Wildlife biology in practice (Online)最新文献

{"title":"Alternative Financing Schemes for Tiger Conservation in Nepal","authors":"Hemanta Kafley, M. Gompper, F. Spinelli, K. Poudel, B. Thapaliya","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.6","url":null,"abstract":"Many scientists and conservation workers agree that global tiger numbers in key areas could double by 2022 if efforts are taken immediately. Countries facing declining tiger numbers and having the ability to meet this goal have produced national tiger recovery plans that outline necessary program activities and their associated costs. To assess the financial feasibility of the tiger conservation program in Nepal and to recommend viable alternatives to secure funds to cover long-term tiger conservation costs, we conducted financial analyses of tiger conservation programs in Nepal. Our results show that the present funding level fails to cover the long-term costs of taking the recommended steps for tiger conservation. Thus there is a need to identify and secure alternative funding sources to supply approximately a 100% increase in revenues currently generated from tiger-bearing protected areas assuming a continuance of the current level of funding by the government. This finding is troublesome given the magnitude of the financial burden associated with necessary steps to increase the tiger population, plus the fact that no policy instrument exists that can target the revenue generated by the protected areas specifically for tiger conservation. To achieve financial sustainability of the tiger conservation program, alternative financial mechanisms warrant serious consideration. One alternative institutional mechanism could be a tiger conservation trust fund that would be entrusted to secure a wide range of financing from domestic and international sources to ensure financial sustainability of the Nepal’s tiger conservation program.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"34 1","pages":"155-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81965778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effect of Short-Term Capture and Handling on Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Levels in Mourning Doves","authors":"D. Jachowski, Tony W. Mong, B. Washburn, John H. Schulz, J. Millspaugh","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.5","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of stress hormones (i.e., glucocorticoids) has greatly advanced animal conservation. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite assays are valuable because they are noninvasive, but their ability to detect responses to short-term (<30 min) stressors in a way similar to blood serum assays is comparatively less well understood. We evaluated whether fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) increased in captive wild mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) exposed to either a brief (<2 min) capture, handling and release (CHR) or capture stress protocol (CSP; i.e., capture, hold for 30 min, release) treatment. Previous studies have shown that mourning doves exhibit elevated FGMs within 2-3 hrs of experimental challenges. Therefore, we attempted to collect feces every hour for 24 h pre-treatment and 36 h post-treatment. We did not detect a consistent increase in FGMs in response to CHR or CSP treatments. Though additional research is needed, FGM levels were lower the longer birds were held in captivity and we did not observe sex-based or seasonal differences in FGM responses. For mourning doves, and likely other species, plasma corticosterone analysis is better suited to assess responses to short-term stressors. Alternatively, FGMs are ideal for research focused on longer-term patterns in physiological state because they are not sensitive to exposure to temporary, acute stressors.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"148 1","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77875684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of some theoretical Habitat improvement actions in a Mediterranean area through observation of pheasant and red-legged partridge land uses","authors":"F. Santilli","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.4","url":null,"abstract":"Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) and Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) have suffered population declines in the last decades. Several researches have suggested that the decline is related to the habitat alterations in agricultural ecosystems caused by intensification of agricultural techniques and land abandonment. We evaluated habitat use and distribution of red-legged partridges pairs and cock pheasants in an estate that can be representative of most of the agricultural Mediterranean areas from 2007 to 2012 with particular attention to the effect of artificial Habitat Improvement Actions (HIAs) and other management options as supplemental feeding and hedgerows maintenance. We compared the habitat use with its availability and we analyzed the spatial distribution by comparing points with pheasant cocks and partridge pairs with random ones. \u0000 HIAs were used more then their availability by both species and resulted to have an important role in their distribution as well as hedgerows. Feeders resulted to have a strong effect on pheasant distribution, but not on partridges pairs. Our results showed that habitat management could be a fundamental tool for game-birds conservation, however the effectiveness of the employment of artificial feeders need to be better clarified for red-legged partridges.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86685587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic metabolomic investigation of the North American black bear (Ursus americanus) using 1H-NMR spectroscopy","authors":"J. Niemuth, M. Stoskopf","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.3","url":null,"abstract":"The growing field of metabolomics examines the end products of metabolism, metabolites, to determine physiological processes at a cellular level. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy affords advantages such as noninvasive sample collection, minimal or no sample preparation, and conservation of samples. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of NMR-based metabolomics as a screening tool for evaluating changes in North American black bear (Ursus americanus) metabolism, establish a baseline metabolic profile for the black bear, and determine if there was any significant variation between individual metabolic profiles of hunter-killed bears. Hepatic samples were collected from 14 legally, hunter-killed black bears. The samples were frozen, homogenized, and extracted. 1H NMR spectra were collected and analyzed. Over 30 metabolites were identified, including those involved with protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Principal components analysis demonstrated a separation among the bears by general age groups, based on differences in several energy and amino acid biomarkers, as well as lactate. This difference may be due to variation in growth and body composition with age. NMR-based metabolomics proved to be a practical technique for identifying components of black bear metabolism.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"957 1","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77800801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collection, Handling and Analysis of Forages for Concentrate Selectors","authors":"M. Lashley, M. C. Chitwood, C. Harper, C. Moorman, C. DePerno","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.2","url":null,"abstract":"Forage collection practices must be consistent among studies for accurate and comparable results. Forage samples should be collected in the context of the feeding habits of the focal species to accurately represent available nutrition, but inconsistent handling and analysis of forages also could bias nutrient reports. Previously described methods of forage collection based on agricultural protocols are adequate for studying diets of intermediate browsers and grazers, but likely are inaccurate for application to concentrate selectors. More specifically, the agricultural protocols generally underestimate nutritional quality for concentrate selectors because leaf collections avoid the physiologically young plant parts that concentrate selectors seek. Furthermore, agricultural drying practices are designed for forage samples lower in water content than the young plant parts selected by concentrate selectors, which may create inaccuracies in subsequent nutrient assays. Also, laboratory methods and accuracy may affect nutrient reports in addition to collection and handling procedures. As a whole, improper collection, handling, or analysis of forages leads to improper conclusions and invalid comparisons across studies. Herein, we review protocols reported in empirical studies from agricultural and wildlife research and provide guidelines for standardizing collection, handling, and analyses of forages with the goal of providing a framework for researchers studying diets of concentrate selectors and related nutritional indices. These protocols will ensure valid conclusions are drawn and allow valid comparisons among related studies in future research.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"2 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76300312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wild Boar Research – A Never Ending Story?","authors":"O. Keuling, N. András, C. Fonseca","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.0","url":null,"abstract":"Wild boar science is changing a lot. The species wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), once threatened, is one of the latest domesticated species. Wild boar is so successful that currently it causes strong economic and ecological damages all over the world. The interest in Sus scrofa continues to grow rapidly, not only within its native range, but also in all other continents where wild boar and feral pigs have been introduced. \u0000Environmentally sensitive and adaptative management plus conservation of wild boar, feral pigs and other suids is of increasing concern to conservation biologists, wildlife managers, veterinarians, policy makers and the general public. Important advances in research may help managing wild boar as a pest and other suids as threatened species. Also a good exchange with stakeholders is of huge importance within wildlife management. \u0000In this special issue of Wildlife Biology in Practice some results from the 9th International Symposium on Wild Boar and other Suids as well as additional publications on wild boar are centralised. \u0000All together 110 participants from 24 countries took part at the 9 th ISWB in Hannover, Germany. The main part of the 59 presentations focused on wild boar management and monitoring (29 contributions). These numbers points out the importance of wild boar in all parts of its current distribution area. Everywhere populations are increasing (with some very few exceptions). In many of these regions economic problems, mainly by agricultural damages, road accidents and animal diseases are the main drivers for scientific interests. \u0000Recently many researchers try to establish, or even to create, reliable and practical census methods. Only with reliable data on numbers, reproduction, im- and emigration as well as mortality rates, managers will be able to know the efficiency of management methods. Even if a lot of effort is done, it looks like we are still far away from successful control of wild boar or feral pigs’ populations. This leads to the \"human dimension\": are wildlife managers able to regulate populations without or in other cases with the hunters? \u0000Thecontributionsanddiscussionson this symposium showed that the knowledge on the \"well known\" wild boar so far is incomplete. Recent studies show, that this \"plastic\" species is still changing its behaviour in space and habitat use, activities, reproduction and many other matters. We are not at the beginning of the knowledge on wild boar, however, we are far away from a nearly understanding of this fascinating species.