BMC Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Detection of Brucella spp. from milk by quantitative PCR as a monitoring method for brucellosis in cattle in Mongolia.","authors":"Batsukh Naranchimeg, Batsaikhan Chantsal, Badrakh Sandagdorj, Tsognemekh Bolormaa, Purevdorj Ulzii-Orshikh, Adilbish Altanchimeg, Sumiya Ganzorig, Vanaabaatar Batbaatar, Motohiro Horiuchi, Purevdorj Nyam-Osor","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04918-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04918-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis in livestock is endemic in Mongolia, and efficient monitoring is required for clarifying its prevalence. Milk can be obtained noninvasively and is useful for monitoring brucellosis in livestock. However, the usefulness of milk in monitoring brucellosis should be clarified.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Serum and milk samples were obtained from 326 cows from six farms near Ulaanbaatar City between 2020 and 2022. Serum and milk were assessed using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT), respectively. All milk samples were further subjected to bacterial isolation and DNA extraction. DNA samples were analyzed with quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting Brucella genus-specific IS711 insertion sequence to detect and estimate Brucella spp. levels in milk. qPCR-positive samples were further subjected to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay to discriminate B. abortus field strains from the S19 vaccine strain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 326 milk samples, 108 (33.1%) were revealed to be positive for Brucella spp. by qPCR, whereas only 5 samples (1.5%) were deemed positive via the bacterial isolation. No S19 vaccine strain was identified in the IS711 qPCR-positive milk samples by the SNP assay. Although qPCR detected Brucella spp. from milk, which was obtained from cows in three lactation stages, the detection ratio was significantly higher in the early lactation stage than in the middle lactation stage. Additionally, the five milk samples from which Brucella spp, were isolated exhibited the top 5 estimated colony forming units among the IS711 qPCR-positive samples, indicating that detection sensitivity of the IS711 qPCR is extremely higher than that of bacterial culture. There was a tendency that milk samples from RBT- and MRT-positive cows are more likely to be positive by IS711 qPCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results revealed that analysis of milk with qPCR is easy and sensitive monitoring method for detecting Brucella infection in livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-enhanced infrared thermography for reliable detection and spatial mapping of temperature patterns in calf eyes and muzzles.","authors":"Sueun Kim, Norio Yamagishi, Shingo Ishikawa, Shinobu Tsuchiaka","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04919-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04919-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Non-invasive temperature measurement using infrared cameras has become increasingly important for monitoring physiological changes and stress responses in animals, offering advantages over traditional rectal thermometry. However, previous methods often suffered from limitations such as environmental interference, instantaneous measurement, and inaccurate region of interest (ROI) selection due to manual settings. To overcome these limitations, studies have combined infrared cameras with AI-based segmentation to enable accurate ROI detection and to capture temporal temperature change patterns in cattle. Furthermore, the interpretability of eye and muzzle temperature measurements can vary depending on which subregions are analyzed, as areas with richer vascularization tend to display more representative temperature characteristics. To address these issues, the present study applied AI-based segmentation to infrared thermography and focused on the analysis of high-temperature, vascularized subregions within the eyes and muzzles of calves. By doing so, we aimed to enhance the clarity and reliability of temperature change pattern analysis for non-invasive monitoring of physiological status in cattle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Thermal images were captured using a mobile infrared camera, and video recordings were obtained simultaneously from 11 calves. AI-based segmentation, utilizing previously trained weights, was used to automatically extract eye and muzzle ROIs from video images. 33 imaging sessions where the majority of frames exhibited reliable segmentation were selected for analysis. In Experiment 1, temperature data corresponding to the mean, top 10%, and top 30% values within each ROI underwent preprocessing steps (outlier rejection, standardization, and low-pass filtering) to derive temperature change patterns. This process generated six patterns per session (three for eyes and three muzzle regions), yielding a total of 198 patterns across all 33 image sessions. Cosine similarity analysis was then applied to quantify similarity within the same session. In Experiment 2, each ROI was divided into a 3 × 3 grid to map the distribution of high temperature values for spatial analysis. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni corrections to assess regional differences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In Experiment 1, for the eyes, the patterns derived from the top 10% and 30% of temperatures had high cosine similarity (0.94). In contrast, the patterns based on the mean values had relatively lower similarities with the top 10% and 30% patterns (0.81 and 0.86, respectively). A similar trend was observed for the muzzle: the top 10% and 30% patterns had a high cosine similarity (0.93), while the patterns based on the mean values showed lower similarities (0.80, and 0.86). In Experiment 2, for the eyes, the top 10% of temperature values were mainly in the bottom region. In comparison, the top ","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Needle aspiration technique as a supportive tool for clinical diagnosis of anorectal atresia in calves.","authors":"Ahmed Abdelrahiem Sadek, Kamal Hussein","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04912-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04912-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early diagnosis and treatment of anorectal atresia, a common congenital abnormality in calves, are crucial for preventing complications and ensuring the animal's survival. Typically, newly born calves with this condition are present with an inability to defecate due to an absence of or an obstructed anal opening, often accompanied by abdominal pain and distension. History, physical examination, and radiographic imaging are frequently utilized diagnostic tools. