Neuroembryology and aging最新文献

{"title":"Development of the Rhombencephalon: Molecular Evolution and Genetic Regulation","authors":"Chi-Chiu Wang","doi":"10.1159/000088208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000088208","url":null,"abstract":"The central nervous system develops with incredible precision during embryonic development, controlled by the orchestration of cell fate determination, cell proliferation, and cell growth. The development of the rhombencephalon is the most comprehensively analysed region of the embryonic brain in terms of cell patterning and compartmentalisation. The rhombomeric organisation of the rhombencephalon provides an important cellular and genetic blueprint for establishing many of the characteristic features of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The morphogenesis of the rhombencephalon and the generation of the rhombomeric segments, in an anterior to posterior sequence, coincides with the establishment of precise expression domains of a number of transcription factors (e.g. Hox, kreisler and Krox20), signalling molecules (e.g. Eph/ephrins), membrane and nuclear receptors (such as RAR/RXR) and enzymes involved in the retinoid biosynthetic pathway. In addition, the rhombencephalon is patterned dorsoventrally by key factors such as the BMPs, Fgfs, Wnt and SHH. In this review, the current knowledge of the roles of these signalling factors and the molecular evolutionary evidence for the development of the vertebrate brain in terms of the mechanisms underlying the formation and specification of the rhombencephalon will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"78 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000088208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65310137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normal Cord Blood Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in a Child with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone","authors":"A. Chan, C. Lam, I. Lo, S. Lam, C. Shek, S. Tiu, S. Tong","doi":"10.1159/000087089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000087089","url":null,"abstract":"An 8-year-old asymptomatic child was genetically diagnosed to have resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) during a family screening. The disease-causing mutation is inherited from his father. Retrospective study showed the boy had a normal umbilical cord blood thyrotropin (TSH) level, suggesting that umbilical cord blood TSH may not reflect the fetal pituitary-thyroid axis abnormality and prenatal diagnosis and treatment should not be recommended in patients with mild RTH phenotype.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"75 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000087089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65300691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Aging Patterns of the Neuronal and Inducible Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Mouse Hippocampus by Immunohistochemistry","authors":"H. W. Wong, Y. Mak, MANG C. Yu, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000088209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000088209","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produces nitric oxide (NO) from arginine, and both NOS and NO play important roles in the normal aging of the hippocampus. Aim: To study the age-related distribution patterns of the neuronal (nNOS) and the inducible (iNOS) isoforms of NOS in the mouse hippocampus, and their roles in the aging mechanism. Result: The nNOS significantly decreased in the aged hippocampus whereas iNOS increased significantly. The nNOS expressed in interneuron-like cells distributed mainly in the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal layer. iNOS was possibly expressed in both old and newly proliferated astrocytes mainly found in the stratum oriens, stratum lacunosum-moleculare and to a lesser extent in the fimbria and dentate gyrus. The astrocyte number also significantly increased in the aged hippocampus. In fact, iNOS was almost absent in the young hippocampus. Those cells expressing the two isoforms were not apoptotic. Conclusion: The results suggested different expression patterns for nNOS and iNOS during aging in terms of the localization, expression levels and cell types involved. These changes were unlikely to involve apoptosis. This might signify an alteration in the normal functions of the hippocampus during aging such as long-term potentiation.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"92 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000088209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65310175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetrical Expression of Interleukin-1, Interleukin-1 Receptor and Erythropoietin Receptor in Mouse Brain Hemispheres","authors":"A. Poveshchenko, N. A. Korotkova, N. M. Rebenko, V. Kozlov, V. Abramov","doi":"10.1159/000088210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000088210","url":null,"abstract":"Male CBA ! C57BL F1 mice of 3 months old were obtained from the NILSEM center (Tomsk, Russia). Immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was performed using a dose of 2 ! 