Biology Bulletin Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Invasive Plants of Russia: Results of Inventory, Peculiarities of Distribution, and Management Issues","authors":"S. A. Senator, Yu. K. Vinogradova","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060130","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Globalization, the expansion of trade relations, inter- and intracontinental movements of population, the development of transport networks between the countries led to an active settlement of many plant species outside their natural areas. Among such plants, a group of invasive species (those whose distribution has serious environmental, economic, and social consequences) is distinguished. The article contains information about the results of the inventory of invasive species of vascular plants growing in the Russian Federation, as well as an overview of the actions taken in the country to manage the invasive plant species. At present, there are 584 invasive species of vascular plants in Russia; out of them, <i>Acer negundo</i>, <i>Echinocystis lobata</i>, and <i>Erigeron canadensis</i> are the most common. It has to be stated, that until now, both legislative acts regulating the policy in the field of invasive species (legal regulation of phytoquarantine is an exception) and a national strategy for alien species in Russia are absent. The efficient management of biological invasions can work in the case where the general public is aware of the adverse consequences of the invasion of invasive species.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet Activation and Mechanisms of Thromboembolism Formation in Patients with Severe COVID-19. Alternative Mechanisms of Hemostasis System Activity","authors":"B. I. Kuznik, Y. N. Smolyakov, N. N. Tsybikov, K. G. Shapovalov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060105","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The review highlights the mechanism of development of hypercoagulation and thrombosis in severe forms of COVID-19. The introduction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host organism is carried out by the interaction of the spike protein S with the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE-2, which is located in type 2 alveocytes, vascular endothelium, kidneys, liver, and other organs. In the event of a serious condition in patients with COVID-19, both nonspecific and adaptive immunity are activated. Stimulation of the complement system with the appearance of C3a, C3b, and C5a fragments and the membrane attack complex (MAC) creates conditions for the development of hypercoagulability. The involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in this process and the appearance of angiotensin 2 (Ang-2) further increase the intensity of hypercoagulability. When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters cells, the protective reaction of the adaptive immune system can turn into a pathological one (a cytokine storm develops), characterized by a high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-17, etc.) and chemokines (CCL-2, CCL-11, etc.), which ultimately leads to the development of thromboangiopathy or otherwise immunothrombosis in seriously ill patients with COVID-19. Patients with more severe lesions may develop a condition similar to DIC. At the same time, patients with COVID-19 have mild thrombocytopenia and elevated levels of fibrinogen, D dimer, and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), which indicates intense thrombus formation, as well as short PT and APTT, due to a largely increased level of FVIII. In COVID-19, along with the classical one, an alternative pathway (bypassing thrombin) of regulation of the hemostasis system and thrombus formation appears, mainly associated with the influence of the spike protein S (PS, PROS1) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and papain-like protease (PROS1). Protein S directly affects the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, as well as the activation of individual plasma coagulation factors. The alternative pathway of blood coagulation is also due to the activation of the complement system via the lectin pathway with the inclusion of metalloproteinases MASP-1, -2, and -3. In addition, the S protein activates tPA, which may be accompanied by hyperfibrinolysis. In seriously ill patients with COVID-19, platelets play an important role in the occurrence of thromboembolic complications. During the release reaction, platelets are released from the cytoplasm into the blood α-granules and dense granules containing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which enhances the cytokine storm and, consequently, thrombus formation. By acting on the spike protein S, platelets enhance an alternative way of regulating the hemostasis system and thrombus formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of the Peritenons of the Paravertebral Tendons Treated with Hyaluronic Acid","authors":"A. A. Gaidash, V. K. Krut’ko, A. I. Kulak, O. N. Musskaya, K. V. Skrotskaya, Yu. P. Tokalchik, V. A. Kulchitsky","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060075","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The tendon sheaths (peritenons) of the paravertebral tendons of the tails of Wistar rats were studied using scanning electron microscopy. A phenomenological classification of the osteoid structures of the peritenons is given, with the identification of their persistent and permanent varieties. Sesamoid islets, needle-like and lamellar growths, and rudiments of osteons are classified as persistent. Persistent osteoid structures are well prepared for transformations aimed at strengthening the intracellular matrix under mechanical stress. Permanent osteoid structures are microgranules and faceted deposits of calcium phosphates involved in structural and mechanical processes and hetero- and homogeneous nucleation. Hyaluronate loosens the matrix of sesamoid islets, which increases the mobility of sesamoid globules and creates the prerequisites for their directed migration to areas of increased mechanical stress and foci of possible mineralization of extracellular substance, including fibrillar collagen. Hyaluronate sticks together granules and deposits of structured calcium phosphates and contributes to their growth and fixation in areas of increased risk of mechanical stress. This is a fundamentally important adaptive mechanism for strengthening the tendon tissue, acting in advance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Digitalization as a Task of Engineering Environment (Review of the Problem)","authors":"G. S. Rozenberg, N. V. Kostina, G. E. Kudinova, A. G. Rozenberg","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060129","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Digitalization (development of the information society) affects all aspects of our life, having an increasingly noticeable (both positive and negative) impact on the environment. Some information technologies in the field of ecology, directions, goals, and objectives of digitalization of environmental knowledge and nature management in Russia are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic Substances and Their Sources in Feed for Fur-Bearing Animals","authors":"S. V. Beketov, I. V. Bogomolova, M. N. Praded, I. V. Toporova, L. V. Toporova, A. P. Kaledin","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060038","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The use of a wide variety of animal and plant feeds in fur farming, a significant number of suppliers, and the complexity of transportation and storage of feed raw materials increase the risks of feed toxicoinfections and toxicoses. The proposed review article describes in detail the main toxic substances and their sources in fur-bearing animal feed, including biological and chemical toxins, namely, bacterial and fungal metabolites, protein breakdown products and fat oxidation, fish biotoxins, heavy metals, persistent organochlorine compounds, pestcides, etc.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preadaptivity of Noncontractile Thermogenesis in the Evolution of Warm-Bloodedness in Vertebrates","authors":"V. A. Cherlin","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060051","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Most of the heat that is released in the vertebrate body is produced in the muscles during contractile (during movement or trembling) and noncontractile (without muscle activity) thermogenesis. Contractile thermogenesis is characteristic of all vertebrates, but it is not able to maintain a constantly high body temperature in animals. The main idea discussed in this article and based on a large number of publications of recent years is as follows: the main biochemical basis of warm-bloodedness in vertebrates is part of the cycle of contraction–relaxation of striated skeletal muscles, in which the act of muscle contraction somehow falls out, and the energy that should have been used for it is dissipated in the form of heat. This noncontractile thermogenesis, which is able to support the regional and general endothermy in vertebrates, can be considered the real biochemical basis of warm-bloodedness. Thus, the presence of skeletal muscles in all vertebrates and the common biochemical foundations of the contraction–relaxation cycle represent a single preadaptive property of the manifestation of noncontractile thermogenesis in all vertebrates, starting with fish, which is a basis for the evolution of warm-bloodedness. Therefore, the modern data that the first terrestrial vertebrates were most likely animals with high levels of both metabolism and body temperature are quite understandable and not surprising.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Studies of Complex Products Based on Heparins of Animal and Plant Origin","authors":"M. S. Uspenskaya, L. A. Lyapina, S. M. Sorokoletov, M. G. Lyapina, M. D. Kalugina","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060166","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Complex preparations based on heparins of animal and vegetable origin with the inclusion of glutamic acid in a weight ratio of 1 : 4 were obtained. High molecular weight (HMН) and low molecular weight (LMH) commercial preparations of heparins were used as heparins of animal origin; heparinoid was used as heparin of plant origin, isolated from the roots of the peony Akademik Sadovnichiy (heparinoid). Their influence on the state of plasma hemostasis under in vitro conditions was studied in a comparative aspect. It has been established that all complex compounds have anticoagulant activity, which, according to the results of our studies, is realized by a different mechanism of their action on blood coagulation—on the internal, external, or general pathways of blood coagulation. HMН complexes with glutamic acid had an antithrombin effect, affecting the internal and general coagulation pathways, while LMH complexes with glutamic acid, exerting anti-Xa activity, affected the internal pathway of coagulation activation, and the combination of heparinoid with glutamic acid inhibited factors of not only internal but also external ways of blood coagulation. In addition, the latter compound exhibited weak antithrombin activity. It was also shown that all heparin complexes prevented fibrin polymerization, increasing the fibrin depolymerization activity of plasma, and in the heparinoid compound, this activity was higher by 10–17% compared to other commercial agents. Thus, the best anticoagulant in terms of efficacy and safety is the heparinoid complex with glutamic acid.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Covid Syndrome: Pathophysiology of Systemic Dysregulations","authors":"O. A. Gomazkov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423060087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423060087","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The main processes that characterize the post-COVID syndrome are analyzed as a version of the “prolonged” pathology of acute COVID-19. Considering the variety of manifestations of post-covid pathology, the main blocks of systemic, cellular, and molecular dysregulations are distinguished. As the main reasons, the following are considered: the consequences of systemic and organ damage in the acute phase of COVID-19, the persistent activity of “hidden” pathogens, and the altered status of the patient’s protective immune systems. Postcoagulant pathology, as a multisystem syndrome, reflects disturbances in the main cellular and molecular regulatory systems: stochastic disorganization of immune responses, vascular endothelial dysfunction, cellular inflammation, imbalance of coagulation and antithrombosis systems, deviations in autoimmune processes, etc. These findings orient new cellular and biochemical targets for timely therapy. The varied nature of the symptoms suggests a selective use of therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General Patterns of Salinity Influence on the Energy Balance of Aquatic Animals in Hypersaline Environment","authors":"E. V. Anufriieva, N. V. Shadrin","doi":"10.1134/s207908642305002x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s207908642305002x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of the Orchid Flora of Russia as Revealed by Comparison of the Data before 1951 and in 1961–2010","authors":"P. G. Efimov","doi":"10.1134/s2079086423050109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423050109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9047,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}