Madagascar conservation and development最新文献

{"title":"An evaluation of the interactions among household economies, human health, and wildlife hunting in the Lac Alaotra wetland complex of Madagascar","authors":"C. Borgerson, M. A. Vonona, Tojojady Vonona, Evelin Jean Gasta Anjaranirina, Richard E. Lewis, Fidy B. Ralainasolo, C. Golden","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V13I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V13I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"In Madagascar, wildlife conservation and human food security and nutrition are deeply interconnected as many people rely on wild foods for sustenance. The Lac Alaotra wetland complex is an ecoregion which is indispensable to both the future food security of Madagascar’s people and the conservation of its endemic wildlife. The region is Madagascar’s largest rice production area, providing thousands of tons of rice and fish to the residents of one of the world’s least food secure nations. The wetland complex also provides habitat to numerous threatened species, including two Critically Endangered mammals found only in the Lac Alaotra wetland complex. Environmental managers must understand how people affect their local environment and how the environment, in turn, affects these people, their livelihoods, and their motivations for future natural resource use. Without an adequate understanding of the complex interactions of local people and their natural environment, it will be impossible to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to future unwanted changes in this complex social-ecological system. We used health assessments of 1 953 residents and semistructured interviews of members of 485 households in 1 9 communities within the Lac Alaotra wetland complex to investigate human-environmental interactions (including current natural resource use and hunting, and how these behaviors affect local economies and human wellbeing). Our team found that, while rates of wildlife consumption were very low throughout the region, the members of 485 surveyed households ate 975 mammals in 2013, including at least 1 6 Alaotra gentle lemurs. Thirteen percent of households had consumed wildlife in 201 3 and less than 1% of hunted wildlife was sold. Employment rates and annual income were both higher than other regions in Madagascar, and food costs were comparatively low. Nevertheless, 98% of households experienced food insecurity, and coping mechanisms (e.g.,  reducing portion sizes) appear to disproportionately affect young children and non-working members of households. Half of households did not receive the minimum recommended kilocalories per person per day. We found high rates of child malnutrition consistent with national rural statistics. While wildlife consumption does not appear to have significant economic or health benefits in the communities in the Alaotra wetland complex, high food insecurity significantly increased the number of forest and marshland mammals eaten by households. To improve child nutrition and wildlife conservation, we recommend targeted interventions that improve food security.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V13I1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41587928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Tartuffe’s Madagascar: conservation hypocrisy","authors":"Lucienne Wilmé, P. Waeber","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43873006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade of parrots in urban areas of Madagascar","authors":"K. Reuter, T. Clarke, M. LaFleur, Lucia Rodriguez, Sahondra Hanitriniaina, M. S. Schaefer","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The live capture of parrots is causing increasing concern across Africa. In Madagascar, home to three species of parrot ( Coracopsis nigra , C. vasa , A gapornis canus ), no study has examined how these species are being extracted from the wild and traded. In this study, we examined the procurement, length of ownership, and the end of ownership of pet parrots. Data were collected via household surveys (n = 440 interviews in 9 towns), market visits (nd = 1 7 markets in 6 towns), and opportunistic data collection methods in urban, Malagasy towns. Most Coracopsis spp. are purchased (59%) or captured directly by the owner from the wild (22%), although we were unable to determine how A. canus was procured. Survey respondents reported purchasing Coracopsis spp. for the price of USD 5.36 ± 3.20. The average Coracopsis spp. was kept in captivity for 3.1 7 ± 2.51 years. No survey respondents provided information on the purchase price or length of ownership for A. canus . Ownership ended primarily when Coracopsis spp. escaped/flew away (36%) or died of unknown causes (21%). A. canus also flew away, although this was only reported in one instance. In-country demand appears to be met by a trade network of both informal and formal actors. It is unclear whether current protections for Madagascar’s parrots, as far as the domestic market is concerned, are sufficient to ensure sustainable extraction of live individuals.