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Immunohistochemical Evaluation of mTOR and Beclin-1 Protein Expression in Human Breast Cancer and Adjacent Normal Tissues, A Study in Malaysian Patients 免疫组化评价mTOR和Beclin-1蛋白在人乳腺癌和邻近正常组织中的表达，一项在马来西亚患者中的研究
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-09-07 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903010111
Ahmad Faisal Mutee, G. Kaur, G. Kumar, T. Muhammad, I. Khalid, M. L. Tan
{"title":"Immunohistochemical Evaluation of mTOR and Beclin-1 Protein Expression in Human Breast Cancer and Adjacent Normal Tissues, A Study in Malaysian Patients","authors":"Ahmad Faisal Mutee, G. Kaur, G. Kumar, T. Muhammad, I. Khalid, M. L. Tan","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903010111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903010111","url":null,"abstract":"Autophagy is a protein degradation process within the cell and its deregulation has been linked to various diseases and the formation of cancer. Both mTOR and Beclin-1 are important proteins involved in the regulation of autophagy process and tumorigenesis. The aims of the study were to assess the expression of autophagic-related proteins in breast cancer tissues and normal breast tissues adjacent to the tumor. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-mTOR, anti-p-mTOR and anti-Beclin-1 antibody was carried out on tissue samples of 24 patients from our local hospitals. The results showed that mTOR and Beclin-1 proteins were present in both types of tissues in all the cases. However, a significant majority of the adjacent normal breast tissues were found to have stronger immunoreactivity towards phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) as compared to the corresponding tumor tissues. Since increased expression of p- mTOR is known to be correlated with tumorigenesis, this may indicate the presence of molecular changes in these cells adjacent to the tumor tissues. Patients with mTOR positive tumors may benefit from use of mTOR inhibitors as part of their pharmacotherapy management.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82977612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Severely Atrophic Muscle Fibers with Nuclear Clumps Survive many Years in Permanently Denervated Human Muscle 具有核团块的严重萎缩肌纤维在永久性失神经的人类肌肉中存活多年
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903010106
H. Kern, U. Carraro, D. Biral, N. Adami, S. Zampieri
{"title":"Severely Atrophic Muscle Fibers with Nuclear Clumps Survive many Years in Permanently Denervated Human Muscle","authors":"H. Kern, U. Carraro, D. Biral, N. Adami, S. Zampieri","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903010106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903010106","url":null,"abstract":"After complete lumbar-ischiatic spinal cord injury (SCI) the lower motor neuron (LMN) denervated human muscle fibers lose completely the myofibrillar apparatus and the coil distribution of myonuclei that are relocated in groups (nuclear clumps) in the center of these \"severely atrophic\" muscle fibers. In our cohort of patients, the \"severely atrophic\" myofibers are frequent in muscle biopsies harvested three to six years after SCI. Up to two years of LMN denervation the muscle fibers with nuclear clumps are 2 ± 5% (mean ± SD) of the total muscle fibers. The percentage increases to 27 ± 9% between three and six years of denervation (p< 0.001), and then abruptly decrease from the 6th year of LMN denervation onward, when fibrosis takes over to neurogenic muscle atrophy. Immunohistochemical analyses show that nuclear grouping occurs in both fast and slow muscle fibers. These results show that human muscle fibers survive permanent denervation much longer than generally accepted.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"229 1","pages":"106-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72496461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
The Effects of Chemotherapy on Metastatic Testicular Germ Cell Tumors 化疗对转移性睾丸生殖细胞瘤的影响
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020045
I. Damjanov, O. Hes
{"title":"The Effects of Chemotherapy on Metastatic Testicular Germ Cell Tumors","authors":"I. Damjanov, O. Hes","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020045","url":null,"abstract":"Modern chemotherapy combined with surgery can achieve complete cure in over 90% of all patients with malignant testicular germ cell tumors. Even tumors that have already metastasized at the time of orchidectomy are curable by platinum-based multidrug treatment. Chemotherapy related changes can be seen in the residual tumor tissue in metastatic sites. In patients fully responding to chemotherapy these changes include complete necrosis of the tumor cells, and inflammatory-phagocytic response, fibrosis replacing the necrotic tumor tissue, and residual benign somatic tissue tissues in form of teratoma. Epithelial and stromal cells of these teratomas may display nuclear atypia, which is however not a reason for concern and should not be considered an indication for additional chemotherapy. Less commonly the lymph nodes contain cystic trophoblastic tumors. In contrast to metastatic classical biphasic or monophasic choriocarcinoma, cystic trophoblastic tumors portend a favorable clinical outcome. Patients with an incomplete response to chemotherapy and those with recurrences of the malignant tumor contain in metastatic sites foci composed of embryonal carcinoma cells, yolk sac carcinoma, or choriocarcinoma. The latter two subtypes of germ cell neoplasia may recur in several microscopic variant forms. Somatic forms of malignancy (also known as \"non-germ cell malignancies\") that develop occasionally in some treated patients include most often sarcomas and tumors resembling central primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms. These secondary malignancies are usually resistant to chemotherapy. The broad spectrum of morphologic findings in the lymph nodes of patients with treated metastatic testicular germ cell tumors clearly illustrates the importance of meticulous pathologic analysis of tissue changes related to chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"45-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76570196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Histopathology of Colorectal Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy 结直肠癌新辅助放化疗后的组织病理学研究
