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The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs. 中生代恐龙的宏观生态学。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392
Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza
{"title":"The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs.","authors":"Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic and biogeographic changes, calling for a 'deep-time' macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations and the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, ecological diversity and biogeographic history. Recent improvements in the dinosaur fossil record have enabled large-scale studies of their responses to tectonic, geographic and climatic shifts. Trends in species diversity, body size and reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning and Bayesian inference. These patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order macroecological rules (e.g. species-area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann's rule). Accurate reconstructions of palaeobiodiversity and niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions and detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeoclimatology helps uncover the environmental conditions driving dinosaur adaptations. Fieldwork in under-sampled regions, particularly at latitudinal extremes, is crucial for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of dinosaur ecosystems across the planet. Open science initiatives and online databases play a key role in advancing this field, enriching our understanding of deep-time ecological processes, and offering new insights into dinosaur macroecology and its broader implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11558851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morpho butterfly flashiness crucially depends on wing scale curvature. 莫弗蝶的闪光度主要取决于翅鳞的曲率。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0358
Juliana Sosa Espinosa, Doekele G Stavenga, Casper J van der Kooi, Marco A Giraldo
{"title":"<i>Morpho</i> butterfly flashiness crucially depends on wing scale curvature.","authors":"Juliana Sosa Espinosa, Doekele G Stavenga, Casper J van der Kooi, Marco A Giraldo","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0358","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Morpho</i> butterflies are widely known for their brilliant blue and flashy colours, which are produced by intricate wing scale structures. Not all species display a vibrant structural coloration; some are whitish or even brown. This suggests that there is considerable interspecific variation in wing scale anatomy, pigmentation and flashiness. As evidenced by numerous studies, the optical mechanism that creates the bright structural colours resides in the multilayered ridges of the wing scales, but the interspecific variation in flashiness has so far received little attention. Here, we investigate the wing components that influence the directional wing reflectivity. We therefore selected three species that greatly vary in colour and flashy appearance, <i>Morpho sulkowskyi</i>, <i>M. helenor</i> and <i>M. anaxibia</i>. Applying morphological analyses, (micro-)spectrophotometry and imaging scatterometry on wing pieces and individual wing scales, we demonstrate that wings with flat scales produce highly directional reflections, whereas wings stacked with curved scales scatter light into a wider angular space, resulting in a spatially more diffuse appearance. We thus find that the curvature of the wing scales crucially determines the directionality of <i>Morpho</i>'s visual display. We discuss how the visual ecology of <i>Morpho</i> butterflies and environmental conditions can drive the evolution of flashy visual displays.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A radiocarbon bomb pulse model for estimating the age of North Atlantic cetaceans. 用于估算北大西洋鲸目动物年龄的放射性碳弹脉冲模型。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0350
Eva Garde, Susanne Ditlevsen, Jesper Olsen, Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen
{"title":"A radiocarbon bomb pulse model for estimating the age of North Atlantic cetaceans.","authors":"Eva Garde, Susanne Ditlevsen, Jesper Olsen, Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0350","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tusk of the male narwhal is a prolonged canine tooth, reaching a size of up to 3 m in length. The tusk erupts through the young narwhal's upper left lip and, over time, develops into an elongated structure composed of dentine growth layers with an outer coating of cementum. In this study, we utilized bomb radiocarbon (<sup>14</sup>C) to estimate the ages of three narwhal tusks, which allowed us to validate the assumption that one growth layer is deposited annually in narwhal tusks. We used radiocarbon values from samples collected from the annual growth layers along the lengths of the erupted tusks and from the tip and base of embedded teeth, together with published radiocarbon data from three North Atlantic whale species, for the purpose of building a model of the incorporation of bomb radiocarbon in marine mammal tissues. The results obtained contribute significantly to our understanding of narwhal growth and longevity, enhancing our comprehension of isotope flow in the Arctic marine environment and their incorporation into the living tissue of a marine top predator. The bomb radiocarbon model can serve as a valuable reference chronology for dating museum or field specimens of narwhals and other North Atlantic marine animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142725799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Breed function and behaviour correlate with endocranial volume in domestic dogs. 家犬的品种功能和行为与颅内体积相关。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0342
Ana M Balcarcel, Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra, Allowen Evin, Marc Nussbaumer, Adeline Hemelsdaël, Madeleine Geiger
