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Differential Expression of GABA Receptor Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acids and Immunoreactivity in the Rat Neostriatum during Postnatal Development 出生后发育大鼠新纹状体GABA受体亚基信使核糖核酸的差异表达和免疫反应性
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000178808
W. Lau, H. Q. Zhang, Y. Chan, K. Yung
{"title":"Differential Expression of GABA Receptor Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acids and Immunoreactivity in the Rat Neostriatum during Postnatal Development","authors":"W. Lau, H. Q. Zhang, Y. Chan, K. Yung","doi":"10.1159/000178808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000178808","url":null,"abstract":"γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the neostriatum. Functions of GABA are mediated by GABA<sub>A</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors in the neostriatum. In order to investigate the developmental expression of GABA receptor subunits (GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>1</sub>, GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>3</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>6</sub>; GABA<sub>A</sub>β<sub>2</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub>β<sub>3</sub>, and GABA<sub>B</sub>R<sub>1</sub> and GABA<sub>B</sub>R<sub>2</sub>) in the rat neostriatum, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed. Tissues were obtained from rats on postnatal day (PND) 1, PND 7 and PND 14, and from adult rats. RT-PCR indicated that GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>1</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>6</sub> mRNA levels were low, but that GABA<sub>A</sub>β<sub>2</sub> and GABA<sub>A</sub>β<sub>3</sub> mRNAs levels were high during the early postnatal period. Immunofluorescence revealed that GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>1</sub> immunoreactivity was only observed in striatal interneurons in PND 14 and in adult rats. Immunoreactivity for GABA<sub>A</sub>α<sub>6</sub> was only observed in PND 14 and adult animals. GABA<sub>B</sub>R<sub>1</sub> immunoreactivity was found to be expressed by perikarya of striatal neurons at all ages examined. In contrast, GABA<sub>B</sub>R<sub>2</sub> immunoreactivity was mainly observed in choline acetyltransferase-positive striatal interneurons in PND 14 and adult rats. The present results indicate that there are differential patterns of developmental expression of GABA receptor subunits in the neostriatum, with important implications for the development of GABA systems in rat basal ganglia.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"100 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000178808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65137351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inhibition of Dab2 Expression with Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides in Mouse Embryos 反义寡脱氧核苷酸对小鼠胚胎Dab2表达的抑制作用
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-11-12 DOI: 10.1159/000173720
K. Cheung, S. Mok, Hui Zhao, P. Rezaie, W. Chan
{"title":"Inhibition of Dab2 Expression with Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides in Mouse Embryos","authors":"K. Cheung, S. Mok, Hui Zhao, P. Rezaie, W. Chan","doi":"10.1159/000173720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000173720","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dab2, 1 of the 2 mammalian orthologs of the Disabled protein in Drosophila, is a mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein and a cytoplasmic adaptor involved in several signal transduction pathways. Deficiency in Dab2 affects endodermal cell positioning and is embryonically lethal. Aims and Results: In the present study, the Dab2 expression pattern in mouse embryos from embryonic day (E)7.5 to E9.5 was first determined by specific immunohistochemical staining. Dab2 protein was expressed exclusively in the extraembryonic endoderm at E7.5 and was detected within the cranial mesenchyme, heart and foregut epithelium at E8.5. By E9.5, the protein was also localized in the roof plate of the hindbrain neural tube and within the branchial arch mesenchyme and epithelium. Next, to help define the role of Dab2 protein in early embryonic development, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were microinjected into mouse embryos to inhibit Dab2 expression. The protein expression within the neural tube and cranial mesenchyme was greatly reduced following microinjection at E8.5 and culturing embryos intact with a whole-embryo culture system for 8 h in vitro. Moreover, 26.7% of the injected embryos exhibited a twisted neural tube or an unturned body axis. Twenty-four hours following microinjection of antisense ODNs, 70% of the injected embryos showed structural abnormalities mainly affecting the body axis, otic placode, forelimb buds, branchial arches and neural tube. Excessive cell death was detected histologically in the ventral part of the neural tube, although the expression of Dab2 protein had resumed by this stage (24 h following microinjection). Conclusion: We conclude that Dab2 plays an important role in mouse embryonic development between E8.5 and E9.5, as a reduction in Dab2 expression during this period was found to disturb normal development.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"89 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000173720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65094536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Early Sacral Neural Crest Migration in Dominant megacolon Mouse Embryos 优势巨结肠小鼠胚胎早期骶神经嵴迁移
