Biological Trace Element Research最新文献

{"title":"The Systematic Study on the Effects of Adding Bile Acids and Zinc to Laying Hens' Diets: From Production Performance to Egg Quality, Trace Element Content, and Intestinal Microorganisms.","authors":"Shou Kang Cao, Yi Fan Li, Han Chen, Yu Qing Mu, Xue Zhuang Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04826-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04826-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study systematically assessed the impact of bile acids and zinc on the production performance, egg quality, tissue trace element content, and intestinal microorganisms of laying hens, with an initial investigation into their potential interactions. Three hundred healthy 240-day-old Jingfen No. 8 laying hens were assigned into 4 groups, each group contains 75 hens with 5 replicates.The control group was fed with a standard diet, 500 mg/kg bile acids, 120 mg/kg zinc, and 500 mg/kg bile acids + 120 mg/kg zinc were added to the three experimental groups. The experimental procedure included a 7-day acclimation period followed by a 56-day formal trial. Supplementation with 500 mg/kg bile acids significantly increased average daily feed intake (ADFI), laying rate, and egg production, while decreasing both the feed-to-egg ratio (F/E) and Haugh unit values. On the other hand, supplementation with 120 mg/kg zinc notably boosted daily feed intake, egg weight, yolk color and eggshell weight, and elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations in the liver, yolk, and whole egg. Analysis of intestinal microorganisms revealed a high level of similarity between the groups, although not reaching statistical significance. However, when both supplements were combined at 500 mg/kg bile acids and 120 mg/kg zinc, a significant reduction in average egg weight compare to the control group was observed, with no significant variances in other measured parameters. Nonetheless, certain differences and similarities in the composition of intestinal microorganisms were noted. Interaction analysis revealed significant effects between bile acids and zinc on average egg weight, ADFI, laying rate, egg production, yolk color, and eggshell weight. The findings collectively indicate that the individual use of bile acids and zinc significantly enhances production performance, egg quality, tissue zinc content, and influences the composition of intestinal microorganisms in laying hens. Conversely, when these supplements are combined, antagonistic effect emerge, indicating a diminished effectiveness of the combined supplementation. These results offer empirical support for understanding the limitations in formulating feed additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aluminum Induced Higher Neurotoxicity than Nano-Alumina During Early Development in Zebrafish, Exacerbated by Trem2 Knockdown.","authors":"Ying Zhang, Xinyue Guo, Jinjin Zhao, Xiaocheng Gao, Lan Zhang, Tao Huang, Yanhong Wang, Qiao Niu, Qinli Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04790-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04790-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early exposure to toxic substances is a known risk factor for neurotoxicity. The present study is aimed at exploring the neurotoxicity of nano-alumina (AlNPs) and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) in zebrafish at 144 h post-fertilization (hpf) and at investigating the role of the type II triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (trem2) among them. Zebrafish embryos within the four-cell stage were exposed to control, negative control, trem2 knockdown, AlCl₃, AlCl₃ + trem2 knockdown, AlNPs, and AlNPs + trem2 knockdown until 144 hpf. 500 pL of lentivirus containing trem2 inhibitor at 5 × 10⁸ TU/mL was microinjected into the yolk sacs to achieve trem2 knockdown. AlCl₃ and AlNPs were applied at 50 mg/L. Neurobehavior, AChE and SOD levels, and the expression of trem2 and neurodevelopmental genes were measured. AlNPs significantly increased the average speed while decreasing the absolute angle compared to AlCl₃. Upon trem2 knockdown, time spent in the outer zone, distance travelled, and accelerated speed were further reduced in both AlCl₃ and AlNPs groups. The trem2 loss also exacerbated the suppression of AChE and SOD levels, trem2, α1-tubulin, and mbp gene levels in the AlCl₃ and AlNPs groups. In conclusion, AlCl₃ induced higher neurotoxicity than AlNPs, and these effects were intensified by trem2 knockdown. Studying larvae allows us to capture neurodevelopmental disturbances during critical stages of brain formation, offering a more comprehensive assessment of the risks and therapeutic potential of targeting trem2 in Al- and AlNPs-induced neurotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal(oid)s in Vegetables: Human Health Risks Though Vegetable Consumption.","authors":"Asma Zarei, Mehdi