Neuroembryology and aging最新文献

{"title":"Contents Vol. 4, 2006–2007","authors":"O. Sha, W. Kwong, M. Dong, X. Wang, A. K. Chan, A. Burns, W. Chan, R. Castellani, Xiongwei Zhu, Hyoung-Gon Lee, George Perry, Mark A. Smith, G. Casadesus, T. Kanaumi, A. Ichinohe, Hideo Kimura, H. Iwasaki, S. Hirose, S. Takashima, E. Danzer, A. Flake","doi":"10.1159/000121404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000121404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"I - IV"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000121404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64575248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author and Subject Index Vol. 4, 2006–2007","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000121403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000121403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"208 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000121403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64574658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal and Postnatal Development of GABAergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord Revealed by Green Fluorescence Protein Expression in the GAD67-GFP Knock-In Mouse","authors":"Jing Huang, Feng Feng, N. Tamamaki, Y. Yanagawa, K. Obata, Yun-Qing Li, Sheng-Xi Wu","doi":"10.1159/000109346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000109346","url":null,"abstract":"To gain better insight into the ontogenic function of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the mouse spinal cord, it is necessary to know the developmental pattern of GABAergic neurons. In the present study, we examined the temporal and spatial developmental changes of GABAergic neurons at the cervical level of the spinal cord by using a glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)-green fluorescence protein (GFP) knock-in mouse. We found that GFP-positive GABAergic neurons appeared at embryonic day (E) 11.5 in the ventral region of the spinal cord and became abundant in the whole future gray matter at E12. Thereafter, GFP-positive neurons increased progressively in number and extended from ventral to dorsal regions. The intensity of GFP-positive neurons in the dorsal horn peaked at E17. After birth, GFP-positive neurons were mainly restricted to the dorsal gray matter and also decreased in the staining intensity. At postnatal day 14, the distribution pattern of GFP immunoreactivity was similar to that of GABAergic neurons in adult spinal cord. Taken together, the present results suggest that the GFP immunoreactivity, and thus the expression of GABA, undergoes a ventral-to-dorsal shift in the spinal cord during development. The functional significance of GFP-positive GABAergic neurons in the developing spinal cord is discussed.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"147 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000109346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64519928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Phytoestrogen in Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases","authors":"C. Shi, Jie Xu, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000109348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000109348","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoestrogen represents a class of heterocyclic polyphenol compounds with mild estrogenic activities. The mechanisms underlying effects of phytoestrogen on neurodegeneration remain unclear. We reported that genistein could increase serum superoxide dismutase activity, prevented calcium overload and neuron damage derived from oxidative stress and normalized the synaptic connections in rats. Therefore, phytoestrogen displayed not only the estrogenic activities but also had its own antioxidant properties which might have the potential to decrease the incidence or postpone the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"162 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000109348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64520038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Diabetes: Embryopathy, Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy and Cardiovascular Complications","authors":"O. Aruoma, V. Neergheen, T. Bahorun, L. Jen","doi":"10.1159/000109344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000109344","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolic disturbances in the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type 1 and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type 2 are associated with a number of complications including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy leading to blindness and embryopathy or congenital malformations. Maternal diabetes is associated with a high incidence of congenital malformations and fetal abortions. Heart and kidney anomalies, along with central nervous system defects are frequent manifestations of a maternal diabetic environment. Glycation products from excess glucose can chemically modify DNA causing mutations and complex DNA rearrangements. Therefore, DNA damage in fetal tissues as a result of maternal diabetes may reflect a level of genomic injury sufficient to affect embryonic development. The formation of advanced glycation end products can accelerate vascular occlusion by quenching the vasodilating agent nitric oxide. Interaction with high-affinity receptors located on monocytes and macrophages can enhance the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 which can proliferate endothelial, mesangial and smooth muscle cells and hence contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications. Retinopathy is characterized by increased vascular permeability, by vascular closure, together with the growth of new blood vessels on the retina and posterior surface of the vitreous. Reactive oxygen species are involved in decreased retinal blood flow, increased vascular permeability and disruption of blood-retinal barrier. The involvement of oxidative stress in the pathology of diabetes from its associated cardiovascular dysfunctions, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy (leading to blindness) and embryopathy or congenital malformations, suggests that potential management of diabetes could benefit from use of dietary biofactors in medicinal and food plants. There is therefore a requirement for research to focus on the molecular mechanisms of action of extracts and/or the biofactors flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, etc. derived from these plants.