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84858689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpine mountain hare Lepus timidus varronis defecation rate: a first step toward faecal pellet count monitoring.","authors":"P. Tizzani, M. Bessone, S. Lioy, P. Meneguz, V. Vinci","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.10.1","url":null,"abstract":"Lepus timidus varronis, is the alpine sub-species of Lepus timidus and an endemic glacial relict of the Alps. Despite the great conservational and biological relevance of the species, the number of studies concerning it's biology and ecology are limited. An essential parameter for species management is to correctly estimate population density. To date there are no standardized nor validated survey techniques for surveying L. t. varronis. The faecal pellet count is considered a suitable census method but its use is limited due to the absence of data concerning the daily mean defecation rate of the species. The aim of this work is therefore to estimate the daily mean defecation rate of L. t. varronis in a controlled environment in order to allow the implementation of subsequent studies on population density and dynamics. A mean defecation rate of 411.7 ± 41.3 pellets/day per hare was estimated on the 14 breeding Alpine hares that were included in the study.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"42 1","pages":"24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91053936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of a line intercept snow track index and plot sampling for estimating densities of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southwestern Poland","authors":"B. Bobek","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.2","url":null,"abstract":"In Bory Dolnośląskie Forest (southwestern Poland), in 8 forest districts with a total of 121,783 hectares (ha) of forest area, 16 sampling plots of a total area of 7,100 ha were marked. Using the block count method, the presence of 157 wild boars was found in 12 sampling plots where the population density ranged from 2.2 to 52.9 individuals/1000 ha. By counting snow tracks along 16 line transects situated within the sampling plots (total length – 70.9 km), the presence of 103 wild boars was found. In places where tracks of wild boars were found, the relative population density of this species ranged from 0.10 to 5.6 individuals/km of transect. Using non-linear regression, a mathematical formula was derived where the relative population density index (N/km) was the independent variable, and the absolute population density (N/1000 ha) was the dependent variable. A high correlation was found between these variables (R2=0.85). It is suggested that the population numbers evaluated by snow tracks of wild boars found on line transects, and the regression equation derived in this study be used in the management of this species.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"31 1","pages":"7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79504185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotype of Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) as alien species in neotropical hotspots","authors":"C. Salvador, F. Fernandez","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.4","url":null,"abstract":"Feral pigs are the most common wild form of Sus scrofa out of the species’ native range. Nevertheless, there is a recent invasion of the Eurasian wild boar form in South America not yet described. This work aimed to describe the phenotype of S. scrofa ’s wild populations in the neotropics. Adult males were collected in Araucaria Forest (southern Brazil) and their skulls were measured and compared with samples from Eurasian wild boar (Germany and Russia) and feral pigs from Pantanal (central western of Brazil). The frequency of piglets was recorded in the most important forest fragments and protected areas of Araucaria Forest. The skull length varied among populations, feral pigs being significant smaller, with no differences among the other ones. Almost all observed piglets (95%) had typical coats, i.e. brown with light brown strips. The S. scrofa ’s population in the Araucaria Forest belonged to the Eurasian wild boar phenotype and it can illustrate an unexpected new cycle of invasion of S. scrofa in South America. This situation can be an additional threat to native wild pigs (the peccaries) and it challenges the conservation strategies in this megadiverse continent.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"74 1","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90553298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population development and reproduction of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Estonia","authors":"Rauno Veeroja, P. Männil","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2014.UN.3","url":null,"abstract":"Similarly to other European countries, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) numbers in Estonia have made a rapid increase during resent decades. However, Estonia is near the northern boundary of the wild boar range and the population living in the area is significantly affected by winter climate. Therefore, it is likely that the increase in numbers is largely a result of common management practice – the extensive supplementary feeding of wild boars by hunters especially in winters and avoidance of hunting of adult females. As the increasing population density has been accompanied by growing conflicts between hunters, farmers, landowners and wildlife conservationist these management principles are now under dispute. Here we present data of analysis of reproductive tracts (uteri and ovaries) of wild-boar sows carried out in winter 2010, indicating a high participation rate of sub-adults and also juveniles in reproduction. We also give a brief overview of development, current status and hunting regulations of wild boar in Estonia.","PeriodicalId":89522,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife biology in practice (Online)","volume":"16 1","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74113579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}