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42104793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grass survey of the Itremo Massif records endemic central highland grasses","authors":"O. Nanjarisoa, G. Besnard, Hélène Ralimanana, Vololoniaina Jeannoda, M. Vorontsova","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the substantial area covered by grasslands in Madagascar (65%), the taxonomy of the grasses (Poaceae), which represent the main plant component of these vegetation types, is still understudied. Inventories and detailed specimen identification work from 1 2 localities in the Itremo Massif Protected Area allowed us to compile a list of grasses present in the area. In total, members of eight subfamilies, 56 genera, and 99 species have been recorded from the Itremo Massif. Grasslands cover 75% of the Itremo Massif Protected Area and are dominated by Panicoideae (65%) and by C 4 plants. The genera Eragrostis and Panicum , with nine and eight species respectively, are the best represented genera in Itremo. Eragrostis betsileensis and Tristachya betsileensis are the two species known to be local endemics. Twenty species are endemic to the central highlands, and a further 1 4 species are restricted to Madagascar. Five ecological groups of grasses were identified in the Itremo Massif: shade species in gallery forests, open wet area species, fire grasses, anthropogenic disturbance associated grasses and rock-dwelling grasses. Grasslands of the Itremo Massif are likely to be at least partly natural as shown by their richness in terms of endemic and native grass species. Conservation of such grasslands is thus an important issue, not only for grasses but for all species that inhabit these open canopy habitats.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43067725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effets de la production de charbon de bois sur les fourrés xérophiles, cas du plateau de Belomotse, Madagascar","authors":"Josoa R. Randriamalala, Radobarimanjaka Rabeniala, Haja Nirina Masezamana","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Woody charcoal production is the main cause of dry forest degradation in the southwestern Madagascar. This paper analyses the effects of this practice on the diversity, represented by species richness, structure, species composition and regeneration of the xerophytic thickets on the Belomotse Plateau, Toliara II District. Eleven 400 m² plots were randomly sampled in woody charcoal production sites and 10 in control sites. Woody charcoal production has reduced xerophytic thickets mean height, density and mean diameter at breast height. It has also affected species composition while it has not affected xerophytic thicket diversity or its regeneration. However, its regeneration rate is low on both woody charcoal production and control sites. Decline of pollinator insect communities or exogenous causes such as increasing climate aridification or escalation of rainfall variability may explain this low regeneration rate. Woody charcoal production in semi arid region is an unsustainable activity. Resume La production de charbon de bois est l’une des causes de la degradation des forets seches du Sud-Ouest malgache. Cet article analyse les effets de cette pratique sur (i) la diversite biologique representee par la richesse specifique, (ii) la structure et (iii) la composition floristique des fourres xerophiles du plateau de Belomotse, Toliara II. Onze placeaux de 400 m² ont ete selectionnes de maniere aleatoire dans des sites de production de charbon de bois et 10 dans des sites temoins. La production de charbon de bois affecte la composition floristique des fourres xerophiles. De plus, elle reduit leur hauteur, densite et diametre moyen a hauteur de poitrine (dhp). En revanche, elle n’affecte pas la richesse specifique ni la regeneration naturelle. Les taux de regeneration sont cependant faibles, indiquant un mauvais recrutement au sein des peuplements vegetaux qui occupent les fourres xerophiles. Le deperissement des insectes pollinisateurs, ou des causes exogenes telles que l’aridification croissante et/ou l’accentuation de la variabilite interannuelle des precipitations peuvent expliquer cette mauvaise regeneration. La production de charbon de bois en zone semi-aride n’est pas une activite durable.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44553928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A history of conservation politics in Madagascar","authors":"Catherine A. Corson","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I argue that reconciling conservation and livelihoods in Madagascar requires an examination of the historical processes and political-economic systems through which the strong foreign influence on conservation has formed. I begin by documenting how a group of scientists and policy-makers came together in the 1970s and 1980s to mobilize global attention to the importance of protecting Madagascar’s flora and fauna. I illustrate how their influence materialized not only through formal political negotiations and bureaucratic practice but also via informal collaborations across multiple geographic and institutional sites. Then, I