Qasemi, Jalal Mardaneh, Mahmoud Taghavi, Mansoureh Farhang, Mohadeseh Allahdadi, Fereshteh Talebi, Maryam Safari, Mina Bazrafshan, Ahmad Zarei","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04816-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04816-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contamination of vegetables with metals may pose many health problems for consumers. Hence, it is crucial to determine metal levels in frequently consumed vegetables. This study investigates levels of ten metal(oid)s in various vegetable samples from Gonabad's market and assesses the potential health risks associated with consuming metal-contaminated vegetables. In this regard, 11 vegetable species were examined for the presence of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) using an ICP-MS analyzer. Levels of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were in the ranges of 0.02-0.5 (mean 0.18), 0.03-0.5 (mean 0.17), 0.5-10.50 (mean 1.52), 0.45-1.90 (mean 1.09), 5.25-13.58 (mean 8.90), 55.69-411.83 (mean 174.46), 0.04-0.5 (mean 0.26), 0.19-4.51 (mean 1.56), 0.18-2.47 (mean 1.17) and 12.60-31.01 (mean 20.99), respectively. Levels of some of the selected metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), except four metals including As, Cd, Ni and Pb, which exceeded the FAO/WHO limits, were within the FAO/WHO limits in the vegetables. In Gonabad, the sequence of HQ associated with metal(oid)s in vegetables exhibited the following pattern: children > teenagers > adults. However, HI values for children through consumption of eggplant and parsley were above 1, respectively, indicating that children may be facing health hazards due to the consumption of these two vegetables. However, no non-cancer risk was estimated for teenagers and adults. TCR values showed high cancer risk from the consumption of some vegetables for the three age groups, with higher TCR for adults. Therefore, routine monitoring of metal levels in vegetables, as well as associated health hazards, is suggested to prevent the accumulation of these metal(oid)s in the human food chain and to prevent potential health hazards in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride Intake from Tea and Herbal Infusion (Loose-Leaf and Bagged) Consumption in Brazil.","authors":"Júlia Oliveira Penteado, Gustavo de Oliveira Silveira, Rodrigo de Lima Brum, Lívia da Silva Freitas, Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04817-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04817-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate fluoride concentrations in a variety of commonly consumed teas and Herbal infusions in Brazil and assess potential Health risks associated with their ingestion. A total of 21 samples were analyzed, including 12 loose-leaf and 9 commercially bagged products. Fluoride quantification was performed using a validated spectrophotometric method, and a deterministic and probabilistic human Health risk assessment was conducted. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.5 mg/L (eucalyptus) to 52.8 mg/L (hibiscus) in loose-leaf samples, and from 7.5 mg/L (anis) to 47.9 mg/L (hibiscus) in bagged products. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in six of the nine comparable samples between formats. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 3 out of 21 samples, hibiscus (both forms) and boldo (loose-leaf), exceeded the acceptable HQ > 1. Monte Carlo simulation confirmed these findings, with hibiscus infusions showing HQ > 1 in over 90% of the 10,000 iterations. Additionally, the average HI exceeded 1 in six loose-leaf and all bagged samples, with hibiscus reaching a peak HI of 18.06. These findings suggest that the consumption of certain teas and infusions, especially those with high fluoride concentrations, may contribute to excessive fluoride intake and potential health risks. The results support the need for clearer labeling and stricter regulation of fluoride content in tea and infusion products, particularly in countries like Brazil where their consumption is increasing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Ecological and Human Health Risk Associated with Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Vegetables Exposed to Low Quality Irrigation Water of Industrial Zones in Semi-arid Regions.","authors":"Arshad Alam, Mehboob Alam, Javed Nawab","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04820-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04820-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxic metals (TMs) pollution, bioaccumulation and its potential health risk via consumption of different vegetables irrigated by different water sources released from industrial estates of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Water (fresh and waste), soil and vegetables samples were collected in triplicates and acid digested. Digestion of samples were followed