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of needle aspiration as a supportive diagnostic technique for anorectal atresia in bovine calves under field conditions and to assess its role in decision-making to proceed with surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 116 male calves, aged six hours to five days, were examined through clinical inspection, needle aspiration, and plain radiography. Clinical findings indicated that 62 cases had atresia ani, while 54 calves were diagnosed with atresia ani et recti. In cases without detectable swelling under the base of the tail, even with manually applied pressure on the abdomen, needle aspiration and radiographic findings showed positive results in 46.30% of calves. These cases were characterized by a radiolucent, distended rectal end close to the perineal skin surface (≤ 5 cm). Conversely, 53.70% of animals had negative aspiration results, with radiographic evidence of gas accumulation at the rectal end located > 5 cm from the perineal surface. Additionally, successful creation of an artificial anus at the perineum was achieved in cases with a rectal end near the skin surface. Whereas cases with a far rectal end more than 5 cm were subjected successfully to right flank laparo-typhlostomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Needle aspiration is a straightforward, non-invasive technique that proves highly valuable in facilitating diagnosis and guiding surgical decisions in calves with anorectal atresia, particularly in cases where bulging is not observed upon manual abdominal pressure. It is most effective when the rectal end is within five centimeters proximal to the perineal skin surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of animal feed from Azolla microphylla to increase production efficiency of goat farms in South of Thailand.","authors":"Wuttichai Seephueak, Bunthum Sangkaew, Anusorn Cherdthong, Benjamad Khonkhaeng, Chanadol Supapong","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04854-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04854-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Meat goat production in Thailand, particularly among smallholder farmers, is a sustainable enterprise with significant growth potential due to increasing livestock farming. However, the reliance on high-cost imported feed ingredients, such as soybean meal, poses economic challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the use of Azolla microphylla as a cost-effective alternative protein source in goat diets, potentially replacing soybean meal to improve production efficiency. Conducted at Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, the experiment involved 25 healthy crossbred Boer goats assigned to five treatment groups with varying levels of Azolla (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacing soybean meal) in a completely randomized design. Over 90 days, data on feed intake, weight gain, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation characteristics were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated a significant decrease in crude protein and nutrient digestibility with increased Azolla inclusion, particularly at higher replacement levels, while overall dry matter intake remained stable. Although ruminal pH and temperature were unaffected, ammonia nitrogen levels decreased, suggesting altered protein metabolism. Additionally, total volatile fatty acid concentrations peaked at the 25% Azolla level, indicating optimal fermentation efficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that Azolla microphylla can effectively replace up to 50% of soybean meal in goat diets, offering a sustainable strategy to reduce production costs and enhance the efficiency of meat goat farming in southern Thailand. Further research is needed to optimize dietary formulations and improve the nutritional profile of Azolla to maximize its potential as an alternative feed ingredient.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative in vitro assessment of oak (Quercus infectoria) and Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) extracts as natural alternatives to metronidazole against Trichomonas gallinae.","authors":"Bahaa Ibrahim Saeed, Farnaz Malekifard, Mohammad Yakhchali","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04921-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04921-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for avian trichomoniasis, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among juvenile pigeons. Although metronidazole is the standard treatment, its potential for inducing resistance has prompted exploration of herbal extracts as alternative therapeutic options. This study aims to compare metronidazole's antitrichomonal effects with oak (Quercus infectoria) extracts and carob (Ceratonia siliqua) on T. gallinae in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>T. gallinae samples were collected from infected pigeons. For the in vitro study, multiwell plates were used with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after 24 hr for Q. infectoria was 25 µg/mL, while for C. siliqua it was 50 µg/mL. In comparison, the MIC of metronidazole was also found to be 50 µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that Q. infectoria