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-10-29 DOI: 10.1159/000164841
W. Y. Tam, X. Wang, L. Wang, L. Bao, W. Chan
{"title":"Early Sacral Neural Crest Migration in Dominant megacolon Mouse Embryos","authors":"W. Y. Tam, X. Wang, L. Wang, L. Bao, W. Chan","doi":"10.1159/000164841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000164841","url":null,"abstract":"Hirschsprung’s disease, or congenital megacolon, is the most common gastrointestinal motility disorder in newborns. The prominent feature of Hirschsprung’s disease is an abnormal dilatation of the distal colon resulting from a regional absence or reduction of enteric ganglion cells. It has been known that all intrinsic enteric ganglion cells are derived from neural crest cells, which migrate along defined pathways from the neural tube (embryonic central nervous system) to the gut during embryonic development. Recent studies on avian embryos have also indicated that neural crest cells at the sacral level contribute a significant number of enteric neurons to the hindgut, the region of the gut where aganglionosis is usually detected in Hirschsprung’s disease. In the present study, we aimed to identify anomalies in the early migration of sacral neural crest cells in the Dominant megacolon(Dom) mouse mutant, a model for Hirschsprung’s disease. A combination of whole embryo culture, in situ cell labeling and histochemical staining was used to follow the early sacral neural crest cell migration. In the wild-type embryos, when sacral neural crest cells caudal to the 24th somite were labeled at embryonic day 10.0 (E10.0), labeled cells were found in the mesenchyme on the two sides of neural tube and many of them resided in the region of dorsal root ganglia at E11.0. Some of them were also found in the region around the dorsal aorta. In embryos heterozygous and homozygous for Dom, similar distribution and migratory pattern were found, indicating that the early migration of sacral neural crest cells was not affected in the mutant. Our results hence implicated that anomalies in the early sacral crest cell migration are unlikely to be a cause of aganglionosis in the hindgut of the Dom mutant.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"69 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000164841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64999019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Golgi Silver Study on the Development of Pyramidal and Stellate Cells of the Human Cortex 高尔基银对人类皮层锥体和星状细胞发育的研究
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-10-21 DOI: 10.1159/000164842
S. Tiu, D. Yew
{"title":"A Golgi Silver Study on the Development of Pyramidal and Stellate Cells of the Human Cortex","authors":"S. Tiu, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000164842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000164842","url":null,"abstract":"Silver impregnation studies of neurons in the developing human nervous system had attracted only a fair amount of studies due to the difficulty of the technique. This report is concerned with studying the morphogenesis of pyramidal and stellate cells during development in different regions of the cortex. No silver-impregnated cells were present before 21 weeks of gestation in most cortices except for the frontal cortex. Between 21 and 25 weeks, pyramidal cells were clearly demonstrated. By 27 weeks of gestation and thereafter, secondary branching was observed in these cells. Two types of stellate cells were identified at week 30 and thereafter. A difference in the degree of differentiation was also recorded between different cortical regions during development.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"80 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000164842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64999265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Imaging of the Developing Brain 发育中的大脑成像
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000116729
G. Antonio, W. Chu, D. Yeung, A. Ahuja
{"title":"Imaging of the Developing Brain","authors":"G. Antonio, W. Chu, D. Yeung, A. Ahuja","doi":"10.1159/000116729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116729","url":null,"abstract":"The human brain undergoes changes in morphology, volume, composition and function during brain maturation. Of the various available medical imaging investigations, ultrasound and MRI are most commonly used for assessing the developing brain. Being radiation-free and non-invasive, both imaging modalities allow in vivo serial examinations of the brain during maturation without health risks. In addition, MRI has the benefit of demonstrating certain functional aspects of the brain aside from examining morphology, further adding to the knowledge of brain development. This paper reviews the current main imaging investigations used for assessing the developing human brain, from the fetal stages to childhood.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"23 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Usage in Representative Areas of Neurobiological Research 磁共振成像及其在神经生物学研究代表性领域中的应用
