Biomedicine Hub最新文献

{"title":"Benzalkonium Chloride-Preserved Anti-Glaucomatous Eye Drops and Their Effect on Human Conjunctival Goblet Cells in vitro.","authors":"Anne Hedengran,&nbsp;Xenia Begun,&nbsp;Olivia Müllertz,&nbsp;Zaynab Mouhammad,&nbsp;Rupali Vohra,&nbsp;Jeffrey Bair,&nbsp;Darlene A Dartt,&nbsp;Barbara Cvenkel,&nbsp;Steffen Heegaard,&nbsp;Goran Petrovski,&nbsp;Miriam Kolko","doi":"10.1159/000517845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Most intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering eye drops are preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAK). This can increase side effects and decrease adherence. Particularly, damage to the mucin-producing conjunctival goblet cells may be an issue due to instability of the tear film. We aimed to investigate the effect of IOP-lowering eye drops preserved with BAK on cultured human conjunctival goblet cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eye drops Brimonidine Tartrate Teva (BT) with 0.005% BAK, Dorzolamide Stada (DS) with 0.0075% BAK, Optimol^® (OP) with 0.01% BAK, and Latanoprost Teva (LT) with 0.02% BAK were included. Human primary cultured goblet cell survival was evaluated using a lactate dehydrogenase assay on human goblet cells after treatment for 30 min and 6 h with the different anti-glaucoma drug formulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All eye drops examined, except BT, reduced goblet cell survival. The impact of eye drops on goblet cell viability was correlated with the time of exposure as well as to the concentration of BAK. After 30 min of exposure, cell viability was 93% for BT (0.005% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.93), 71% for DS (0.0075% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.067), 70% for OP (0.01% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.054), and 69% for LT (0.02% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.022), and exposure for 6 h reduced cell survival to 74% for BT (<i>p</i> = 0.217), 52% for DS (<i>p</i> = 0.011), 34% for OP (<i>p</i> = 0.017), and 31% for LT (<i>p</i> = 0.0007).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LT, OP, and DS reduced human goblet cell survival in a time-dependent manner. BT did not affect goblet cell survival. Cell survival was correlated with the BAK concentration in the eye drops making 0.02% BAK-preserved LT most toxic and 0.005% BAK-preserved BT least toxic. Based on the present study, decreasing BAK in eye drops for chronic use seems important to reduce damage to the goblet cells. However, future studies are needed to further explore this finding.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8460924/pdf/bmh-0006-0069.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39516453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective Measurement of Walking Activity Using Wearable Technologies in People with Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review Protocol.","authors":"Thomas Carlin,&nbsp;Clint Hansen,&nbsp;Nicolas Vuillerme","doi":"10.1159/000516819","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000516819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with motor and nonmotor symptoms with a multitude of disease variations and severity. Physical activity can improve the management of disease symptoms and increase patients' quality of life. Technological development of small wearable devices allows objective activity measurement such as daily step count.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To synthesize ongoing and past research on objective walking activity measurements using wearable devices in patients with PD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and PEDro database are systematically searched with no limitation on publication date. Keywords are relative to (1) the population, (2) the measurement tool, and (3) the measured outcomes. Only full-text English articles published in a peer-reviewed journal will be included. Participants do not have to undergo any type of intervention. Included studies must report an objective measurement of walking activity using wearable devices in PD patients. After an independent screening process done by 2 reviewers, data will be extracted from the articles according to the following 5 set of data: (1) the study metrics, (2) the population characteristics, (3) the measurement tools, (4) the experimental procedure, and (5) the reported outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results will contain inter alia summaries of the wearables' specifications, wearing location, and recommendations for feasible methodologies to capture daily walking activity.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This review aims to synthesize the evidence of objective walking activity assessment with wearable devices in patients with PD. It will also provide recommendations with regard to device selection and suggest key points when monitoring walking activity in this specific population.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8460917/pdf/bmh-0006-0064.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39516451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000517606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1159/000511233.].