Neuroembryology and aging最新文献

{"title":"Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) in Brain Development Research","authors":"F. Yang, S. Yuan, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000116733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116733","url":null,"abstract":"The development of several new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques has facilitated serial observations of the developing human brain in utero. For example, the noninvasive technique of functional MRI, which is used to study brain anatomy, function and metabolism in both humans and animals, has already enhanced our understanding of brain development and behavior relations. Currently, three main kinds of functional MRI techniques are used to study the developing brain: blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging, diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. When used in developmental research, these techniques can detect variations and injury, which conventional MRI cannot. Thus, they offer far greater opportunities to explore the relationships between structure and function, and to interpret developmental mechanisms, as well as to detect malformations and pathologies at the cognitive, emotional and behavioral level. These methodologies and their application to brain development are reviewed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"56 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64560185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Index Vol. 5, No. 1–2, 2008","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000151628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000151628","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"67 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000151628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64890431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Fetal Brain Abnormalities","authors":"G. Tao, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000116732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116732","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the fetal brain is a useful adjunct to prenatal sonography, providing a more complete evaluation of fetal brain abnormalities to aid and influence clinical decision-making during pregnancy. This article will review the uses and techniques of fetal MRI, discuss the normal appearance of the fetal brain on MRI, and outline clinical applications of fetal MR imaging.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"49 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Fluorescence Fundus Angiography to Assess Variations in Retinal Circulation in Myopic Patients of Different Ages","authors":"Xi Ying, Y. Wu, Yi Wang, Li Ran, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000116735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116735","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the variation in retinal circulation in patients with different degrees of myopia and different age by fluorescence fundus angiography (FFA). Thirty myopic patients (60 eyes), 20–54 years of age, with various degrees of myopia were evaluated. All patients underwent fundus photography and FFA using a standard technique. Patients with other ophthalmologic diseases possibly affecting the retrobulbar circulation and those with a history of laser treatment or intraocular surgery were excluded. Vascular filling patterns at arterial phase, arterial-venous phase and venous phase were reviewed. The average filling times at each phase were significantly delayed in severe myopia, but there was no difference between eyes with mild and medium myopia. There was no statistically significant correlation between mean filling time and age. The findings indicated a significant correlation between the intraocular blood circulation and the degree of myopia.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"37 1","pages":"63 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64560405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Title Page / Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000151626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000151626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000151626","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64890068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of the Developing Central Nervous System in the Fetus","authors":"Jie Xu, W. Kwong, M. Wai, E. L. Forster, Yan-ling Jiang, H. Kung, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000116730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116730","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the brain was studied by MRI in living fetuses of pregnant women (performed because of medical reasons or in volunteers). They were from 21 to 37 weeks of gestation. At 21 weeks, diencephalic condensations were evident. By 25 weeks, high-density areas appeared in the prefrontal, central parietal and temporal cortices. The lentiform nucleus began to separate from the diencephalic mass between 26 and 28 weeks. The caudate nucleus, corpus callosum and septal areas were observed by 28 weeks, where the hippocampus was definitively identified by 29 weeks. By 30 weeks, the fornix was evident. Profuse CSF circulation with genesis of new gyri was noted at that stage. By 37 weeks, the brain of the fetus was much the same as that of the child except the insula did not show significant gyri.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"32 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Soluble Amyloid βProtein (Aβ25–35) on Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current in CA3 Neurons of Rat Hippocampal Slices","authors":"D.T.S. Fang, Zhen-Zhai Liu, Zhuo Yang","doi":"10.1159/000276993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000276993","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was toinvestigate the effects of soluble amyloid βprotein (Aβ), with the amino acid sequence 25–35 (Aβ_25–35), on delayed rectifier potassium current (I_k) in CA3 neurons of rat hippocampal slices using blind whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. We also studied the neurotoxic mechanism of soluble Aβ_25–35 in Alzheimer’s disease. Results showed thatsoluble Aβ_25–35 significantly suppressed I_k in CA3 neurons of rat hippocampal slices in time-dependent and voltage-dependent manners. Soluble Aβ_25–35 significantly shifted the steady-state activation curve of I_k to more negative potentials. Before and after application of Aβ_25–35, the half-activation potentials of I_k were 5.88 ± 0.67 and –2.81 ± 0.76 mV, respectively (n = 8; p < 0.05), but the slope factor was not significantly changed. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of soluble Aβ_25–35 on I_k may be one of the mechanisms of neurotoxicity, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"151 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000276993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64994684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Griffoniasimplicifolia I Isolectin B4 and Tomato Lectin Recognize Astrocytes instead of Microglia in Adult Hamster Retina","authors":"Kwok-hang Chung, E. Cho","doi":"10.1159/000276994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000276994","url":null,"abstract":"Two lectins, Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (GS-I lectin) and Lycopersicon esculentum (LE) lectin, reported to be specific microglia markers in a number of animals including rodents, were used to stain hamster retinas. In the adult hamster retina, both of them failed to stain microglia but instead labeled astrocytes (in addition to endothelial cells). GS-I lectin-positive astrocytes were mainly located at peripheral regions of the retina but were variable in number and staining intensity, while LE lectin stained most astrocytes as judged by co-localization with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. To see whether astrocytes (and/or microglia) would be labeled by the lectins during postnatal retinal development, retinas from newborns all the way to adults were studied. Starting from P0, GS-I lectin selectively labeled astrocytes located adjacent to and peripheral to the tips of developing blood vessels, suggesting a functional association of glycoproteins containing α-D-galactose (the terminal sugar residue with binding affinity to GS-I) with the migration of the astrocytic front during development. The GS-I lectin staining on this population of astrocytes became reduced as the astrocytic front reached the retinal periphery, so that in the adult only astrocytes in the periphery became positive for GS-I. In contrast, LE lectin stained most astrocytes in the developing retina, starting from P2 and with maximum staining intensity achieved around P14, which continued unchanged to adulthood. During early postnatal retinal development, both lectins could label microglia, but the staining was abolished well before the retina became mature. GS-I could label microglia until P18, and the stained cells were mainly confined to the retinal periphery where blood vessels were absent, suggesting that expression of the terminal α-D-galactose residue is regulated by interaction with the developing vasculature (and/or astrocytes). LE could mark microglia till P6, but the labeling was weaker compared with GS-I. The results indicate that at least in the hamster, GS-I and LE lectin may be a more selective marker for retinal astrocytes than microglia. It would be interesting to see whether some other animals will exhibit a similar picture, and whether the expression of the sugar residues (specific for GS-I and LE lectin binding) on astrocytes instead of microglia will confer any functional consequences uniquely different from those animals with specific microglia binding.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"166 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000276994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64994437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Dab2, a Tumor Suppressor, in the Human Fetal Hippocampus and Neocortex","authors":"W. Chan, C. Xia, D. Yew, Hui Zhao, S. Mok","doi":"10.1159/000276995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000276995","url":null,"abstract":"Dab2, first identified as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancerous cells and tissues, is an adaptor protein involved in several signal transduction pathways. Our previous studies of mouse embryos have shown that Dab2 is expressed in the early developing central nervous system and that knockdown of the protein expression perturbs the normal development of the neural tube. In this study, we investigated Dab2 expression in the human fetal hippocampus and temporal, sensory, visual, motor and frontal cortices from 12 to 32 weeks of gestation with a specific immunohistochemical staining method. The hippocampus showed the strongest Dab2 expression among all the brain regions examined. Within the hippocampus, Dab2 expression was first detected at 12–14 weeks in all cellular layers with varying intensities, and the highest level of expression was observed in the pyramidal layer at 26–28 weeks. In the temporal cortex, Dab2 was also expressed in all cellular layers at 12–14 weeks, and its expression peaked at 18–20 weeks and then became weaker at 26–32 weeks. The expression pattern was different in the sensory cortex: the expression was the strongest at 12–14 weeks and then gradually reduced with age. In the visual cortex, Dab2 expression was mainly localized in the marginal zone, upper cortical plate and subcortical layers, whereas the motor and frontal cortices exhibited only low levels of Dab2 expression mostly in the subcortical layers. Our results demonstrated a specific spatiotemporal pattern of Dab2 expression in the human fetal hippocampus and neocortex, implicating roles of Dab2 in the early development of the human brain.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"182 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000276995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64994766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In utero Repair of Myelomeningocele: Rationale, Initial Clinical Experience and a Randomized Controlled Prospective Clinical Trial.","authors":"Enrico Danzer, Alan W Flake","doi":"10.1159/000118926","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000118926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myelomeningocele (MMC), one of the most common congenital malformations, can result in severe lifelong disabilities, including paraplegia, hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari II malformation, incontinence, sexual dysfunction, skeletal deformations, and mental impairment. MMC was the first nonlethal anomaly to be treated by fetal surgery. Studies in animals provide compelling evidence that the primary cause of the neurological deficit associated with MMC is not simply incomplete neurulation but rather chronic mechanical injury and amniotic-fluid-induced chemical trauma that progressively damage the exposed neural tissue during gestation. Initial results suggest that the surgical repair of MMC before 25 weeks of gestation may preserve neurological function, reverse the hindbrain herniation of the Arnold-Chiari II malformation, and obviate the need for postnatal placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. As it is currently unknown whether fetal surgery for MMC is truly beneficial compared to standard postnatal care, a randomized, controlled clinical trial has been initiated within the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"4 4","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810532/pdf/nba0004-0165.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30554636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}