z. officinale</i> essential oil effects were studied on growth and laying performances, serum metabolites, and egg yolk antioxidant and cholesterol status. Results revealed that feed intake, live and body weights gain, feed conversion ratio, egg production, and weekly mass of eggs were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by oral administration of ginger rhizomes essential oil. Unlike the abdominal fat weight which decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated quails, the oral administration of ginger rhizomes essential oil had no significant effects (p> 0.05) on liver, intestine, heart, and gizzard relative weights as compared to the control. Egg weight markedly (P<0.05) increased in Japanese quails treated with ginger rhizomes essential oil whatever the dose with reference to the control. The serum content in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and transaminases (AST and ALT) decreased significantly (P<0.05) with 100 and 150 <i>µ</i>l/kg bw of ginger rhizomes essential oil compared to control group. In conclusion, oral administration of 100 to 150 <i>µ</i>l/kg bw of ginger rhizomes essential oil to laying Japanese quails positively influences egg weight and decreased serum and egg cholesterols without any adverse effect on feed intake and body weight gain.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"7857504"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/7857504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37165429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis Caused by <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> in a Sheep Flock Colocated with a Tuberculous Dairy Cattle Herd in Central Ethiopia.","authors":"Benti Deresa Gelalcha,&nbsp;Aboma Zewude,&nbsp;Gobena Ameni","doi":"10.1155/2019/8315137","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/8315137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> (<i>M. bovis</i>) has an exceptionally wide host range including sheep. Information on tuberculosis (TB) in sheep is scarce, and there appears to be conflicting opinions about the relative susceptibility of sheep to infection. In Ethiopia, there was no single previous report on tuberculosis in sheep, though mixed farming of cattle and sheep is a common practice. In this study, following the observation of TB-like lesions on sheep died from sheep flock kept in contact with cattle herd, further investigation was conducted on the flock to assess the magnitude of the infection and identify and characterize the causative <i>M. bovis strain</i>. An outbreak investigation was carried out on 26 eligible sheep out of 33 sheep found on the farm. Comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, postmortem examination, <i>Mycobacterium</i> culturing, and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The prevalence of TB in the tested sheep was 15% (4/26). All the sheep that were positive to CIDT had gross lesions suggestive of TB. Three of the positive sheep had extensive and multiple lesions. <i>M. bovis</i> was isolated from all four sheep and the strain was identified as spoligotype SBO134. The in-contact dairy cows were screened for TB and 98% (45/46) of the cows tested positive to CIDT. Furthermore, the same strain, SB0134, was also isolated from the two in-contact cows. The isolation of a matching genotype (SB0134) of <i>M. bovis</i> from both species sharing a known epidemiologic link strongly suggests that the sheep flock might have acquired the pathogen from the dairy cows. This warrants strict physical separation of the sheep flock from the cattle herd to prevent such interspecies transmission of <i>M. bovis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"8315137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8315137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37114807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Chicken under Different Management System in Mekelle Town, Tigray Region, Ethiopia.","authors":"Mebrahtu Berhe,&nbsp;Berhanu Mekibib,&nbsp;Abrha Bsrat,&nbsp;Gebretsadik Atsbaha","doi":"10.1155/2019/1307582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1307582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The poultry industry is an infant but fast growing sector in Ethiopia. However, it is largely dependent on local chicken managed under backyard production system. The sector is facing different challenges, mainly emanated from prevalence of infectious diseases such as helminth parasite species. Hence, this study came up with an aim to determine the infection rate and identify helminth parasite species in chickens managed under different production systems, in Mekelle, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed, from November 2015 to March 2016. Postmortem (N=138) and fecal (N=410) samples of chicken were considered for necropsy and coproscopic examination to see both adult and eggs of helminth parasites, respectively. Similar gastrointestinal helminth parasites infection rate of chicken was obtained from both examination approaches (necropsy, 90.60%; and coproscopy, 90.97%). The study attested high prevalence (87.7%) of mixed infection with helminth parasites of chicken. <i>Heterakis gallinarum</i> (72.5%) and <i>Ascaridia galli</i> (68.8%) were found as the most dominant species (necropsy). During coproscopic examination cestode (89%) infections showed a relatively higher prevalence than nematodes (84.4%), although no difference was observed during that of necropsy examination results. Chickens of local breed from backyard production system had shown more likelihood of getting helminth infection when compared with their corresponding relatives (coproscopy). However, the variation was not statistically significant during that of necropsy finding. Therefore, the higher prevalence of parasitism and mixed infection observed in the study area would warrant for an urgent intervention with regular deworming scheme, and strict attention should be given towards hygienic measures and other health related management activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"1307582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/1307582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37068811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China.","authors":"Yu Deng,&nbsp;Silu Wang,&nbsp;Runxia Liu,&nbsp;Guiying