</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000517606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39847956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection Rate and Outcomes of Watchman Devices: Results from a Single-Center 14-Year Experience.","authors":"Robert C Ward,&nbsp;Trevon McGill,&nbsp;Fadi Adel,&nbsp;Shiva Ponamgi,&nbsp;Samuel J Asirvatham,&nbsp;Larry M Baddour,&nbsp;David R Holmes,&nbsp;Daniel C DeSimone,&nbsp;Christopher V DeSimone","doi":"10.1159/000516400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000516400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Watchman device (WD) is a commonly used alternative strategy to oral anticoagulation for stroke risk reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation who have an increased bleeding risk. There are rare case reports of WD-related infection. Currently, there is no formal study that has systematically evaluated the incidence and outcomes WD-related infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for WD-associated infections in a single-center cohort over a 14-year period. All patients who underwent WD implantation over a 14-year study period (July 2004 through December 2018) comprised our cohort. Baseline characteristics, procedural data, and postimplantation events were identified through a retrospective chart review. Primary study outcomes included WD-related infection, other cardiovascular device-related infection, bacteremia, and mortality. A total of 181 patients (119 males; 65.7%) with a mean age of 75 years at implantation were included in the analysis. A total of 534.7 patient years of follow-up was accrued, with an average of 2.9 years per patient. The most common indications for implantation included gastrointestinal bleeding (56 patients; 30.9%) and intracerebral bleeding (51 patients; 28.2%). During the follow-up period, 37 (20.4%) patients died. Six developed evidence of bacteremia. Only 1 developed an implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection that required a complete system extraction. None of the cohort developed a WD-related device infection during the study period. We concluded that there is a low risk of WD-related infection even in the setting of a blood stream infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000516400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39111539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Role of the Galectin-9/TIM-3 Axis in the Disparate Progression of SARS-CoV-2 in a Married Couple: A Case Report.","authors":"Alejandro Martín-Quirós, Charbel Maroun-Eid, José Avendaño-Ortiz, Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez, Jaime Valentín Quiroga, Verónica Terrón, Karla Montalbán-Hernández, Miguel A García-Garrido, Elena Muñoz Del Val, Álvaro Del Balzo-Castillo, Carolina Rubio, Carolina Cubillos-Zapata, Luis A Aguirre, Eduardo López-Collazo","doi":"10.1159/000514727","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000514727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the disparate clinical progression of a couple infected by SARS-CoV-2 based on their immune checkpoint (IC) levels and immune cell distribution in blood from admission to exitus in patient 1 and from admission to discharge and recovery in patient 2. A detailed clinical follow-up accompanied by a longitudinal analysis of immune phenotypes and IC levels is shown. The continuous increase in the soluble IC ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) and the increment in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 (TIM-3) protein in T cells in patient 1 suggests an activation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis and, subsequently, a potential cell exhaustion in this patient that did not occur in patient 2. Our data indicate that the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis could be a potential target in this clinical setting, along with a patent effector memory T-cell reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8089458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38958335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Societal Need for Interdisciplinary Ageing Research: An International Alliance of Research Universities \"Ageing, Longevity and Health\" Stream (IARU-ALH) Position Statement.","authors":"Nicolas Cherbuin,&nbsp;Katsuya Iijima,&nbsp;Sebastiana Kalula,&nbsp;Rahul Malhotra,&nbsp;Lene Juel Rasmussen,&nbsp;Angelique Chan,&nbsp;Louise Lafortune,&nbsp;Sarah Harper,&nbsp;Xiaoying Zheng,&nbsp;David Lindeman,&nbsp;Erin Walsh,&nbsp;Rafat Hussain,&nbsp;Richard Burns,&nbsp;Maria Kristiansen,&nbsp;Ikuko Sugawara,&nbsp;Bokyung Son,&nbsp;Tomoki Tanaka,&nbsp;Stefanie Buckner,&nbsp;Jaco Hoffman,&nbsp;Marc Combrinck","doi":"10.1159/000513513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000513513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ageing is a global concern with major social, health, and economic implications. While individual countries seek to develop responses to immediate, pressing needs, international attention and collaboration is required to most effectively address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities an ageing global population presents in the longer term. The Ageing, Longevity and Health stream of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU-ALH) was built on a solid foundation of first-class interdisciplinary research and on innovative outreach and communication centres. This interdisciplinary network conducts projects that span biology, medicine, social sciences, epidemiology, public health, policy, and demography, and actively engages with the public and other societal stakeholders. Here we posit that such international interdisciplinary networks are needed and uniquely placed to address major challenges related to health and ageing and ultimately will