10 8 /mouse. SRBC were washed three times in 5 vol of medium 199 before injection. Erythropoietin (Recormon, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) was injected subcutaneously into mice 3 times a week, at a dose of 10 units/mouse. Total RNA was isolated from each mouse brain hemisphere using the guanidinium-thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction method [8] . Expression of the IL1 , IL-1R, and Epo-R genes was studied using RT-PCR. In brief, the RNA was reverse-transcribed in 50 l of 10 m M /l TrisHCl (pH 8.3), 6.5 m M /l MgCl 2 , 50 m M /l KCl, 10 m M /l dithiothreitol, 1 m M /l of each dNTP, 2 M /l random hexamer, and 2.4 U/ l of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, for 1.5 h at 37 ° C . The reverse transcriptase was inactivated at the end of the reaction by heating to 95 ° C for 4 min. Amplifi cation of fi rst-strand cDNA was then carried out under the following conditions: 67 m M Tris, pH 8.3, 2 m M MgCl 2 , 5 m M dNTP, 2.5 m M pimers, 2.0 l of the RT reaction mix. This mixture was covered with 50 l of mineral oil, incubated at 95 ° C for 1 min and then kept at 58 ° C for 2 min followed by 72 ° C for 3 min. The cDNA that had been reverse transcribed was then amplifi ed by PCR, using the appropriate primers for IL-1 , IL-1R or Dear Sir, There are morphological differences between the two hemispheres of the brain as well as a functional asymmetry in the motor and sensory areas on the two sides of the brain. The neurotransmitter systems seem to play an important role in inducing motor asymmetry of the brain [1] . The concentration of dopamine and dopamine receptors can be different in the brain areas of the right and left hemispheres [2] . Thus, chemical asymmetry is refl ected by the differences in the concentrations of chemicals in the two brain hemispheres. The expression of various cytokine genes in the central nervous system (CNS) has been widely investigated [3, 4] . Cytokines were initially characterized as the primary communication factors within the immune system, but it is now becoming more evident that they also exert potent physiological actions on the brain, and function as important communication signals between the immune system and the brain [5, 6] . Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates both proliferation and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells and is also known to exert neurotrophic activity in the central nervous system [7] . However, little is known about the expression of the Epo-R in the CNS tissues. We thus characterized below the expression of IL-1 , IL-1R and Epo-R mRNA in the two brain hemispheres of mice after either immunization with sheep red blood cells or erythropoietin (Epo) injection. Received: December 13, 2004 Accepted: June 6, 2005 Published online: September 8, 2005","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"18 1","pages":"99 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000088210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65310196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Somite as a Morphological Reference for Staging and Axial Levels of Developing Structures in Mouse Embryos","authors":"A. K. Chan, M. Dong, Liang Wang, W. Chan","doi":"10.1159/000089005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000089005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The embryonic staging system based on the number of days post coitum is not always adequate to describe the rapid changes that occur during early organogenesis, and appropriate morphological features that can be easily referred to are important in descriptive embryology. Aims: The present study aims to ascertain whether somites can be used to determine both the developmental stage of mouse embryos and the axial level of embryonic structures from 9.5 days post coitum onwards. Results: The somite number could be easily counted after cresyl violet staining from 9.5 to 12.5 days post coitum, and the first few somites started to de-epithelialize by 10.0 days post coitum. However, from 12.5 days post coitum onwards, somites became difficult to count because of the thick surface epithelium. Vital dye labelling followed by whole embryo culture demonstrated that somites, limb buds and various regions of the neural tube did not undergo any major positional shift in relation to each other. Conclusions: From 9.5 to 12.5 days post coitum, the ease of somite count and the minimal positional shift in somites, limb buds and the neural tube implicate that the somite can be a convenient morphological reference for both the embryonic stage and the axial level of developing structures including limb buds and different regions of the neural tube during this period.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"102 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000089005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65314470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin and the Aging Brain","authors":"T. Ng, F. Liu, L.X. Xia, H. Wang, X. Ye","doi":"10.1159/000087088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000087088","url":null,"abstract":"Melatonin is a well-known potent antioxidant synthesized in the pineal gland. It affects functions of many organs including those of the immune system, the reproductive tract, the thyroid and the adrenals. This review collates evidence from many research laboratories that by virtue of its antioxidant activity melatonin counteracts brain function deterioration induced by senescence.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"70 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000087088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65300684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Identification and Characterization of DJ-1 Protein in Human Fetal Amygdala","authors":"F. Hepner, E. Engidawork, N. Ulfig, A. Pollak, G. Lubec","doi":"10.1159/000085405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085405","url":null,"abstract":"Performing protein profiling in fetal human amygdala, we detected DJ-1 protein (PARK7). As DJ-1 and its isoforms are of major importance in cell biology, transformation and neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s disease, we decided to chemically unambiguously identify and characterize this protein and possible posttranslational modifications by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry followed by tandem mass spectrometry, being a reliable analytical tool independent of antibody availability and specificity.