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020091
M. O'neil, I. Damjanov
{"title":"Histopathology of Colorectal Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy","authors":"M. O'neil, I. Damjanov","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020091","url":null,"abstract":"Neoadjuvant treatment has become the standard of care for locally advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, hence, the pathologist increasingly encounters treated primary and metastatic colorectal tumors. The pathologic assessment of therapeutic response and evaluation of residual disease is important because the histologic response to therapy or tumor response grade (TRG) has been shown to correlate with survival. Therefore, it is important for the pathologist to be familiar with the changes seen in colorectal cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. This review discusses the treatment effects seen in colon, rectal and liver resections including lymph nodes and the evaluation of residual tumor tissue in these specimens.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90805967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Therapy-Induced Morphological Alterations in Brain Tumors 脑肿瘤治疗诱导的形态学改变
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020081
P. Molnar, E. Berényi
{"title":"Therapy-Induced Morphological Alterations in Brain Tumors","authors":"P. Molnar, E. Berényi","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020081","url":null,"abstract":"Routine therapeutic options for tumors of the brain or spinal cord comprise surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy, all of which are associated with several possible complications. The most important consequences of brain tumor therapy are hemorrhage, acute brain swelling with external herniation of parts of the brain, CSF leaks, and coagulopathies. The anatomical location of surgical manipulation may have additional special effects, like diabetes insipidus following pituitary or adjacent base of the brain surgery. New techniques of radiotherapy applied in neuro- oncology such as \"gamma knife\" (stereotactic radiosurgery), intracavital brachytherapy, three dimensional conformal radiation, are also associated with iatrogenic changes in the brain. Pathologic changes induced by various radio- therapeutic modalities are discussed in this review, with special emphasis on terminology, timing and the importance of pathologic examination for assessing the tumor response to therapy, signs of peritumoral tissue damage and tumor recurrence. Therapy-induced secondary neoplastic lesions are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81379272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Bladder Cancer Therapy Related Histopathologic Changes 膀胱癌治疗相关的组织病理学改变
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020074
Zlatko Marušlic, Da Zhang, B. Krušlin
{"title":"Bladder Cancer Therapy Related Histopathologic Changes","authors":"Zlatko Marušlic, Da Zhang, B. Krušlin","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020074","url":null,"abstract":"Various forms of modern therapy of urinary bladder cancer are associated with characteristic changes. Surgical therapy related morphology alterations usually do not present significant differential diagnostic problems. Postoperative spindle cell nodule may resemble a spindle cell sarcoma, but the fact that it arises within 120 days following surgery makes the diagnostic interpretation less cumbersome. Changes induced by BCG include epithelial denudation of the bladder, small superficial granulomas and chronic inflammation. Other forms of immunotherapy are associated with formation of lymphatic follicles or diffuse lymphocytic infiltrates. Radiation induced changes may appear many years after therapy and include atypia, bizarre appearance and multinucleation of urothelial cells. In the late phase, stroma is particularly affected. It is important not to misdiagnose radiation induced changes for CIS or invasive nested carcinoma. Chemotherapy-induced atypia may be recognized cytologically and histologically by the characteristic changes of the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, multiple nuclei, nuclear vacuolization, and architectural disturbances in the bladder epithelium. Photodynamic therapy induces sharply demarcated necrosis in the short post-therapy course. Laser treatment destroys the tumor, and may induce atypia in adjacent endothelial cells. Gene therapy-related changes have not been well defined yet.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86941923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Evaluating and Reporting Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors after Imatinib Mesylate Treatment 甲磺酸伊马替尼治疗后胃肠道间质肿瘤的评估和报告
