Neuroembryology and aging最新文献_第5页

Morphological and Neurochemical Development of the Human Neural Retina 人类神经视网膜的形态学和神经化学发育

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103582

T. Nag, S. Wadhwa

{"title":"Morphological and Neurochemical Development of the Human Neural Retina","authors":"T. Nag, S. Wadhwa","doi":"10.1159/000103582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103582","url":null,"abstract":"The human retina, a derivative of the diencephalon, differentiates into its components in sequential patterns following a spatiotemporal order. The neuronal differentiation in the fovea and central retina begins earlier than that occurring elsewhere, completes by midgestation (19–21 weeks) and continues in the periphery until 30 weeks of gestation. By birth, all retinal layers and neurons are mature over its entire extent, except at the fovea, where photoreceptor differentiation (outer segments) continues up to 5 months postnatally. During differentiation, the neurons express an array of marker molecules, such as amino acid neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, calcium-binding proteins, nitric oxide and proteins of phototransduction pathways. Although their precise involvement in retinal development is unclear, their patterns of expression indicate that many of them may be necessary for neuronal differentiation. In order to gain knowledge on this issue, future studies utilizing embryonic human retinal culture and transplantation of the tissue into suitable hosts and characterization of the role of neurochemicals involved in retinal development appears to be worthwhile. This approach may highlight novel information about the specific neurochemical requirements for the adult retina in normal and pathological states.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"19 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64420199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Author Index Vol. No. 4, 1-2, 2006-07 作者索引卷4,1-2,2006-07

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000105105

引用次数: 0

Subject Index Vol. No. 4, 1-2, 2006-07 主题索引卷4,1-2,2006-07

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000105106

引用次数: 0

Aging of the Mammalian Circadian Timing System: Changes in the Central Pacemaker and Its Regulation by Photic and Nonphotic Signals 哺乳动物昼夜节律系统的衰老:中央起搏器的变化及其由光和非光信号调控

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103735

M. Duncan

{"title":"Aging of the Mammalian Circadian Timing System: Changes in the Central Pacemaker and Its Regulation by Photic and Nonphotic Signals","authors":"M. Duncan","doi":"10.1159/000103735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103735","url":null,"abstract":"Aging alters many aspects of endogenously regulated, 24-hour (circadian) rhythms, such as their amplitude, relationship to the ambient lighting cycle, and sensitivity to phase resetting signals. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these age-related changes, many studies have investigated age-related changes in the neural components of the circadian timing system, which include the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of the mammalian master circadian pacemaker, its afferent projections from the retina, thalamus, and midbrain raphe, and its efferent projections to the hypothalamus, thalamus and limbic system. Studies have shown that the SCN exhibits age-related changes in electrical activity rhythms in the absence of neurodegeneration. Also, aging selectively decreases SCN expression of the circadian clock genes, Clock and Bmal1, as well as vasoactive intestinal peptide. The latter participates in mediating light-induced phase resetting of the circadian pacemaker and the amplitude of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge, which are both attenuated by aging. Furthermore, by decreasing serotonin 5-HT7 receptors in the dorsal raphe, aging reduces one type of nonphotic input to the SCN. This review describes which aspects of circadian rhythm regulation exhibit changes during aging, as well as which mechanisms appear to be spared or remain to be explored.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"85 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64422030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Extrapineal Melatonin: General Conception, Localization and Biological Role in the Visual System 针尖外褪黑素:一般概念、定位及其在视觉系统中的生物学作用