examine how the critical historical conjuncture of the mid-1980s—with its emphasis on biodiversity, sustainable development and neoliberalism—prompted a reconfiguration in power relations among public, private, and nonprofit actors. This reconfiguration provided the political-economic context for the transformation of a scientific campaign into a well-funded foreign aid agenda, encompassed in the Madagascar National Environmental Action Plan. I illustrate how, although numerous actors advocated for integrated conservation and development approaches throughout Madagascar’s environmental history, the political, scientific, and financial strength behind the international conservation lobby often overpowered the push for more comprehensive or integrated development approaches. Finally, I conclude by arguing that effective and equitable conservation in Madagascar will require transforming the power relations that have both created Madagascar’s environmental crisis and efforts to redress it.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41338383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the role of organizational legitimacy within the realm of the community-based conservation approach","authors":"A. Randrianasolo, Arilova A. Randrianasolo","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Many organizations throughout the world utilize community based conservation (CBC) strategies to incorporate rural communities into conservation efforts. One key component to the success of these strategies is to gain trust within the communities which reside in the vicinity of the targeted areas for conservation. The research reported here introduces the concept of organizational legitimacy into the realm of CBC strategy by proposing how dimensions of legitimacy (pragmatic, moral, and cognitive) are related to community trust and attitudes. Employing institutional theory, this paper proposes that (i) pragmatic and moral legitimacy produce trust, (ii) trust positively influences cognitive legitimacy, and (iii) cognitive legitimacy influences attitudes. The Missouri Botanical Garden’s (MBG) CBC efforts in Madagascar’s Ambalabe and Mahabo communities served to empirically examine these propositions. The survey yielded 1 01 usable responses from community members in Mahabo and Ambalabe. A structural model was estimated to test the propositions and the results provided support for the premise that organizational legitimacy is needed to gain trust and influence favorable attitudes toward the organization. Since CBC strategies rely on trust between organizations and communities, the findings of this research provide implications for organizations seeking to implement CBC strategies. The findings do so by implying that in order to build trust with communities, organizations should first establish legitimacy, which not only helps build trust, but also indirectly affects attitudes toward the organization and its activities.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49400165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost of making compensation payments to local forest populations in a REDD+ pilot project in Madagascar","authors":"L. Brimont, D. Ezzine‐de‐Blas, A. Karsenty","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V12I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"REDD+ is usually presented as an incentive-based mechanism that can provide payments to compensate for the costs induced by conservation restrictions. Yet in Madagascar REDD+ is implemented through a command-and-control approach with almost no or insufficient compensation. This paper challenges the financial feasibility of an individual cash or in-kind compensation scheme as part of a REDD+ project and assesses the cost of implementing a hypothetical individual compensation scheme for local populations living on the  boundary of an ongoing REDD+ pilot project in southeastern Madagascar. In order to estimate a plausible level of compensation, we measured households’ perceived economic losses arising from the project. We carried out this economic evaluation based on households’ declarative statements about their agricultural production (before and after project implementation) and their perceptions of the causes of such changes. We then estimated the start-up and running costs of implementing conditional transfers to compensate for reported losses using first-hand project cost data from different conservation projects in Madagascar, including the one analysed in this paper. Comparing our estimated total cost to the current budget of the REDD+ project, we concluded that compensating households would cost seven times more than the budget initially devoted to field activities during the first phase of the project. Yet we discuss that individual compensation may increase the long-term environmental and social additionality (through greater legitimacy) of the REDD+ project, as it may play a role of safety nets and help farmers, especially the most vulnerable ones, to implement new agricultural techniques to adapt to land use restrictions. Resume REDD+ est generalement presente comme un mecanisme incitatif base sur la