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020053
Katie Dennis, I. Damjanov
{"title":"Evaluating and Reporting Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors after Imatinib Mesylate Treatment","authors":"Katie Dennis, I. Damjanov","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020053","url":null,"abstract":"Malignant and advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are currently treated with imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of KIT and PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase. Pathologic evaluation of residual disease is the gold standard in these cases, as clinical and radiologic assessments of treatment response do not always correlate with the pathologic response. Phenotypic and genotypic changes may also occur which may have an impact on treatment decisions. This review will focus on the role of the pathologist in ordering appropriate testing for the primary tumor, the morphologic, phenotypic and genotypic changes seen following imatinib therapy in cases of advanced GIST, and essential components of the pathology reports.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"105 1","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75398687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Therapy Related Changes in Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma of Bone 骨肉瘤和尤文氏肉瘤的治疗相关改变
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020099
H. Min, H. Kang, J. Ro
{"title":"Therapy Related Changes in Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma of Bone","authors":"H. Min, H. Kang, J. Ro","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020099","url":null,"abstract":"Histologic evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy effect is a well-established prognostic indicator in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma arising in bone. Although tumor necrosis is a primary histologic response for the treatment, secondary degenerative changes following necrosis are frequently shown in those tumors. We reviewed some cases of Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma of bone with variable histologic alterations after chemotherapy. Secondary degenerative changes seemed to be quite diverse; complete coagulative necrosis, fibrosis/hyalinization, vascular enrichment, edematous stroma, variable shapes of bony trabeculae, and cystic/hemorrhagic changes replaced the tumors. Morphologic changes of the primary tumor cells were not prominent. Such recognition of histologic patterns after chemotherapy would be a great help for the evaluation of therapeutic effect.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78952042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Effect of Radiotherapy on Non-Neoplastic and Malignant Prostate 放疗对非肿瘤性和恶性前列腺的影响
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020064
K. Iczkowski
{"title":"Effect of Radiotherapy on Non-Neoplastic and Malignant Prostate","authors":"K. Iczkowski","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020064","url":null,"abstract":"Pathologists nowadays are frequently confronted with post-radiotherapy biopsies of the prostate. It is critical to recognize the changes of benign prostatic tissue with radiation effect, which include frequent acinar atrophy, acinar distortion, basal cell hyperplasia, decreased acinar/stromal ratio, and stromal fibrosis. The non-neoplastic irradiated prostate can have nuclear enlargement and bizarre nuclei, changes overlapping or exceeding those commonly seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma. The presence of high-grade PIN adjacent to acini in question favors a cancer diagnosis. Ceratin immunostains, particularly cytokeratin 34sE12, in conjunction with selected other markers, can help the pathologist determine whether residual cancer is present in the most difficult cases.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75629526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Evaluation and Reporting of Breast Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy 乳腺癌新辅助化疗后的评价与报告
The open pathology journal Pub Date : 2009-08-29 DOI: 10.2174/1874375700903020058
Fang Fan
{"title":"Evaluation and Reporting of Breast Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy","authors":"Fang Fan","doi":"10.2174/1874375700903020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874375700903020058","url":null,"abstract":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) applied prior to surgical excision of the tumor has become a frequently used therapeutic approach in patients with operable and inoperable breast cancer. Such chemotherapy alters the morphology of breast cancers and normal breast tissue. Thus it is important for pathologists to become familiar with these changes and to know how to handle and assess breast specimens after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Evaluation of the therapeutic response and measurement of residual disease is important in the pathologic assessment of the final surgical resection specimens because these data help in predicting patient's chances for cure and survival, and also provide guidance for further therapy. This review will discuss treatment effects and demonstrate how to evaluate, sample and measure residual breast cancer in excision specimens including axillary lymph nodes.","PeriodicalId":89507,"journal":{"name":"The open pathology journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"58-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89212639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
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