produce new understanding and knowledge to promote the awareness of healthy ageing and encourage societal change via novel, science-informed interventions. Global interdisciplinary research presents great potential and opportunities to accelerate our understanding of human ageing and to produce new, more effective solutions to a pressing, complex problem. However, more focused, strategic efforts and investments are required in order to deliver on these potentials and reap maximum benefits for individuals and societies. IARU-ALH members are determined to contribute, in collaboration with others, to delivering on this vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000513513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25551695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Astigmatism-Correcting Efficiency and Rotational Stability after Cataract Surgery with a Double-Loop Haptic Toric Intraocular Lens: A 1-Year Follow-Up.","authors":"Ladislav Viktor Nováček, Marie Němcová, Kateřina Tyx, Kristýna Lahodová, Leoš Rejmont, Pavel Rozsíval, Pavel Studený","doi":"10.1159/000513894","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000513894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes, predictability of results, efficiency of astigmatism correction, and rotational stability of the Bi-Flex 677TAY (Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Zsámbék, Hungary) monofocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) designed for cataract patients with astigmatism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The IOLs were implanted either mono- or binocularly, following routine cataract surgery. Visual and refractive outcomes, as well as off-axis rotation were assessed throughout a 1-year follow-up period. All clinical data for this work were collected retrospectively. Vector analysis based on the Alpins method was performed to assess the efficiency of astigmatism correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No complications or adverse events occurred during surgery or the follow-up period. IOL implantation brought 88% of eyes into the ±0.50 D, and 100% into the ± 1.00 D range compared to the target spherical equivalent refraction, emmetropia. Astigmatism correction brought similar results: 94% of eyes had a residual cylindrical error of not higher than ±0.50 D, and 97% were within ±1.00 D. Vector analysis resulted in a correction index of 0.96 and a difference vector of 0.17. Both refractive and visual outcomes showed long-term stability. During the 12-month follow-up period, no eyes had a rotation of >5°. Absolute rotation after 1 year was 1.42 ± 1.89° (median = 0°), while signed rotation was 1.06 ± 2.12° (median = 0°).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Bi-Flex 677TAY monofocal toric IOL, designed by Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., represents an efficient and safe solution for cataract patients with astigmatism. Clinical and refractive outcomes are predictable, and rotational stability ensures long-term visual comfort.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7991491/pdf/bmh-0006-0030.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25536946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syringe with Nasal Applicator versus Syringe Alone for Nasal Irrigation in Acute Rhinosinusitis: A Matched-Pair Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Patorn Piromchai,&nbsp;Chayakorn Phannikul,&nbsp;Sanguansak Thanaviratananich","doi":"10.1159/000512664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000512664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>Nasal saline irrigation is a common procedure to relieve nasal symptoms in upper respiratory tract diseases. There is no consensus on the recommended nasal saline delivery devices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate efficacy, satisfaction, adherence, and adverse effects in patients with acute upper respiratory tract diseases using a syringe with a nasal applicator for nasal irrigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with acute nasopharyngitis, acute rhinitis, or acute rhinosinusitis were randomly allocated to use either (1) a syringe with a nasal applicator or (2) a syringe alone to irrigate one nostril. After the patients had completed irrigation with the allocated device in one nostril, they were instructed to perform nasal irrigation using the other device in the other nostril. All patients were instructed to use a syringe with a nasal applicator at home. The efficacy, satisfaction scores, adherence, and adverse effects were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-four patients were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 33.95 years (18-59 years). The mean duration of symptoms was 4.80 days. None of the enrolled patients regularly performed nasal irrigation. Forty-two had acute nasopharyngitis, 10 had acute rhinitis, and 12 had acute rhinosinusitis. At baseline, the mean overall efficacy score for the syringe with a nasal applicator was 8.17 ± 1.43, and that for the syringe alone was 5.95 ± 2.02 (MD 2.23, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI 1.75-2.70). At 1 week, the syringe with the nasal applicator had significantly higher scores in 3 of 4 domains, including symptom relief, ease of use, and patients' willingness to recommend the device to others, compared to baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.05). None of the enrolled patients had epistaxis, retained/dislodged the applicator during irrigation, or experienced