by evaporation and filtration and then assessed for TMs via atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that mean concentration of TMs were below the permissible limits (0.003-2 mg/L) set by World Health Organization, except cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in freshwater, while mean concentrations of TMs exceeded the permissible limits except manganese (Mn) in wastewater of all industrial estates. The contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) results showed that TMs had high pollution levels (especially for Pb, Ni and Mn). The average bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values of TMs were below threshold (< 1) in all vegetables. The hazard risk index (HRI) values of all TMs were below (< 1) in all vegetables of industrial estates, except Pb. The total hazard index (THRI) of TMs for all vegetables exceeded the acceptable limit (> 1). Carcinogenic risk (CR) of selected TMs was substantially higher and exceeded the permissible limit. Hence, the present findings revealed that long-term irrigation with the wastewater result to TMs contamination in soil and vegetables, and may pose a detrimental impact on human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into the Separate and Joint Effects of Cadmium and Cesium on the Risk of Circadian Syndrome and the Underlying Mechanism: An Integrated Epidemiological and Network Toxicological Study.","authors":"Zhiying Huo, Wei Liu, Qiang Sun, Jiahao Song, Shuhui Wan, Wendi Shi, Yueru Yang, Le Hong, Qing Liu, Yongfang Zhang, Da Shi, Weihong Chen, Bin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04808-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04808-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The uncharted effects of cadmium and cesium on circadian syndrome (CircS), an emerging circadian rhythm disorder drawing considerable attention, and underlying mechanisms warrant exigent elaboration. Data of 11141 subjects from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 were incorporated to investigate separate-, joint-/interaction-, and mixture-effects of urinary cadmium and cesium on prevalent CircS risk exploiting survey weight regression and quantile g-computation. The underlying mechanisms were probed by network toxicological analysis. Separately, elevated cadmium or cesium was related to elevated (odds ratio = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.15 ~ 1.52) or decreased (0.74; 0.58 ~ 0.94) CircS risk. Jointly, the effect of elevated cadmium on CircS was interactively (P_interaction = 0.002) exacerbated by decreased cesium with participants with high-cadmium and low-cesium manifested the highest CircS risk (1.71; 1.27 ~ 2.34), and mixture of cadmium and cesium was related to elevated CircS risk (1.30; 1.21 ~ 1.40). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways were enriched and common (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor protein-53 [TP53]) and unique (HIF1A for cadmium, albumin [ALB] for cesium) targets were identified in linking cadmium and cesium with CircS. Separate exposure to cadmium or cesium was associated with increased or decreased CircS risk, while joint exposure to mixture of cadmium and cesium was interactively related to elevated CircS risk. Cadmium and cesium might affect CircS through mechanisms of modulating HIF-1, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and shared (TNF, IL-6, and TP53) and unique (HIF1A for cadmium while ALB for cesium) targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal Accumulation and Health Risks in Selected Leafy Vegetables Irrigated with Mixed Potable and Wastewater-A Case Study: Southern Tehran, Iran.","authors":"Mahdieh Sheikhi, Amir Bostani","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04811-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04811-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of mixed potable and wastewater (WW) irrigation on leafy vegetables cultivated in southern Tehran, Iran, was investigated in 2022. Eight species-spinach (Spinacia oleracea), scallion (Allium fistulosum), radish (Raphanus sativus), cress (Lepidium sativum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), and savory (Satureja hortensis)-were grown in calcareous loamy soil under greenhouse conditions using five irrigation regimes (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% WW) applied every 2 days. Soil salinity, DTPA-extractable Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn, plant growth traits, and health risk indices-transfer factor (TF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), average daily dietary intake (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR)-were determined for children and adults. Heavy metal (HM) accumulation differed significantly among wastewater levels and plant species (p < 0.05). While low WW levels (≤ 50%) enhanced plant growth parameters, higher