{"title":"Breed function and behaviour correlate with endocranial volume in domestic dogs.","authors":"Ana M Balcarcel, Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra, Allowen Evin, Marc Nussbaumer, Adeline Hemelsdaël, Madeleine Geiger","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0342","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestic dogs display a remarkable diversity of functions, morphologies and cognitive abilities. Using data from 1682 dogs representing 172 breeds, we tested for variation in relative endocranial volume (REV), a proxy for brain size and a basic measure of cognitive ability, in relation to breed function, phylogenetic classification, cranial shape, cooperative behaviour and temperament. Function, body size, phylogenetic clade and cranial shape correlate with REV. Toy dogs, functioning mainly as companions, have the largest endocranial volumes relative to their body size. Working dogs, bred to perform complex human-assistance skills and reportedly possessing higher cognitive abilities, have the smallest. Our results thus show that complex skills and cooperative behaviour-a hallmark of social cognition-do not predict larger REV in dogs. However, REV increases with fear and aggression, attention-seeking and separation anxiety and decreases with trainability. Significant correlations between REV and behavioural traits underscore the evolutionary plasticity of mammalian brain size under domestication and artificial selection and provide support for hypotheses linking the modulation of fear and aggression to brain size change under domestication.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The significance of social interactions in synchronized swarming flight in a termite. 白蚁同步群飞中社会互动的意义
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0423
Nobuaki Mizumoto, Tomonari Nozaki
{"title":"The significance of social interactions in synchronized swarming flight in a termite.","authors":"Nobuaki Mizumoto, Tomonari Nozaki","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0423","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In social insects, individuals of working caste coordinate their actions to manage various collective tasks. Such collective behaviours exist not only in workers but also in winged reproductives (alates). During certain seasons, newly emerged alates fly from the nest to disperse and find mating partners in a synchronized manner. This 'swarming' behaviour is one of the collective behaviours that involve the greatest number of individuals in social insects. However, such synchronization is considered to be caused by the response to specific environmental cues rather than behavioural coordination among colony members. Here, we show that a termite <i>Reticulitermes kanmonensis</i> shows synchronized dispersal flight among alates within the same colony even under the constant temperature environment. Under the semi-field environment with fluctuating temperatures, alates within the same colony synchronized their dispersal flight under higher temperatures, while flight was suppressed under lower temperatures. We observed that termites synchronized their dispersal flights even under constant temperature conditions in the laboratory (20℃), indicating that environmental cues are not always necessary for synchronization. In either case, higher synchronization happened with a larger number of alates. These results suggest that social factors interplay with environmental cues to enable the synchronized swarming flight of social insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uropygial secretion changes mouth colouration in starling nestlings. 尿囊分泌物会改变椋鸟雏鸟的口腔颜色。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0535
Antonio José García-Núñez, Juan José Soler, Ester Martínez-Renau, Gustavo Tomás
{"title":"Uropygial secretion changes mouth colouration in starling nestlings.","authors":"Antonio José García-Núñez, Juan José Soler, Ester Martínez-Renau, Gustavo Tomás","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0535","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cosmetic colourations of animals have been mainly studied in scenarios of sexual selection, while there has been no assessment of the partial contribution of cosmetics to the final colouration of begging-related traits. In birds, the uropygial gland is functional soon after hatching, and we experimentally investigated the effects of uropygial secretion on mouth-flange colouration in spotless starling (<i>Sturnus unicolor</i>) nestlings. Nestlings' flange colouration was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after being either cleaned of, or painted with, its own uropygial secretion. After cleaning, flanges were brighter, more UV and less yellow-red coloured (chroma). Instead, painting the mouth flanges of nestlings with their own uropygial secretion did not modify any of the considered colour components. Our findings therefore show that the uropygial secretion of nestlings alters their beak colouration and open the possibility for future research to investigate the role of uropygial secretion in reinforcing the signalling role of begging-related traits involved in parent-offspring communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constant companions: wild zebra finch pairs display extreme spatial cohesion. 不变的伙伴:野生斑马雀对显示出极强的空间凝聚力。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0519
Chris Tyson, Hugo Loning, Simon C Griffith, Marc Naguib
{"title":"Constant companions: wild zebra finch pairs display extreme spatial cohesion.","authors":"Chris Tyson, Hugo Loning, Simon C Griffith, Marc Naguib","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0519","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many animals maintain long-term monogamous partnerships, but the extent to which partners associate varies substantially and has implications for the scope of cooperation between pair members. Zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia castanosis</i>) are monogamously paired for life and maintain continuous partnerships, raising questions as to if and how they maintain pair cohesion despite being non-territorial and having only short-range acoustic signals. While zebra finches are the best-studied songbird in captivity, their social and spatial behaviour in the wild is poorly understood. Determining pair cohesion in songbirds to date has almost exclusively been studied at specific locations where pairs would be expected to meet, such as nesting or feeding sites, without quantifying broader movements. Here, we used solar-powered automated tracking to simultaneously monitor the movements of radio-tagged zebra finch pairs during periods of breeding activity. We reveal extremely high spatial cohesion with pairs using nearly identical home ranges and maintaining close spatial proximity across large areas. This characterization of extremely high spatio-temporal coordination of zebra finch pairs provides important insights into the operation and benefits of monogamous relationships in highly mobile taxa, such as birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ionizing radiation has negligible effects on the age, telomere length and corticosterone levels of Chornobyl tree frogs. 电离辐射对切尔诺贝利树蛙的年龄、端粒长度和皮质酮水平的影响微乎其微。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0287