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"60 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000085405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65286822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Proliferation in the Developing Human Cerebral Cortex","authors":"S. Tiu, W. Chan, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000085402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085402","url":null,"abstract":"Cell proliferation or cell division has been considered a very important morphogenetic process during the development of the central nervous system. To determine the spatiotemporal pattern of proliferation in the developing human fetal brain, we used a specific antibody against the proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and an immunohistochemical method to detect dividing cells in four neocortical regions, namely frontal, motor, occipital and temporal cortices, of human fetuses at different development stages (from 14 weeks to term). Positive cells were mostly found in the subcortical region of the neocortical regions at all the stages examined, although the developing cortical plate also occasionally showed scattered positive cells. Among the neocortical regions studied, the temporal cortex appeared to have the fewest positive cells, while the occipital cortex at 32 and 40 weeks contained the largest number of dividing cells. The PCNA immunoreactivity decreased rapidly with gestational age. The number of positive cells started to decrease early in the temporal cortex, from 14 weeks onwards, while in the motor and frontal cortices, a two-step decrease was seen between 14 and 21 weeks and between 27 and 32 weeks. In the occipital cortex, a decrease was also observed between 27 and 32 weeks, but only after an initial increase between 14 and 21 weeks. Our study thus clearly demonstrates specific patterns of regional as well as temporal distribution of dividing cells in the human fetal neocortex. Colocalization of PCNA with the glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin indicates that a majority of dividing cells are glial cells, especially toward late gestation.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"27 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000085402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65286941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early and Late Development of Notch3 in Human Brains","authors":"A. Ichinohe, Keikichi Takahashi, T. Tabira, S. Takashima","doi":"10.1159/000085400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085400","url":null,"abstract":"Notch1, 2, and 3, cell surface proteins, exhibit distinct spatial and temporal expression in a variety of regions in the developing brain, and the mutation of Notch3 is the cause of a hereditary disease, CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). Notch system has been thought to have important functions during early neural development, but its function and significance in the developing central nervous system remain elusive. We demonstrated early and temporal Notch3 expression in progenitors of neurons and glial cells at an early fetal stage, and late and increasing Notch3 expression until adulthood in the vessels of human brains. This persistent Notch3 expression might influence the pathogenesis of CADASIL. Notch3 expression at a temporally early stage of neurons and glial cells, and in a period of permanent vessel development suggests the different and important roles of this protein during human brain development. Additionally, abnormal expression of Notch3 was detected in cortical neurons of type 2 lissencephaly and tuberous sclerosis brains. These data suggest that Notch3 might be a marker of delayed or abnormal maturation of neurons associated with migration and maturation disorders.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"13 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000085400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65286591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laminar Organization of the Marginal Zone in the Human Fetal Cortex","authors":"I. Kostović, N. Jovanov-Milošević, Ž. Krsnik, Z. Petanjek, M. Judas","doi":"10.1159/000085401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085401","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Recent studies have shown remarkable complexity of neuronal differentiation and cellular composition of the marginal zone in the fetal cortex. New immunocytochemical parameters are needed for analysis of dynamic neurogenetic events at the interface between the afferent fibers of the marginal zone and the superficial cortical plate. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze transient cytoarchitectonic and immunocytochemical patterns of organization of the marginal zone of the human fetal cortex. Results: Fine cytoarchitectural parameters revealed a very complex six-layered organization of the marginal zone of the human fetal cortex between 18 and 28 weeks of gestation (w.g.). Starting from the pia to the cortical plate, the following layers can be distinguished: (1) cell-poor marginal stripe (Randstreifen); (2) subpial granular layer; (3) marginal zone proper; (4) stratum lucidum (SL); (5) deep granular layer (DGL), and (6) stratum radiatum (SR). The subpial granular layer develops around 13 w.g. and is not visible at 34 w.g. The SL, characterized by immunostaining with SNAP-25, MAP1b and SMI 312 antibodies and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, appears on Nissl sections at around 20 w.g. and disappears after 28 w.g. The DGL contains NeuN and some MAP2-positive cells, presumably neurons, appears at 15 w.g. and disappears by 34 w.g. The SR shows profound transformation in parallel to the changes in the most superficial part of the cortical plate. Conclusions: The marginal zone displays a very complex organization in the human fetal cortex due to the complexity of cortical inputs from both increased population of Cajal-Retzius neurons and abundant afferents to the apical dendrites of cortical plate neurons. Deep transitional sublayers, namely SL, DGL and SR, serve as a compartment for ingrowth of afferents and migratory routes to the superficial part of the cortical plate. A similar developmental role is played by the subplate zone at the deep border of the cortical plate.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"3 1","pages":"19 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000085401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65286649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}