Hao","doi":"10.1155/2018/8274397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8274397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"8274397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/8274397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36810284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya.","authors":"Precious Mahlangu,&nbsp;Naomi Maina,&nbsp;John Kagira","doi":"10.1155/2018/3801479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3801479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. Further the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram were investigated. Farm level data on risk factors were obtained from 41 farmers using questionnaires. Milk was obtained from 110 lactating dairy goats and tested for submastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was estimated to be at 50.9% using CMT, out of which 86.5% yielded bacteria on culture. The significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis were cleaning schedule (p=0.022, OD=1.047) and parity of the goat (p=0048, OD=1.37). Higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed for goats residing in houses cleaned at least once a fortnight. Does in the first parity were least affected. 169 bacterial isolates were obtained from culture, of which 52 isolates from major classes of isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic sensitivity to six antibiotics. Fourteen different bacteria were isolated and identified from the milk samples. Coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococci</i> (20.7%), <i>Serratia</i> spp. (19.5%), <i>Citrobacter</i> spp. (16%), <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (11%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (10.7%), <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (6.5%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (5.9%), <i>Proteus</i> spp. (3%), <i>Corynebacterium</i> spp. (1.8%), <i>Morganella</i> spp. (1.8%), <i>Streptococcus</i> spp. (1.2%), <i>Providencia</i> spp. (0.6%), <i>Micrococcus</i> spp. (0.6%), and <i>Staphylococcus intermedius</i> (0.6%) were isolated and identified from the samples. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, while 98% of the isolates were sensitive to Streptomycin. In conclusion, the study showed that a large proportion of goats were affected by subclinical mastitis, with the main bacteria being <i>Staphylococci</i> spp. and coliforms, and that most of the tested antibiotics can be used in the treatment of mastitis. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis through adoption of good dairy husbandry and milking practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"3801479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/3801479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36812660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Sulphachloropyrazine, Amprolium Hydrochloride, Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, and Diclazuril against Experimental and Natural Rabbit Coccidiosis.","authors":"Kennedy O Ogolla,&nbsp;Peter K Gathumbi,&nbsp;Robert M Waruiru,&nbsp;Paul O Okumu,&nbsp;Joyce Chebet,&nbsp;Philip M Kitala","doi":"10.1155/2018/5402469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5402469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are no anticoccidial drugs labelled for rabbits in Kenya and those available are used as extra labels from poultry. The drugs are used in rabbits with limited knowledge of their efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of sulphachloropyrazine, amprolium hydrochloride, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole relative to diclazuril when used curatively against experimental and natural rabbit coccidiosis. In a controlled laboratory trial, sixty (60) rabbits were randomly allocated to six treatment groups, namely, 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E, and 6F, each with 10 rabbits. Groups 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E, and 6F were experimentally infected with mixed <i>Eimeria</i> species while group 1A served as uninfected-untreated (negative) control group. Four of the infected groups were treated with sulphachloropyrazine (5E), amprolium hydrochloride (2B), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (6F), and diclazuril (4D) using dosages recommended by manufacturers. Group 3C served as infected-untreated (positive) control. A field efficacy trial in naturally infected rabbits was then undertaken. The results revealed that sulphachloropyrazine and diclazuril were effective against rabbit clinical coccidiosis by significantly reducing oocyst counts from 149.00±110.39 x 10⁴ to 3.31±0.86 x 10⁴ <i>Eimeria</i> spp. oocysts per gram of feces (opg) and 59.70±12.35 x 10⁴ to 0.0±0.0 x 10⁴ opg, respectively, in the laboratory trial. Similarly, sulphachloropyrazine and diclazuril recorded reduced oocyst counts in the field trial from 280.33±44.67 x 10³ to 0.44±0.14 x 10³ opg and 473.44±176.01 x 10³ to 0.0±0.0 x 10³ opg, respectively. Still, sulphachloropyrazine and diclazuril showed superior efficacy by registering lesion scores and fecal scores close to those of uninfected untreated control group. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole recorded a satisfactory efficacy in the field trial by recording reduced oocyst counts from 266.78±37.03 x 10³ to 0.75±0.11 x 10³ opg but was not efficacious in the laboratory trial. Amprolium hydrochloride was not efficacious against clinical coccidiosis in both the experimental and field trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"5402469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/5402469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36675054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> Infections in Sheep and Goats in Nyagatare District, Rwanda.","authors":"Borden Mushonga,&nbsp;Dismas Habumugisha,&nbsp;Erick Kandiwa,&nbsp;Oscar Madzingira,&nbsp;Alaster Samkange,&nbsp;Basiamisi Ernest Segwagwe,&nbsp;Ishmael Festus Jaja","doi":"10.1155/2018/3602081","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/3602081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the overall prevalence of <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> infection in sheep and goats from five purposively selected subdivisions (sectors) of Nyagatare district from January to December 2014, after a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and generalized poor productivity was reported in small ruminants in some districts of Rwanda. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed using the Modified Wisconsin Sugar Floatation method and the Fluorescent-labeled peanut-lectin agglutination test while enumerations, as log (FEC), were done using the modified McMaster method. The overall prevalence of <i>H. contortus</i> infection in sheep and goats was 75.7% (n=949). The overall prevalence of <i>H. contortus</i> infection in sheep (83.4%, n=314) was higher than in goats (71.8%, n=635) (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.40-2.79, and p≤0.001). The prevalence of <i>H. contortus</i> infection in female goats (74.2%) was higher than in male goats (64.3%) (OR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.09-2.36, and p=0.01). The prevalence of <i>H. contortus</i> infection in goats from Nyagatare was higher than in goats from Matimba (OR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.76-5.99, and p≤0.001) and from Katabagemu (OR 3.67, 95% CI: 2.04-6.59, and p≤0.001). The prevalence of <i>H. contortus</i> infection in goats from Karangazi was higher than in goats from Matimba (OR 4.72, 95% CI: 2.40-9.28, and p≤0.001). The overall mean monthly log (FEC) for <i>H. contortus</i> in sheep and goats were highest in April (18.9±0.2 and 14.05±0.1, respectively) and October (19.25± 0.2 and 13.75±0.1, respectively). Though, overall, sheep in Nyagatare district were at greater risk of <i>H. contortus</i> infection and goats from Nyagatare and Karangazi sectors were paradoxically at greater risk of <i>H. contortus</i> infection. It was also apparent that young female goats were at greater risk of <i>H. contortus</i> infection than young male goats. <i>H. contortus</i> infection is endemic in small ruminants in Nyagatare district and possibly other districts in Rwanda. Targeted selective treatment (TST) using FAMACHA with emphasis on low-lying swampy pastures and appropriate anthelmintic drugs may be the most economically viable solution in the short term. In the long term breeding of <i>H. contortus</i> resistant small ruminants and strategic grazing using the concept of refugia may bring about considerable relief from <i>H. contortus</i> infection in Nyagatare district, in particular, and Rwanda at large.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"3602081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/3602081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36538610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Groups and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Healthy Chicken in Eastern and Central Uganda.","authors":"Winston Kabiswa,&nbsp;Ann Nanteza,&nbsp;Gabriel Tumwine,&nbsp;Samuel Majalija","doi":"10.1155/2018/9126467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9126467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem in both humans and animals due to misuse and excessive use of drugs. Resistance in commensal <i>E. coli</i> isolates can be used to predict emergence of resistance in other gut microflora. The aim of this study is to determine the phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance patterns of <i>E. coli</i> from healthy chickens in Uganda. The phylogenetic grouping of 120 fecal <i>E. coli</i> isolates from eastern and central Uganda was derived using the triplex PCR assay and their susceptibility patterns determined by agar disc diffusion method to 5 antimicrobial drugs. Most <i>E. coli</i> is segregated into phylogenetic group A comprising 84%, while 12% and 4% were in groups D and B1, respectively. Similarly most <i>E. coli</i> from central (87%) and eastern Uganda (82%) belonged to group A. Overall, 85 (70%) of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> were resistant to antimicrobial drugs, of which 72/101 (70%) are in PG A, 10 of 14 (71.4%) in PG D, and 3 of 5 (60%) in PG B1. Significantly, most of the isolates in PG A from both central (66.7%) and (60.6%) eastern Uganda were resistant to one antimicrobial. Resistance to tetracycline alone or in combination with other drugs for central and eastern Uganda in PG A is 51% and 55%, respectively. Multidrug resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin or nalidixic acid was 10% and 18% in isolates from central and 10% and 12% in isolates from eastern region, respectively. Phylogenetic group A accounts for most of the <i>E. coli</i> in chicken from Uganda. No difference in the resistance rates between the phylogenetic groups of <i>E. coli</i> has been observed. The high prevalence of resistant <i>E. coli</i> strains from different phylogenetic groups in healthy chickens suggests antimicrobial drug selection pressure due to excessive drug in the rearing layer chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"9126467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9126467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36442806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Motor Neuron Disease in Australian Dogs and Cats.","authors":"A M Herndon,&nbsp;A T Thompson,&nbsp;C Mack","doi":"10.1155/2018/1018230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1018230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diseases presenting with lower motor neuron (LMN) signs are frequently seen in small animal veterinary practice in Australia. In addition to the most common causes of LMN disease seen world-wide, such as idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis and myasthenia gravis, there are several conditions presenting with LMN signs that are peculiar to the continent of Australia. These include snake envenomation by tiger (<i>Notechis</i> spp.), brown (<i>Pseudonaja</i> spp.), and black snakes (<i>Pseudechis</i> spp.), tick paralysis associated with <i>Ixodes holocyclus</i> and <i>Ixodes coronatus</i>, and tetrodotoxins from marine animals such as puffer fish (Tetraodontidae spp.) and blue-ring octopus (<i>Hapalochlaena</i> spp.). The wide range of differential diagnoses along with the number of etiological-specific treatments (e.g., antivenin, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and highly variable prognoses underscores the importance of a complete physical exam and comprehensive history to aid in rapid and accurate diagnosis of LMN disease in Australian dogs and cats. The purpose of this review is to discuss diagnosis and treatment of LMN diseases seen in dogs and cats in Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":91135,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"1018230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1018230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36442804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}