Pablo Burraco, Caitlin Gabor, Amanda Bryant, Vanessa Gardette, Thierry Lengagne, Jean Marc Bonzom, Germán Orizaola
{"title":"Ionizing radiation has negligible effects on the age, telomere length and corticosterone levels of Chornobyl tree frogs.","authors":"Pablo Burraco, Caitlin Gabor, Amanda Bryant, Vanessa Gardette, Thierry Lengagne, Jean Marc Bonzom, Germán Orizaola","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0287","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accident that occurred at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant (Ukraine, 1986) contaminated a large extension of territory after the deposition of radioactive material. It is still under debate whether the chronic exposure to the radiation levels currently present in the area has long-term effects on organisms, such as decreases in longevity. Here, we investigate whether current levels of radiation in Chornobyl negatively impact the age of the Eastern tree frog <i>Hyla orientalis</i>. We also explore whether radiation induces changes in an ageing marker, telomere length or the stress hormone corticosterone. We found no effect of total individual absorbed radiation (including both external and internal exposure) on frog age (<i>n</i> = 197 individuals sampled in 3 consecutive years). We also did not find any relationship between individual absorbed radiation and telomere length, nor between individual absorbed radiation and corticosterone levels. Our results suggest that radiation levels currently experienced by Chornobyl tree frogs may not be high enough to cause severe chronic damage to semi-aquatic vertebrates such as this species. This is the first study addressing age and stress hormones in Chornobyl wildlife, and thus future research will confirm if these results can be extended to other taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fisheries-induced life-history changes recover in experimentally harvested fish populations. 渔业引起的生活史变化在实验捕捞的鱼类种群中得到恢复。
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0319
Stephan N van Dijk, Daniel E Sadler, Phillip C Watts, Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
{"title":"Fisheries-induced life-history changes recover in experimentally harvested fish populations.","authors":"Stephan N van Dijk, Daniel E Sadler, Phillip C Watts, Silva Uusi-Heikkilä","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0319","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overfishing is one of the greatest threats to fish populations. Size-selective harvesting favours faster juvenile growth, younger maturation, small adult body size and low reproductive output. Such changes might be slow to recover and ultimately threaten population fitness and survival. To study the recovery potential of exploited experimental populations, we compared life-history traits in three differently size-selected experimental lines (large-selected, small-selected and random-selected) after five generations of harvesting and 10 subsequent generations of recovery (i.e. cessation of harvesting). We show that after a recovery period twice as long as the harvesting period, the differences in adult body size among the selection lines have eroded. While there was still a significant body size difference among the selection lines, this did not translate to differences in reproductive success. Although size-selective harvesting causes phenotypic changes in exploited fish populations, we show that such changes are reversible if the recovery period is long enough.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11539050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does greater variation reside in the larger sex? 是否性别越大,差异越大?
IF 2.8 2区 生物学
Biology Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0404
Lewis G Halsey, David Giofrè, David C Geary
{"title":"Does greater variation reside in the larger sex?","authors":"Lewis G Halsey, David Giofrè, David C Geary","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0404","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsbl.2024.0404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The question of whether males or females are the more variable sex is long-standing, and yet to be fully answered. We investigate the relationships between body mass and variation across species using a phylogenetically informed analysis of the body mass of 337 species representing six mammalian orders. Within each order, we found that the larger sex is typically the more variable sex, whether male or female, and the variation-size relationship is arguably often close to unity. Thus, size may be the main or even sole driver of variability in at least some orders. Deviations from the expected 1 : 1 relationship emerged, however, in regressions of male : female mass variance against male : female mean mass, for Chiroptera and Rodentia, which both presented hyperallometric relationships suggesting that drivers over and above size influence differences in variation between the sexes. In Chiroptera, most species have larger females. The <i>y</i>-intercept value for Artiodactyla and Primates were significantly greater than 0 suggesting greater male variation in species where the sexes are of commensurable size. Historic belief of exclusively greater male variability may have resulted from a focus on species with intense male-male competition and, thus, larger male body sizes. Our results suggest that it is often size, not sex <i>per se</i>, that influences within-sex variability, although additional sex-specific factors might be present in at least some orders.</p>","PeriodicalId":9005,"journal":{"name":"Biology Letters","volume":"20 11","pages":"20240404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142725803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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