Brain injury最新文献

{"title":"Interoceptive awareness and alexithymia in people with and without traumatic brain injury.","authors":"April Smith, Dawn Neumann, Devan Parrott","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2561200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2561200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare interoceptive sensibility in participants with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI+ and TBI-, respectively); and explore the relations of interoceptive sensibility domains with alexithymia, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress outcomes, as well as whether relations were stronger in TBI+ versus TBI- group.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cross-sectional survey study conducted in adults with TBI+ and TBI-. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) evaluated eight dimensions of interoceptive sensibility, and validated scales assessed alexithymia, psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Relative to TBI-, participants with TBI scored lower on three MAIA subscales - Not Distracting, Self-Regulation, and Body Listening. Facets of interoceptive sensibility were associated with alexithymia, psychological distress, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. For two subscales (Attention Regulation, Not Worrying), lower interoceptive sensibility was related to higher psychological symptoms (alexithymia and posttraumatic stress symptoms, respectively) in the TBI+ group relative to the TBI- group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals with TBI demonstrated lower interoceptive sensibility across multiple domains compared to those without TBI. Lower Attention Regulation and Not Worrying were more strongly associated with alexithymia and posttraumatic stress symptoms, respectively, in those with TBI. Interventions targeting interoceptive sensibility - such as mindfulness-based or somatic-focused therapies - may be beneficial for individuals with TBI to improve psychological well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145231467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the neuroprotective effects of memantine prevent the complications of brain injuries? A systematic review of animal models.","authors":"Mojtaba Mojtahedzadeh, Rezvan Hassanpour, Omid Moradi Moghaddam, Reza Bahman, Ehsan Emami, Elham Pourheidar","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2561785","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2561785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Memantine is thought to function as a neuroprotective agent because of its impact on the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. This study examines memantine's neuroprotective effects in reducing complications resulting from brain injuries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The keywords were searched in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Human studies were excluded. SYRCLE's RoB was utilized to assess the quality of the studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1543 articles reviewed up to November 20, 2024, 51 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated a strong association between memantine administration and: 1) decreased infarct size, reduced number of apoptotic cells, less brain edema, lower oxidative stress index, and diminished inflammatory responses, alongside improved neurobehavioral outcomes in ischemic stroke models; 2) less hematoma expansion, reduced brain edema and damage, decreased inflammation, and notable enhancement in neurobehavioral function and survival in hemorrhagic stroke models, coupled with the prevention of delayed cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage cases; and 3) diminished brain injury, reduced infarct volume, less oxidative stress, and marked improvement in neurofunctional recovery in traumatic brain injury models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Memantine's potential neuroprotective properties could improve neurofunctional outcomes for patients with acute brain injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative predictive validity of a psychological risk screening tool in adults after mild traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Deborah L Snell, Ana Mikolić, Josh W Faulkner, Alice Theadom, Noah D Silverberg","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2565640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2565640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the comparative predictive validity of the Subgroups for Targeted Treatment modified for concussion (STarT-C) with full-length psychological measures (legacy questionnaires) in adults, six months after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Participants (<i>n</i> = 107) were recruited from outpatient concussion services in New Zealand and assessed on average 6 weeks (Time 1) and 6 months after mTBI (Time 2). The primary outcome was post-concussion symptoms at Time 2 measured with the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). Comparative predictive validity was determined by comparing the STarT-C at Time 1 with full-length legacy questionnaires that measured STarT-C constructs (distress, depression, fear avoidance, recovery expectations, catastrophizing) at Time 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The STarT-C total score and psychosocial sub-score showed significant correlations with all psychological legacy questionnaires at Time 1 (<i>r</i> =  ~0.3 to ~ 0.7). The STarT-C showed similar additional predictive value on symptoms at Time 2, as all legacy psychological questionnaires together (delta R² = 8% vs. delta R² = 8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The STarT-C showed comparable prognostic value for post-concussion symptom outcomes with a battery of psychological questionnaires. Further research should consider if stratified risk using STarT-C high, medium, and low sub-categories improves targeted treatment referral decision making by clinicians and mTBI outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of IL-18BP in alleviating anxiety-like behaviors after traumatic brain injury in rats by modulating astrocytic pyroptosis in amygdala.","authors":"Dongxue Wu, Xue Li, Yali Xing, Yaxiong Li, Yan Li, Conghui Li, Yong Wang, Hui Li, Jianfeng Liu, Wenchao Zhang","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2560587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2560587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Primary objective: </strong>This study investigates the effect and underlying mechanisms of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) on anxiety-like behaviors in rats following traumatic brain injury (TBI).</p><p><strong>Methods and procedures: </strong>Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham, TBI, and TBI+IL-18BP. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess the number of neurons, activated astrocytes, and the proportion of astrocytes positive for NLRP3 and IL-18. IL-18 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were quantified via ELISA. Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 (cl-caspase-1), and N-GSDMD in the amygdala.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and results: </strong>Thirty days post-TBI, both the TBI and TBI+IL-18BP groups exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors, elevated IL-18 levels in serum and CSF, greater activation of astrocytes in the amygdala, a higher percentage of NLRP3 and IL-18-positive astrocytes, and upregulated expression of pyroptosis-related proteins compared to the sham group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, the TBI+IL-18BP group showed significant reductions in these parameters compared to the TBI group (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IL-18BP appears to mitigate anxiety-like behaviors in TBI rats, likely through a mechanism that involves reducing astrocyte apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verbal episodic memory impairment and hippocampal atrophy in chronic moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Eva Pettemeridou, Chrysoula Papadimakopoulou, Mikaella Kokkinou, Fotini Demetriou, Savvina Chrysostomou, Steven C R Williams, Fofi Constantinidou","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2557328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2557328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary objective was to investigate the association between and the predictive value of hippocampal volume on verbal episodic memory (VEM), in participants with chronic moderate-to-severe TBI (MS-TBI).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Nighty-one individuals with MS-TBI (males = 82, females = 9) were included (mean age = 33.57 years; mean educational level = 12.20 years; mean time since injury = 5.16 years). To assess VEM the Immediate Recall 1st Try, AVLT Total, Short and Long Delay Recall and Recognition trials of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) Greek Version, and the Immediate and Delayed Recall tasks from the Logical Memory subtest (Wechsler Memory Scale-III) were implemented. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were used to extract global volumes and unilateral and bilateral hippocampal volume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bilateral hippocampal volume was positively associated with the AVLT Long Delay Recall scores. Also, the left hippocampal volume was positively correlated with the AVLT Long Delay Recall and the LM Delayed Recall scores. Finally, the left hippocampal volume predicted performance on the LM Delayed and the AVLT Long Delay Recall tasks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest a potential role of the hippocampus in VEM performance in chronic MS-TBI and highlight the need for further research to clarify these associations and guide the development of targeted memory interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical predictors of post-concussion kinesiophobia severity among adolescents.","authors":"Alexander Wiegman, Mathew Wingerson, Katherine Smulligan, Joshua Kniss, Catherine Donahue, Julie Wilson, David Howell","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2565632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2565632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kinesiophobia is a common post-concussion comorbidity. Identifying factors associated with post-concussion kinesiophobia may be clinically useful to guide effective treatment plans.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify patient-level factors associated with kinesiophobia among adolescents after concussion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-six participants (age = 15.3, SD = 1.8 years; 59% female) were evaluated at two visits: Visit 1 (mean = 9.9, SD = 4.3 days post-concussion) and Visit 2 (mean = 43.9, SD = 15.9 days post-concussion). They completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) questionnaires. In addition, we collected age, sex, concussion history, and musculoskeletal injury history variables to include as covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At Visit 1, higher PCSI ratings were significantly associated with higher TSK ratings (β = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.13, <i>p</i> = 0.006). Higher TSK ratings at Visit 1 were significantly associated with higher TSK ratings at Visit 2 (β = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.41, 0.89, <i>p</i> < 0.001). History of musculoskeletal injury was significantly associated with lower TSK ratings at Visit 2 (β = -2.86, 95% CI = -5.53, -0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We observed an association between post-concussion kinesiophobia with symptom severity initially post-injury and previous musculoskeletal injury at later stages of recovery. Clinicians may consider the time since injury, overlap with concussion symptoms, and past injury history to help contextualize pathways to reduce post-concussion kinesiophobia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased expression of WNK3 during the perinatal period in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.","authors":"Yunfeng Zhang, Yun Wang, Xiaofeng Wu, Heng Gao, Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2558956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2558956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is brain damage caused by reduced blood/oxygen supply during the perinatal period. There is no adequate treatment currently. The kinase WNK3 is associated with cerebral edema and stroke prognosis, so we assessed its expression in a neonatal rat model of HIE.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Rice method was used to induce HIE in 7-day-old rat pups by ligating the left carotid artery followed by hypoxia exposure. Rats were divided into sham, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h groups (<i>n</i> = 5 each). Neurological function was evaluated by negative geotaxis, righting reflex, and Morris water maze tests. WNK3 expression was measured by Western blotting, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence in brain samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HIE rats showed significant neurological impairments in short and long-term tests compared to shams. Negative geotaxis and righting reflex times were prolonged in HIE rats (all <i>p</i> < 0.01), and Morris water maze performance was impaired at 4 weeks (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Western blotting revealed an approximate three-fold increase in cortical WNK3 protein expression by 48 h post-HIE (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while RT-PCR showed reduced WNK3 mRNA expression with a nadir at 6 h, a partial rebound at 24 h, and a decline again at 48 h. Histological staining confirmed increased proportions of WNK3-positive cells in peri-infarct cortex after HIE (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated a dissociation between WNK3 protein (upregulated ~3-fold) and mRNA (downregulated except for a transient 24 h rebound) in neonatal HIE, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. The WNK3 upregulation may contribute to cerebral edema formation and neurological deficits. These findings are correlative; larger, sex-balanced studies incorporating WNK3 inhibition, direct brain water measurements, and integration with hypothermia therapy are warranted to test WNK3 as a therapeutic target in neonatal HIE.