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103584

I. Kvetnoy, I. Smirnova, V. Polyakova

{"title":"Extrapineal Melatonin: General Conception, Localization and Biological Role in the Visual System","authors":"I. Kvetnoy, I. Smirnova, V. Polyakova","doi":"10.1159/000103584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103584","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decade, much attention has centered on melatonin, which was considered to be only a hormone of the pineal gland for many years. As soon as highly sensitive antibodies to indolealkylamines became available, melatonin was identified not only in the pineal gland, but also in extrapineal tissues and cells, e.g. the retina, Harderian gland, gut mucosa, cerebellum, airway epithelium, liver, kidney, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid gland and thymus. Also, melatonin has been found in some non-endocrine cells, e.g. mast cells, natural killer cells, eosinophilic leukocytes, platelets and endothelial and other cells. Functionally, melatonin-producing cells are part and parcel of the diffuse neuroendocrine system as a universal system of response, control and organism protection. The influence of aging upon melatonin-synthesizing cells in the gut is summarized. Melatonin synthesis in the visual system and its hormone level, similarly to the pineal gland, reflect the interaction between the circadian clock and the photic environment. Since retinal melatonin does not contribute to circulating levels and melatonin receptors are present in the retina, its effects on the visual system are primarily mediated by a paracrine mechanism. Although the physiological role of melatonin in the visual system is not exactly determined yet, it apparently includes regulation of gene expression, visual sensitivity and the protection of ocular structures from oxidative damage.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"102 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64420708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Title Page / Table of contents 标题页/目录

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000105104

引用次数: 0

Melanopsin in Lower Vertebrates: The Race Is On to Show that It Is Really There 低等脊椎动物的黑视素:证明它确实存在的竞赛正在进行

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103585

V. Meyer-Rochow

引用次数: 3

Review of Development and Aging in the Eye of Teleost Fish 硬骨鱼眼部发育与衰老研究进展

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103451

Y. Kunz

{"title":"Review of Development and Aging in the Eye of Teleost Fish","authors":"Y. Kunz","doi":"10.1159/000103451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103451","url":null,"abstract":"The teleost eye is an excellent organ for studying retinal development since teleosts and their eyes continue to grow throughout life. The retinal growth zones are found at the periphery of the eye and in some species also along the ventral embryonic fissure. The retinal cones are arranged into regular mosaic patterns, which is an advantage for microspectrophotometrical analyses of visual pigments. They revealed that teleost eyes are di-, tri- and tetrachromatic. The last type includes ultraviolet-sensitive cones. They appear in early life over the whole retina and later disappear in this region although they continue to be formed in the peripheral growth zones, but die there once the retina is differentiated. The melanin granules in the pigment epithelium and the cones and rods undergo circadian retinomotor movements. Another circadian rhythm is displayed by the tips of the photoreceptor outer segments, which are shed by cones at night and by rods during the day. The embryonic development of the retina is described in detail for the viviparous guppy, the salmonids and the zebrafish, which display direct development. This is contrasted by results of teleosts with indirect development (involving metamorphosis).","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"31 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64418697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Development and Aging of the Vertebrate Visual System 脊椎动物视觉系统的发育和衰老

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103580

D. Lorke

引用次数: 0

The Pathology of Mueller Cells under Different Disease Conditions 不同疾病条件下穆勒细胞的病理变化

Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000103877

S. Nishikawa

{"title":"The Pathology of Mueller Cells under Different Disease Conditions","authors":"S. Nishikawa","doi":"10.1159/000103877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103877","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology and enzymes of Mueller cells were investigated in the developing retinas of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. Immunohistochemistry showed glutamine synthetase (GS) expression first on P10. It increased later in both normal and dystrophic retinas. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was not expressed in normal retinas, but Mueller cells of dystrophic retinas were stained on P35 and P100. The percentages of the area of Mueller cells in the outer nuclear layer in the macula, posterior pole, equator and periphery were 12.3 ± 2.7, 22.1 ± 4.5, 23.6 ± 1 and 26.7 ± 4.5%, respectively. In the foveal region, lower levels of GS and glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) immunoreactivity were confirmed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses revealed that the amounts of GS and GLAST in the foveal region were smaller than those in any other region. The role of Mueller cells in the preconditioned retinal ischemic rat was also investigated. Three and 7 days after ischemia, GS immunoreactivity recovered only in the preconditioned group. After 1 h of ischemia, the retinas showed increased GFAP immunoreactivity in the non-preconditioned group at 3 and 7 days. In the preconditioned group, only slight GFAP immunoreactivity was observed. These results suggest that the mechanism of preconditioned retinal ischemia may be related to Mueller cells in the retina.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"61 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64425053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5