F. Khatun, Mohammad Mahfuz-E-Alam, Nigar Sultana Tithi, Nishat Nasrin, M. Asaduzzaman
{"title":"Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant, anthelmintic and antimicrobial properties of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. leaves","authors":"F. Khatun, Mohammad Mahfuz-E-Alam, Nigar Sultana Tithi, Nishat Nasrin, M. Asaduzzaman","doi":"10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(4).1422-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(4).1422-29","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine principle phytochemical classes and total phenolic contents and to investigate antioxidant, anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala leaves. Standard test methodology suitable for each chemical class was followed to screen out major chemical classes preliminarily. The total phenolic content of ethanolic leaf extract was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay. DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total reducing power test were carried out to investigate the antioxidant capacity. The conventional earthworm method and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test were also performed to assess anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities of the extracts, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic leaf extract showed the presence of significant amount of flavonoids and steroids along with other phyto-constituents in minor amount. Folin-Ciocalteu assay showed that 45.53 mg gallic acid equivalent was present per gram of the dried extract of the leaf. Leaf extract exhibited noticeable antioxidant activity in both of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and the total reducing power test where ascorbic acid and BHT were used as standard compounds, respectively. The earthworm test demonstrated an excellent anthelmintic activity of the leaf extract like albendazole, especially at the high dose (1.0%). The disc diffusion assay did not show any antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract against different microbes. This study provides the evidence that the ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala leaf can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and anthelmintic molecules.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"54 1","pages":"1422-1429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84740709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dina Fathalla, A. Abdelmageed, F. Abdel-Hamid, M. Ahmed
{"title":"In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of Niosomal Gel Containing Aceclofenac for Sustained Drug Delivery","authors":"Dina Fathalla, A. Abdelmageed, F. Abdel-Hamid, M. Ahmed","doi":"10.15344/2394-1502/2014/105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-1502/2014/105","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Niosomes are non-ionic stable vesicular system, which can accommodate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize niosomal gel formulations for sustained delivery of aceclofenac. Aceclofenac is the most widely used anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It has narrow therapeutic index and short biological half-life. Methods: Aceclofenac loaded niosomes were prepared using reverse phase evaporation technique. The effects of concentration of non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol and concentration of drug on the encapsulation efficiency were studied. The formulations were characterized using different techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Selected formulations of niosomes were incorporated into carbopol 934 (1%w/w), sodium alginate (7%w/w), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (3% w/w), pluronic F127 (20%w/w) and HPMC (3% w/w) gels. The niosomal gel formulations were evaluated for in-vitro drug release and skin permeation. Optimum niosomal gel formulation was evaluated in-vivo using carrageenen-induced rat paw edema test and compared to gel containing the drug alone. Results: TEM analysis confirmed that niosomal samples were spherical in shape and have a definite internal aqueous space. Niosomes of span60 showed higher percent drug entrapment and larger particle size. In-vitro drug release and skin permeation of different gel preparations showed sustained release and enhanced permeation compared to gel formulations containing free drug. Among the niosomal gel formulations, HPMC gel showed the highest release rate of the drug. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the selected niosomal gel formulation was significantly higher and more sustained than the corresponding non-niosomal gel formulation containing free drug. Conclusion: These results suggest that the niosome-containing gels are promising formulations for sustained local delivery of aceclofenac.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73920855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Evaluation of effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Protocols for Pediatric Surgical Procedures in an Egyptian Teaching Hospital","authors":"Aya Essawy, N. Sabri, A. Baghdady","doi":"10.15344/2394-1502/2014/104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-1502/2014/104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Postoperative wound infection is an infection in the tissues of the incision and operative area. It can occur from 1 day to many years after an operation but commonly occurs between the fifth and tenth days after surgery. Keeping in view the prevalence of the wound infections in our set up, this study was designed to evaluate the frequency, the antimicrobial prophylactic regimen, the hospital guidelines for surgical site infection prophylaxis and its adherence, to the internationally published guidelines. Patients and settings: An