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000116731
C. Shi, W. Kwong, E. L. Forster, E. Cho
{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Usage in Representative Areas of Neurobiological Research","authors":"C. Shi, W. Kwong, E. L. Forster, E. Cho","doi":"10.1159/000116731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116731","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the various methodologies used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and presents the background logic behind these methodologies. The usage of MRI in the study of human subjects and animals is discussed and highlighted. Select examples of animal MR images are presented.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"39 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Subject Index Vol. 5, No. 1–2, 2008 主题索引第五卷，2008年第1-2期
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000151629
{"title":"Subject Index Vol. 5, No. 1–2, 2008","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000151629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000151629","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"68 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000151629","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64890529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphometric Measurements of Fetal and Neonatal Eyes Using MRI and Ultrasound 利用MRI和超声对胎儿和新生儿眼睛进行形态测量
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000116734
Xi Ying, Hai-tao Li, D. Yew
{"title":"Morphometric Measurements of Fetal and Neonatal Eyes Using MRI and Ultrasound","authors":"Xi Ying, Hai-tao Li, D. Yew","doi":"10.1159/000116734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116734","url":null,"abstract":"Using MRI, the ratios of the anterior posterior (AP) lengths of the eyes versus the AP lengths of the corneae to the external occipital protuberances were found to decrease from 28 weeks of gestation onwards, while the ratios of the transverse diameters of the eyes versus the transverse diameters of the zygomatic bone to the nasal cavity increased till term. No further change in the ratios of the AP or transverse diameters was observed even till three years of age.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"60 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64560244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Structural MR Imaging Studies of the Brain in Children: Issues and Opportunities 儿童脑结构磁共振成像研究:问题与机遇
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000116727
M. Wilke, S. Holland
{"title":"Structural MR Imaging Studies of the Brain in Children: Issues and Opportunities","authors":"M. Wilke, S. Holland","doi":"10.1159/000116727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116727","url":null,"abstract":"Structural magnetic resonance imaging has gained widespread attention over the last decade, especially following the advances in automated image processing algorithms. It is an interesting approach that, among other applications, allows investigating and describing normal and disturbed human brain development. With this overview, we aim to point out special aspects that may arise when imaging children, with regard to study design, data acquisition and data processing. We conclude with shortly addressing the potential insights to be gained from such studies.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"6 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
The Cerebellum in Chiari Type II Malformation Chiari II型畸形的小脑
Neuroembryology and aging Pub Date : 2008-08-01 DOI: 10.1159/000116728
M. S. Salman
{"title":"The Cerebellum in Chiari Type II Malformation","authors":"M. S. Salman","doi":"10.1159/000116728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000116728","url":null,"abstract":"Chiari type II malformation (CII) is a congenital deformity of the brainstem and cerebellum. In CII, the size of the posterior fossa is small and its contents are crowded. The cerebellar weight, volume, and cell content are reduced in CII. However, this reduction is not uniform and appears to involve the cerebellar hemispheres more than the vermis. The anatomical location of the vermis allows it to expand upwards, downwards, and along the ventral-dorsal axis when it is compressed in CII. This expansion seems to leave its ocular motor functions intact unlike the cerebellar hemispheres, which have no room for expansion and therefore undergo atrophy with consequent impairment of their functions.","PeriodicalId":89607,"journal":{"name":"Neuroembryology and aging","volume":"5 1","pages":"14 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000116728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64559960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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