and C. siliqua extracts exhibit potent antitrichomonal activity, comparable to metronidazole, in inhibiting T. gallinae trophozoite growth in vitro, making them viable natural alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of ten viral pathogens causing calf diarrhea in Hanwoo (Bos Taurus coreanae) by next generation sequencing.","authors":"Jeong-Byoung Chae, Won Gyeong Kim, Shinae Song, Joon-Seok Chae","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04926-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04926-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of essential oils against coccidia in Black Livorno chickens.","authors":"Alessia Zoroaster, Marta Raffaelli, Manuela Diaferia, Fabrizia Veronesi, Margherita Marzoni Fecia di Cossato, Barbara Contiero, Roberto Marani, Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono, Stefania Perrucci","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04916-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04916-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coccidiosis remains a major challenge in poultry farming due to the drug-resistance phenomena in Eimeria strains and the possible risk of accumulation of anticoccidial residues in poultry-derived products. Essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive constituents are being considered for their potential role as alternative control strategies. The present study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol, and a commercial EO blend (namely Energy Poultry, EP) against Eimeria spp., as well as the in vivo efficacy of thymol and EP (supplemented at 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of feed, respectively) in growing chickens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitro assays demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol significantly disrupted oocyst integrity and inhibited sporulation at concentrations ≥ 2%, with maximal degeneration rates of 96% and 90%, respectively, at 10%. Cinnamic aldehyde reduced sporulation by 79%, whereas eugenol showed minimal efficacy. The potential synergistic effect between carvacrol and cinnamic aldehyde of EP resulted in a marked reduction in oocyst viability (~ 90%). Based on these findings, thymol and EP were selected for in vivo evaluation in a native Italian egg-type chicken breed, the Black Livorno. Despite not significant, dietary supplementation (thymol: 5 mg/kg; EP: 50 mg/kg) led to a reduction in oocyst per gram (OPG) values from day 78 onward compared to the control group in which the highest oocyst excretion persisting for an extended period. Growth performance (average daily gain and feed conversion ratio) was not affected, indicating no adverse effects of thymol and EP supplementation. Despite the presence of highly pathogenic Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. necatrix), no clinical signs were observed, probably due to the possible low parasitic burden and breed's inherent resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The obtained findings suggest that while evaluated EO constituents exhibited promising anticoccidial effects in vitro, their in vivo efficacy may be dose-dependent, influenced by infection pressure and host factors. Further research is warranted to optimise tested EOs inclusion levels and assess their long-term impact on coccidiosis control in poultry production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to primary canine core vaccination in 10-month-old seronegative dogs treated with three times the recommended therapeutic dose of Ilunocitinib tablets (Zenrelia™).","authors":"Genevieve M Fent, Simona Despa, Les Gabor, Madison Earll, Erin E McCandless, Sandra O'Kelley, Jared R Patch, Jonathan Snyder, Stephen King","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04896-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04896-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was designed to test the effect of a novel JAK inhibitor, ilunocitinib, on the response to modified live and inactivated vaccines when given at three times the label dose to healthy, vaccine-naive, seronegative, juvenile (10-month-old) purpose-bred research dogs. During the study, an outbreak of infectious diseases occurred including coccidiosis and a confirmed case of infectious canine hepatitis. Although confounded by disease, the data provides information to researchers and clinicians on a new member of this important class of therapeutics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Opportunistic infection by Cystoisospora canis was confirmed during the study and associated with mild to severe gastrointestinal disease. Morbidity was higher in the treated group compared to placebo controls and two treated dogs were humanely euthanized due to deterioration of overall health status. Decreased body condition and impaired CD4 T helper cell counts correlated with disease severity. After study completion, Canine Adenovirus Type-1 was identified via PCR in one dog. Despite an outbreak of concurrent disease, all dogs successfully achieved threshold titers to multivalent modified live vaccination administered on day 28. On day 88, responses to modified live booster and inactivated primary rabies vaccinations were decreased where 2/6 treated dogs versus all controls successfully responded to rabies vaccination. Lack of response was correlated to individuals with the most prominent clinical disease and lowest CD4 T helper cell counts. At the end of the treatment phase (day 88), all dogs recovered from disease and most demonstrated improved rabies titer levels by day 116.