observational Prospective study is used to detect the prescription, dosage, administration, interactions, and errors of peri-operative antibiotics. The study proceeded at Ain Shams University hospitals, pediatric surgery department which consists of three units the ward, the ICU, and the operation unit. There is no pharmacy inside the unit. Drugs are dispensed weekly from the floor pharmacy to the nurse and stored in the stock cabinet. Hundred surgical pediatric patients (major and minor surgeries) were enrolled. Clinical information in physician’s orders, laboratory test results, physician’s progress notes, anesthesia reports were reviewed. Verbally communicated information from the parents about the medical history of patients was included. Medical records were screened for evidence of medication error and interactions occurrence taking into consideration that all the medication orders were handwritten. The data was obtained either directly from the patient, or by observations or from the patient’s file. The following data were recorded: gender, age, dates of admission, surgery and discharge. Results: The study results showed that 26 patients had acquired surgical site infections (26%).The infected cases are divided according to wound class as 4(8.9%) of the clean wound class, 13(39.4%) of the clean contaminated, 8(47.1%) of the contaminated wound class and 1(20%) of the dirty wound class have got surgical site infection. The adherence to the hospital protocol was 71% but 0% to the international protocols. Conclusion: Adherence to the international guidelines is recommended to minimize the high rate of surgical site infections. Hospital should follow the recommended doses, regimen, and drug choice. Physicians, pharmacists, and nurses must be revised their roles in minimizing the infection rate.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88700421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three Days Analysis of a Pharmacist's Dispensing Behaviour: A Self- professional Ethics Learning Model for Pharmacy Students","authors":"S. Sharif, Abduelmula R Abduelkarem","doi":"10.15344/2394-1502/2014/103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-1502/2014/103","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To study the dispensing behaviour in a private community pharmacy, and examine the value of a self-learning exercise in stressing professionalism at an early stage of pharmacy education. Methods: Second year pharmacy students were asked to observe for three consecutive days the dispensing behaviour of a pharmacist in a community pharmacy. Collected results were then analyzed and presented for discussion in the classroom. Results and conclusion: The communication and social interaction skills and knowledge of the pharmacist were rated excellent. These were reflected on the large number of visitors to the pharmacy. The total number of visitors on three consecutive days was 426 individuals with a daily average of 142 visitors per day. Average dispensing time during the 3 days of study was 4 minutes. Clients with prescriptions constituted only 106 (25%) of total attendants with 46 (1.8 %) being children below 12 years of age carrying a prescriptions that were all dispensed by the pharmacist. Only 7% of visitors were seeking medical information while 11% came into the pharmacy to purchase cosmetics, non-medicated shampoos or other health products. Only 7% of all visitors were seeking medical information while 11% visited the pharmacy to purchase cosmetics, non-medicated shampoos and other health products. About 243 (57%) of individuals visiting the pharmacy were without prescription and asked for either a prescription drug by name (19.4%, 83 clients) or an over-the-counter (OTC) drug (37.5%, 160 clients). The pharmacist diagnosed and dispensed prescription drugs to 28 clients (6.6%) of those asking for prescription drugs and advised the rest (55 clients, 13%) to seek medical consultation. Thirty-three (7.7%) clients willingly accepted while 22 clients (5.2%) rejected the idea complaining of the lengthy procedures of making an appointment and waiting for long hours to get a medical consultation. Class discussion of the results emphasized the importance of values, attitudes, ethics and professionalism. These issues cannot be rated on an arbitrary scale, they are either fully practiced or not.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87245820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of Lortatadine in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and its Pharmacokinetic Application","authors":"A. Nagwa, Eslam, S. Erini, H. Sarah","doi":"10.15344/2394-1502/2014/102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-1502/2014/102","url":null,"abstract":"Development of simple, rapid, and sensitive assay for the determination of loratadine in order to investigate its pharmacokinetic parameters in human plasma and its application in bioequivalence study of Loratadine 10mg Oral Disintegrated Tablets manufactured locally (test) and originally (Reference).","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82628280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leuprorelin and Triptorelin in the treatment of Prostate Cancer: Medication adherence, Persistence and Economic Evaluation in Five Years of Analysis","authors":"F. Santoleri, P. Sorice, R. Lasala","doi":"10.15344/2394-1502/2014/101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-1502/2014/101","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A successful of home treatment is strongly influenced by patient adherence to treatment. Non-adherence represents not only an important issue for the patient, affecting both the clinical efficacy and safety of the medication regimen, but also has economical and social implication for the community. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate medication adherence, persistence to treatment and daily cost of therapy in patients with prostate cancer treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, comparing Leuprorelin 3.75mg-11.25mg and Triptorelin 3.75mg-11.25mg. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out from 2007 to 2012 in an Italian Hospital in Pescara. This is a General Hospital with 800 beds. Medication adherence was measured as the ratio between the Received Daily Dose (RDD) and the Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD), using software developed ad hoc by the hospital pharmacists. The RDD was calculated dividing the dose of drug dispensed in a pharmacy refill by the sum of days between two consecutive drug refills. PDD was determined in basis of the treatment regimen as prescribed by physician. The non-persistence was calculated like the effective days of treatment, that is the sum of days elapsing between the first and the last pharmacy refill, plus the days of treatment supplied with the last refill, minus the days of non-persistence, and it was graphically represented by the Kaplan Meier curves. The daily cost of treatment was calculated on the basis of the RDD. Results: The patients included in this study were 239 for Leuprorelin and 199 for Triptorelin. The adherence values for all drugs ranged between from 0.92 to 1.00, showing good quality management of treatment at home. The analysis of non-persistence conducted in four years (with patients included until 31 December 2007) showed a decrease by a 21% for Leuprorelin and 38% for Triptorelin, using the Log Rank Test the persistence for two drugs are not significantly different. The cost per RDD was of € 2.24 for Leuprorelin and € 2.84 for Triptorelin. Conclusion: Often health personnel have not a precise idea on behavior of patient in home therapy for chronic disease; calculation of adherence is very important to know what the real pharmacoutilization of drugs is, and our results showed a good profile of medication adherence for both drugs studied. Economic results give a difference of 60 cent per day, one year of therapy with Triptorelin is approximately € 219 more expensive than Leuprorelin per patient; we think that this kind of comparisons would be encouraged, that could be really useful for decisors of National Regulatory Agencies to negotiate the pricing of drugs on the basis of the real utilization in clinical practice, and for clinicians to make a good cost-effectiveness choice.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74027614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prathusha Kakarla, Amith R Devireddy, Madhuri A Inupakutika, Upender R Cheeti, Jared T Floyd, Mukherjee M Mun, Raelyn N Vigil, Russell P Hunter, Manuel F Varela
{"title":"MOLECULAR MODELLING, 3D-QSAR, AND DRUG DOCKING STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF NATURAL ANTICOAGULANT COMPOUNDS IN ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY.","authors":"Prathusha Kakarla, Amith R Devireddy, Madhuri A Inupakutika, Upender R Cheeti, Jared T Floyd, Mukherjee M Mun, Raelyn N Vigil, Russell P Hunter, Manuel F Varela","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thromboembolic disorders are the leading cause of human mortality. Therefore, development of effective anticoagulant therapy is critical. Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) protein is a crucial factor in the blood coagulation cascade, and hence it is a vital target for evolution of new antithrombotic agents. Structure-function studies of clotting factor active sites, clot formation, and thrombus structure have gained prominence in the efforts to develop novel anticoagulants. Factor XIIIA was homology modelled with the human transglutaminase-2 crystal structure as a base template for BLAST analysis. Docking and comparative binding site analysis revealed active site residue conservation and inhibitor-protein interactions. Nineteen small molecules possessing suspected anticoagulant properties were successfully docked into the FXIIIA active site following the best CoMFA and CoMSIA prediction values. Dabigatran etexilate was anticipated to be the best FXIIIA inhibitor among the nineteen anticoagulants with the highest binding affinity for the FXIIIA protein and the highest FlexX dock score of -29.8 KJ/mol. Structural properties of FXIIIA inhibitors with increased antithrombotic activity were predicted by this docking study.</p>","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"5 10","pages":"4141-4152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4347951/pdf/nihms660280.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33114688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative study of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activity of the bark and leaves of lannea coromandelica (anacardiaceae)","authors":"M. K. Manik, M. Wahid, S. Islam, A. Pal, K. Ahmed","doi":"10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(7).2609-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(7).2609-14","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to compare the antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic effects of the Lannea coromandelica bark and leave extracts. After the initial phytochemical screening, the ethanolic fractions of the L. coromandelica bark and leaves were partitioned by solvents of different polarity. Methods used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracts were total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, free radical scavenging capacity, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power assay. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were found to be the highest for bark and leaves in the ethyl acetate fraction and lowest in the n-Hexane fraction. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, the lowest IC50 value was found in the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark and leaf, resulting IC50 value of 3.8 +/- 0.14 mu g/ml and 6 +/- 0.32 mu g/ml respectively. In the same vein, ethyl acetate fraction of both leaf and bark showed the highest antioxidant capacity and reducing power. Reducing power of both bark and leaves were found to be concentration dependent and most prominent was observed with the fractions of higher polarity both in case of bark and in case of leaves. Furthermore, the leaf extracts produced moderate antimicrobial activity whereas the bark extracts showed weak antimicrobial activity. Dichloromethane fraction of leaf showed the most potent antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 8 mm to 21 mm at a dose of 400 mu g/disc and 10 mm to 23 mm at a dose of 800 mu g/disc. In addition, extracts from both parts of L. coromandelica produced good thrombolytic activity compared with streptokinase.","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"03 1","pages":"2609-2614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86097545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative quality evaluation of paracetamol tablet marketed in Somali region of Ethiopia","authors":"S. Sahle, A. Ayane, N. Wabe","doi":"10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(2).545-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(2).545-50","url":null,"abstract":"The safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical dosage form can be guaranteed when its quality is reliable. The efficacy of pharmaceutical dosage forms generally depends on their formulation properties, and manufacturing methods, hence it is likely that the quality of dosage form may vary. The aim was to evaluate the quality of paracetamol tablet marketed in Somali region of Ethiopia. The study was exclusively experimental that used BP, USP and other standard books to check the in vitro quality of Paracetamol tablet using different analytical techniques and procedure. Test for weight variation, friability, disintegration time, identification test and assay were conducted. All of the brands under the study were within the specification for weight variation test. But from the contraband brands, two for friability, one for disintegration and all for percentage content paracetamol failed to satisfy the requirement though all of the products contain the wright active ingredients. The research has showed that the quality of contraband tablets were below the standard in contrast to the legal paracetamol tablet which is hazardous to the community. The regulatory body must work to stop illegal smuggling of medications .","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"1 1","pages":"545-550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79846225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of self medication in Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Mulugeta Tarekegn Angamo, N. Wabe","doi":"10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.3(4).1005-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.3(4).1005-10","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat selfrecognised illnesses or symptoms and an important initial response to illnesses if successfully used. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of self medication among Medical Sciences Faculty students of Jimma University. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in Medical sciences Faculty students in 2009.The faculty and the three schools were selected by lottery method .Then, within the faculty respective number of students for each School was determined by proportion from the total sample size. Data was collected randomly from each School using self administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 RESULTS: From a total of 403 (100%) participants,95 (45.89%) students practiced self medication in the past two months for commonly perceived illnesses such as headache 35 (36.85%), abdominal pain 29 (30.55%) and cough 33 (23.16%) using mainly analgesics 40(49.38%) and antibiotics 29 (35.80%) mostly from drug retail outlets 88(92.63). Fifty seven (60.00%) respondents can recall the dose, frequency and duration of the medicine while 38 (40%) did not know. Sixty five (68.42%) students agreed to practice self medication irrespective of the seriousness of illnesses. CONCLUSION: Self mediation was widely practiced for minor symptoms with both OTC and prescription only drugs. Most of respondents use self medication irrespective of the seriousness of the illnesses. Lack of proper information and the ease of access from drug outlets were the most important problems. INTRODUCTION: Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat selfrecognised illnesses or symptoms. Self medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines especially designed and labeled for use with out medical supervision and unproved as safe and effective for such use . Self medication is becoming an important component of health care in both developed and developing countries. Unlike in the developed countries, illegal providers of drugs (seller in market, non licensed provider of injection etc) are common in developing counties along with some practitioners for further source of irrational and potentially dangerous drug use . In Ethiopia, the magnitude of self medication is not yet well known. Study conducted in Addis Ababa showed that the magnitude of self care was as high as 50%, and low severity of the disease and poverty were the major reasons for self care .","PeriodicalId":90866,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research","volume":"100 1","pages":"1005-1010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87002970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}