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non epileptic absence seizures and cognitive outcomes after cerebellar stroke in vermis and posterior lobe.","authors":"Gabriel Rodríguez, Ricardo Garcia-Garcia, Valentina Ladera Fernandez, Andres Fonseca Vargas","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2563605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2563605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS) is traditionally characterized by impairments in executive functioning, visuospatial processing, language, and affective regulation. Classic descriptions emphasize symptoms such as irritability, apathy, depression, and disinhibited behaviors, frequently associated with vermian or hemispheric cerebellar lesions. We describe a case that diverges from these classical profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case report shows that patient demonstrated preserved overall cognition and absence seizures with context-dependent emotional dysregulation, while maintaining a generally stable mood during hospitalization. This pattern suggests that cerebellar lesions may present with heterogeneous cognitive - affective profiles and do not always conform to established CCAS criteria. These findings raise important considerations for clinical interpretation of the CCAS Scale, particularly when accounting for individual variability and contextual influences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The case prompts reflection on the traditional view of the vermis in emotional regulation. Although vermian lesions have often been linked to affective disturbances such as irritability, apathy, and emotional lability, our patient largely maintained appropriate emotional regulation despite vermian involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This observation supports the possibility that vermian-related emotional or behavioral changes may be context-dependent and modulated by situational or environmental factors. A more nuanced understanding of CCAS presentations may enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve care for patients with cerebellar injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the ecological validity of the behavioural assessment of dysexecutive syndrome measure in mild traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Eliyas Jeffay, Sanghamithra Ramani, Konstantine K Zakzanis","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2554248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2554248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A growing concern in neuropsychology is whether neuropsychological test measures (NTMs) can predict functional outcome (i.e. ecological validity). The relationship between neuropsychological tests and return to work (RTW) outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) found that the majority of tests were either weakly or completely unrelated. As such, many have opined that clinical neuropsychology should adopt new tests that relate test performance to real-world functioning, such as the Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). Further investigation into the BADS sensitivity to employment status in a mTBI sample is needed.</p><p><strong>Present study: </strong>We aimed to investigate if the BADS is better at differentiating between employment status compared to traditional pen-and-paper neuropsychological test measures in a sample of patients in the post-acute period of recovery after mTBI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following correction of family-wise error, neither the BADS nor traditional tests could differentiate employment status in patients with mTBI who were in the post-acute period of recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The lack of significant findings in the majority of the tests highlights the importance of other facets of a complete neuropsychological assessment. Furthermore, researchers may benefit from investigating other forms of assessment that could prove to be more ecologically valid.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What traditional neuropsychological assessment got wrong about mild traumatic brain injury. I: historical perspective, contemporary neuroimaging overview and neuropathology update.","authors":"Erin David Bigler, Steven Allder, Benjamin T Dunkley, Jeff Victoroff","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2551162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2025.2551162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Primary objective: </strong>This is Part I of a four-part review that examines traditional neuropsychological assessment methods and techniques in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Absence of neuropsychological findings has been used to argue no residual neuropathological effects from mTBI. However, given the current potential that advanced multimodality and quantitative neuroimaging can now demonstrate about underlying neurobiology of brain-behavior relations, this review shows that traditional neuropsychological test as standalone findings cannot directly address the underlying complexities of detecting mTBI neuropathology.</p><p><strong>Research design: </strong>This is a review.</p><p><strong>Methods and procedures: </strong>Traditional neuropsychological tests, their development, methods and conclusions over the past 50+ years are the centerpiece of this review juxtaposed with 21^st century advanced neuroimaging and improved understanding of the neurobiology and potential neuropathology of mTBI.</p><p><strong>Main outcome and results: </strong>Traditional neuropsychological methods were never developed for detecting subtle changes in neurocognitive or neurobehavioral functioning as a standalone procedure and likewise, never designed to address the multifaceted issues related to symptom burden from having sustained a mTBI, especially after three-months post-injury. Advanced neuroimaging methods have the potential to inform the clinician and researcher about potential neurobiological factors to best understand relevant neuropsychological outcome factors associated with mTBI outcome. A model is presented that helps explain how adaptation and accommodation may occur after mTBI within the context of 'normal' traditional neuropsychological test findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The limitations of traditional neuropsychological testing in mTBI outlined within the context of how advanced neuroimaging improves our understanding of mTBI outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}