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the mechanism of JAK inhibitors, it is not surprising dogs receiving three times the expected dose of drug had higher incidence of parasitic and viral disease compared to controls. In the face of these confounding infectious diseases, it was also not surprising that treated dogs had lower measures of health status correlating directly to both disease severity and inactivated vaccine response. Although confounding disease prevents a definitive conclusion regarding the original intent of the study, it was interesting that there was sufficient threshold response relating to the initial modified live vaccination across both control and Jak inhibitor treated groups administered on day 28, however this was not the primary endpoint of the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coinfection of Bovine ephemeral fever virus and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in cattle in Central China: implications for tick-borne transmission and viral divergence.","authors":"Hongfei Shi, Tingting Lv, Zhengtian Zhang, Hongyue Zhai, Li Wang, Shidong Ji, Dandan Li, Lunguang Yao","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04917-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04917-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In central China, free-range cattle face high risks of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens like Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' ('Ca. M. haemobos'). Despite their co-endemicity, the role of ticks in BEFV transmission remains unexplored in China, and potential interactions between these pathogens are unknown. This study aimed to (1) investigate the coinfection of BEFV and 'Ca. M. haemobos' in cattle fever outbreaks, (2) evaluate ticks as potential vectors for both pathogens, and (3) characterize viral evolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From August to September 2024, blood, tissue, and tick samples were collected from 61 clinically ill cattle (Group 1) and 17 asymptomatic cattle (Group 2) in the same farms, and 18 healthy cattle (Group 3) in six different farms in central China. Ticks were morphologically and molecularly identified. Pathogens were screened by PCR and sequencing analysis. The serum was subjected to virus neutralization assays. In Group 1, BEFV and 'Ca. M. haemobos' were detected in 86.9% and 67.2% of cattle, respectively, with a coinfection rate of 44.3% (27/61). All deceased cattle (8/8) tested positive for BEFV, and 75% were coinfected. Ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) from Group 1 carried BEFV (46.8%, 11.3%, and 18.8%) and 'Ca. M. haemobos' (34.8%, 35.5%, and 31.3%). Engorged H. longicornis exhibited higher BEFV infection rates than unfed ticks (p < 0.001). In Group 2, the two pathogens were only detected in H. longicornis ticks with positive rates significantly lower than those in ticks in Group 1 (p < 0.05). In Group 3, all samples were negative for the pathogens. Moreover, the BEFV strain HN2437 in this study showed divergence from global lineages, suggesting unique evolution. Neutralizing antibodies against BEFV were only found in cattle in Group 1 with the seroprevalence rate of 26.2% (16/61).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first evidence of ticks as potential BEFV carriers in China and highlights that coinfection with 'Ca. M. haemobos' may be a factor in severe disease outcomes. The distinct evolutionary profile of HN2437 strain underscores the need for evaluating effect of vaccine in use.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12255009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective cohort study investigating the association of environment, milk performance and udder health with the yield and solid content of first-milking colostrum in Holstein dairy cows.","authors":"Gonçalo Pereira, Ricardo Bexiga","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04909-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04909-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The administration of high-quality colostrum is widely recognized as crucial for the health and survival of neonatal calves, yet identifying factors influencing colostrum yield and solid content has remained a challenge. With dairy farmers facing increasing difficulties in maintaining a year-round supply of high-quality colostrum, this retrospective cohort study evaluated the association between environmental, milk performance, and udder health factors with colostrum yield and solid content (as measured by Brix % determination) in 1731 lactations of Holstein dairy cows (583 primiparous and 1148 multiparous) on a commercial farm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In primiparous cows, colostrum yield was associated with the time interval between calving and colostrum collection (as estimated by whether colostrum was collected during morning or afternoon milking), while lower colostrum solid content was associated with higher occupancy of the close-up pen. In multiparous dairy cows, both colostrum yield and solid content were associated with lactation number (higher lactations associated with lower yield but with higher solid content), dry period length (longer dry periods associated with higher yield and higher solid content), and whether colostrum was collected during morning or afternoon milking. A lower colostrum solid content of multiparous cows was also associated with higher occupancy of the close-up pen and a higher colostrum yield was associated with higher THI during the 21 days before calving. Moreover, greater milk yield at dry-off was associated with lower colostrum yield and a longer previous calving interval was associated with greater colostrum yield. These findings highlight the benefits of longer dry periods and calving intervals for colostrum production, the need to revise dry-off practices for high-yield dairy cows, and the importance of addressing overpopulation in close-up pens, especially in heat-stressed herds with higher variation in close-up pen occupancy. This work also reinforces the importance of shorter intervals between calving and colostrum collection for higher solid content of colostrum in multiparous cows.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, this study enhances understanding of the factors influencing colostrum production and provides valuable insights for developing improved colostrum management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12247277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}