compensation des couts induits par les mesures de conservation de la foret. Cette vision de REDD+ tend toutefois a etre remise en cause par la realite des projets pilotes. A Madagascar par exemple, les projets pilotes sont mis en œuvre selon une logique contraignante voire coercitive, ou les compensations pour les populations locales sont extremement reduites. Partant de l’hypothese que l’un des facteurs explicatifs de l’absence de mecanisme de compensation directe est un cout trop eleve, ce papier evalue le cout de la mise en œuvre d’un systeme de compensations monetaires individuelles en parallele des activites de conservation et de developpement d’un projet pilote REDD+ situe au sud-est de Madagascar. Pour ce faire, nous estimons les pertes economiques induites par le projet telles que percues par les menages au moyen d’entretiens individuels. Ces entretiens nous ont permis de reconstituer la production des menages avant et apres la mise en œuvre du projet, et d’evaluer dans quelle mesure les changements operes etaient ou non dus a l’implementation du projet REDD+. Dans un second temps, nous estimons les couts de transaction lies a la mi","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"12 1","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V12I1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48583459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interview: Madagascar’s rosewood stocks – which way to go?","authors":"D. Schuurman, Ndranto Razakamanarina, Sonja Hassold, L. Zahner","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V11I2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V11I2.8","url":null,"abstract":"For centuries, people around the globe have admired Rosewood. Malagasy rosewoods (Dalbergia spp.) are especially valued for their qualities. In recent years, illegal sourcing of rosewood escalated to unprecedented levels: this coincided with the political fallout from 2009-2013. The wood has been – and is - sourced mainly from protected areas in eastern Madagascar. Before being exported, timber is stockpiled, mostly in well-concealed localities. Despite an international ban on export and trading, the timber has been – and continues to – leave Madagascar. The species targeted are CITES listed, which means that trading them is forbidden. Most of the wood has been shipped to China, where demand for it is enormous. In 2011, stocks were estimated to be in excess of 500,000 tons. In 2013, the international community, spearheaded by the SADC were to prepare new presidential elections which were expected to put an end to the political and economic crisis of what is an increasingly beleaguered nation. In the same period, the World Bank implemented a project aimed at finding a solution of how to deal with the controversial rosewood stocks. At time of writing, this remains a topic of debate. Experts in a previous MCD interview suggested either to destroy the stocks in order to avoid further illegal sourcing of timber from protected areas, or to establish a timber bank of sorts. All agreed that selling the wood would be a double-edged sword: while it brings much- needed revenues to the empty coffers of the government, it may fuel and further increase demand for Rosewood. A noticeable and lengthy silence followed, with virtually no coverage in the national and international media. The World Bank project (#PO93271) comes to an end in December 2015: “all illegal precious woods stockpiles sized by Government have been audited and secured”. The journal MCD is asking the 2011 questions – four years later, and would like to give voice to some of the experts and practitioners involved in this rosewood crisis.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"96-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V11I2.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70563676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three new species of Grosphus Simon 1880, (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Madagascar; possible vicariant cases within the Grosphus bistriatus group of species","authors":"W. Lourenço, Lucienne Wilmé","doi":"10.4314/MCD.V11I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/MCD.V11I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"A revised redescription is proposed for Grosphus bistriatus Kraepelin 1900. Three new species, associated with both G. bistriatus and G. ankarafantsika Lourenco 2003 are described. Some comments on biogeographic aspects linking the new species with both G. bistriatus and G. ankarafantsika are also provided. Resume Une nouvelle description revisee est proposee pour Grosphus bistriatus Kraepelin 1900. Trois nouvelles especes associees a G. bistriatus et G. ankarafantsika Lourenco 2003 sont decrites. Des remarques sur les aspects biogeographiques portant sur les nouvelles especes ainsi que sur G. bistriatus et G. ankarafantsika sont egalement formulees.","PeriodicalId":89438,"journal":{"name":"Madagascar conservation and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/MCD.V11I2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70563285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}