an allergic reaction to the applicator after 1 week of nasal irrigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Use of a syringe with an applicator for nasal irrigation yielded high scores in overall efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000512664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25536945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birthweight and Environmental Conditions Impact Skin Barrier Adaptation in Neonates Receiving Natural Oil Massage.","authors":"Marty O Visscher,&nbsp;Aimee Summers,&nbsp;Vivek Narendran,&nbsp;Subarna Khatry,&nbsp;Jeevan Sherchand,&nbsp;Steven LeClerq,&nbsp;Joanne Katz,&nbsp;James Tielsch,&nbsp;Luke Mullany","doi":"10.1159/000512274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000512274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Skin interventions have been implemented to reduce neonatal mortality, demonstrating the skin's role in neonatal innate immunity. We examined the impact of birthweight and environmental conditions on skin integrity in infants receiving oil massage in rural Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a community-based cluster randomized controlled trial, 991 premature and full-term infants were grouped by birthweight as: (1) 920-1,560 g, (2) 1,570-2,450 g, (3) 2,460-2,990 g, and (4) 3,000-4,050 g and by high or low heat index (HI). Skin integrity was measured as erythema, rash, dryness, pH, protein concentration, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Skin pH was higher for the smallest (group 1) than the largest infants (group 4) and higher for group 2 than 3 and 4. Arm and leg rash differed for all 4 groups, with the least amount of rash for the smallest babies. Erythema was lower for group 1 than all others. The lower day 1 values for pH, TEWL and protein at high versus low HI remained lower over 28 days. The pH reduction was faster at high HI. Erythema (arm, leg) was more severe at high HI. Rash severity was greater at high HI for arms and legs every day.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Birthweight influenced the skin response to oil massage. The smallest infants had the lowermost skin irritation, suggesting diminished ability to mount an inflammatory response. High HI may be protective for premature infants in low resource settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000512274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25536942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal Uterine Bleedings: An Ignored Sign but a Possible Cause of Early-Onset Endometriosis - A Systematic Review.","authors":"Judith Dekker, Isabelle Hooijer, Johannes C F Ket, Aleksandra Vejnović, Giuseppe Benagiano, Ivo Brosens, Velja Mijatovic","doi":"10.1159/000512663","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000512663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Based on the hypothesis that neonatal uterine bleedings (NUB), occurring mostly in the first week after birth, could represent a pathogenetic mechanism for early-onset endometriosis, this systematic review (SR) was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and screening strategies used to assess and quantify NUB.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Both a SR and a sample literature search in PubMed and Embase were conducted to gather information on NUB prevalence and screening techniques. This was performed by an information specialist. Only full-text articles regarding the assessment of NUB in neonates in the first 2 weeks after birth were included. No limit on language or publication data was used.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The SR was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019138121). Data was first assessed for eligibility on title and abstract by 2 blinded review authors. Any disagreements were discussed with a third reviewer if necessary. Subsequently, full-text articles were read and assessed for quality using the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1,988 articles in the systematic search, 10 relevant articles were selected, of which 8 were identified through the systematic search and 2 were found through other sources. The sample search of 4,445 articles did not bring up relevant articles. Results were not comparable due to the heterogeneity of screening techniques, although data showed consensus. The prevalence of visible bleeding ranged from 3.3 to 53.8% and the prevalence of occult bleeding from 25.4 to 96.7%. The occurrence was the highest between the 3rd and 7th day postpartum (PP) and the bleeding lasted for 3-4 days on average. Various screening techniques for detecting NUB were found in the literature, including the use of hemoglobin detection devices (such as Hemastix) in the vaginal vestibulum, comparison of diapers with stains of known volume, colposcopy, and ultrasonography.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reported prevalence of NUB varies considerably, with a consistent occurrence between the 3rd and the 7th day PP. Literature to assess NUB is dated. The techniques are poorly described and heterogeneous. Future research should focus on prospective cohort studies in order to attempt to correlate NUB cases to (early-onset) endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9075,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine Hub","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7991472/pdf/bmh-0006-0006.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25536944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}