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"117 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000109344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64519871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enriched Environmental Conditions Ameliorate Age-Dependent Alterations in the Somatosensory System, but Do Not Affect the Motor System of the Rat Spinal Cord","authors":"H. Hilbig, Verena Beier, K. Köster, Cindy Stoll, Denise Richter, H. Dinse","doi":"10.1159/000109345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000109345","url":null,"abstract":"At the behavioral level, old rats are known to show a number of age-related changes such as characteristic impairments in the sensorimotor system, which is most strikingly expressed in a walking impairment involving the hind limbs. We have previously shown that sensorimotor impairments involving the hind limbs are in part reversible following housing in an enriched environment. The question arises as to whether these effects are accompanied by cytological alterations in the spinal cord. During aging, we found an increase in cyclooxygenase with nitrotyrosine in the fasciculus gracilis and lateral funiculus. The somatosensory tracts and dorsal horn were more affected by myelin-degrading processes than the other parts of the spinal cord. The accumulation of lipofuscin seemed to depend on age, but independent of the environment. In contrast, the age-related calretinin immunoreactivity loss in the substantia gelatinosa from both the cervical and the lumbar enlargements was significantly reduced in stimulating environmental conditions. Morphologically, the lectin binding sites of the perineuronal nets seemed to be decreased. The results provide evidence that the somatosensory system of the spinal cord is affected by age-dependent alterations independently of the motor system.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"138 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000109345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64519885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential and Critical Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species in Alcohol-Induced Gene Dysregulations and Birth Defects in Xenopus Embryos","authors":"S. Ng, Pai-Hao Yang, Yuan-yuan Cheng, Ying Peng, H. Kung, Marie C. M. Lin","doi":"10.1159/000109347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000109347","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol is the most common teratogen in humans. Excessive alcohol consumption in pregnant women may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, and abnormalities in the central nervous system. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms underlying FAS remain unclear. To this end, we established a Xenopus laevis embryo model to study the effects of alcohol on fetal development. We will discuss the relationship between alcohol-induced oxidative and nitrosative stresses and their differential and critical roles in the downregulation of key developmental genes and birth defects in the X. laevis embryo model.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"155 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000109347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64519976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aqueous Humor Formation and Its Regulation by Nitric Oxide: A Mini Review","authors":"C. Do, C. Kong, Chu‐yan Chan, Chuen Lam, C. To","doi":"10.1159/000103581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103581","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma is a common and severe aging eye disease which can cause permanent visual loss if untreated. One common strategy of glaucoma treatment is to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the eye. So far, the pharmacologic reduction of IOP is the only proven intervention that can delay the progression of glaucomatous damage. Lowering the IOP can be achieved either by reducing the rate of aqueous humor secretion or by facilitating the rate of aqueous drainage. The formation of aqueous humor is driven primarily by vectorial ion transport, mainly Cl–, across the ciliary epithelium from ciliary stroma into the posterior chamber, resulting in the generation of an osmotic gradient which drives water movement. Many ion transporters and channels have been shown to participate in the process of aqueous secretion. Among several other signaling mechanisms, the nitric oxide (NO) signaling cascade is thought to regulate the ion transport across the ciliary epithelium, thereby reducing the rate of aqueous humor formation and IOP. Therefore, in this review, the potential significance of NO in the regulation of aqueous humor formation and IOP will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"8 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64420117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Affects Axon Routing in the Mouse Optic Chiasm","authors":"Yan-li Hao, Jun Wang, Chung-Kit Chan, S. Chan","doi":"10.1159/000103583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103583","url":null,"abstract":"The morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has recently been shown as an axon guidance molecule in the development of central neural pathways. We investigated here whether Shh serves its axon guidance role in patterning axon course in the mouse optic chiasm. Using immunocytochemistry, Shh-like staining was observed in the caudal regions of the ventral diencephalon in embryonic day (E) 13 embryos. At E14 and E15, the staining became obvious on the optic axons in lateral regions of the chiasm and in the optic tract, but not in the midline region. Blocking Shh signaling with cyclopamine in brain slice preparations of the optic pathway produced several abnormalities in routing of optic axons at the chiasm. Cyclopamine treatment in E13 brain slices reduced the midline crossing and generated a misrouting of axons in the post-midline region of the chiasm. This misrouting was further proven in E14 and E15 brain slices, in which a substantial increase in the retinoretinal axons was observed after cyclopamine treatment. Midline crossing at these developmental stages was not affected. These findings indicated that Shh protein was localized in a regionally and temporally specific pattern in the mouse optic chiasm, which might regulate midline crossing and targeting of axons into the optic tract at different stages of pathway development.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"76 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64420551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Trabecular Meshwork in the Eyes of the Developing Human","authors":"C. Chan, W. W. Li, C. Pang, D. Lam, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000103734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000103734","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a specialized tissue which is crucial to maintain ocular health (e.g. intraocular pressure) and to sustain optical clarity. Since collagen and elastic fibers are the primary structural components of the tissue, the characterization of these fibers in the fetal eye would advance our understanding of the basic morphology and further congenital studies related to the TM. Aims: To reveal the early development of the human fetal TM. Results: The results showed the presence of circular (radial) and longitudinal collagen fibers as well as trabecular cells in the TM by 12 weeks of gestation. By 26 weeks, the venous system connected with Schlemm’s canal and thin elastic fibers began to form. At birth, longitudinal collagen fibers linked with each other to form long strands. There was also evidence of an increase in circular (or radial) collagen fibers in the TM. Conclusion: The present study characterized the developmental and morphological changes in the genesis of the fetal TM in terms of growth in collagen and elastic fibers. The elastic fibers were found to exist in small quantity at birth, and, thus, any increase in these fibers to maturity is likely to occur after birth.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 1","pages":"13 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000103734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64421985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}