application rates sharply increased soil salinity (up to 6.5 dS m⁻1) and DTPA-extractable Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Zn and Cu were retained mainly in roots, whereas Ni and Co were more readily translocated to shoots, especially at 50-75% WW. Radish exhibited the highest TF, particularly for Zn and Ni. Children showed 2.8-3.1 times higher ADD and HQ values than adults, indicating greater vulnerability. The CR for Ni exceeded the 10⁻4 threshold, particularly in radish and scallion. BAF values exceeded 1 in all vegetables except radish, following the order Cu > Zn > Ni > Co. These findings suggest that strategic substitution of WW with potable water can sustain yields while limiting HM risks, guiding safe irrigation strategies in semi-arid urban agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on Ferroptosis Regulation of Female Reproduction.","authors":"Zihan Wang, Shuo Li, Xiajinguo Xie, Xinyu Zeng, Xuerui Zhao, Xinyi Wang, Dongmei Jiang, Bo Kang","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04818-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04818-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis is a form of iron-regulated cell death that plays a critical role in various aspects of female reproductive system development. These processes include the normal estrous cycle, ovarian formation, follicular maturation, ovulation, and pregnancy, all of which are essential for maintaining reproductive health in female animals. However, excessive iron leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within cells, disrupting intracellular redox balance, inducing mitophagy, membrane rupture, and lipid peroxidation, which can damage tissues and cells, ultimately resulting in ferroptosis. An increasing body of research indicates that ferroptosis is associated with the development of several reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, and spontaneous abortion, among others. Simultaneously, ferroptosis-related pathways and genes also regulate the growth and secretion of granulosa cells, impacting oocyte development, ovarian reserve, early embryo development, and oxidative stress in the placenta, all of which significantly limit the reproductive capacity of female animals. This review summarizes the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its impact on female reproduction, offering new insights on the prevention and treatment of reproductive diseases in females. In this paper, the effects of ferroptosis on reproductive ability were studied from the perspective of germ cells, which provided a new perspective for preventing and improving female reproductive ability from the perspective of ferroptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Balancing Selenium's Toxicity and Therapeutic Potential Through Biofortification-An Attempt Towards Understanding How to Handle a Double-Edged Sword in a Gunfight.","authors":"Yogeswaran Jagadeesan, Shanmugapriya Meenakshisundaram, Mahalakshmi Senthilkumar, Gokulraj Saravanan, Anandaraj Balaiah","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04799-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04799-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current agricultural system faces the critical challenge of providing sustenance to the global population. There is a deep concern about the huge food demand and security driven by the burgeoning global population. Further, urbanization and modernization lead to a significant reduction in arable land, subsequently hindering crop production. This situation is further strangled as agriculture is highly vulnerable to several abiotic and biotic stresses. Paradoxically, excessive chemical fertilizer usage leads to soil infertility and micronutrient deficiencies and impacts human health. Selenium (Se), an essential micronutrient, plays a crucial role in human health and its deficiency can result in adverse health effects. While the necessity of Se in plants remains ambiguous, optimal levels can yield beneficial effects. The bioavailable Se content in the naturally occurring food source is limited. Since plants are the primary food source for animals and humans, enhancing the Se content through biofortification offers a viable solution. Agronomic approach demonstrates considerable promising results, particularly the use of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and microbial biofortification utilizing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In conclusion, this review emphasizes the holistic framework of Se utilization and management of excess levels to develop a resilient and nutritionally balanced food to address hidden hunger, i.e., gunfight.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Maternal Iodine Deficiency in Women with Mild Thyroid Dysfunction During Early Pregnancy on Mental and Motor Growth of Their Offspring During Levothyroxine Treatment.","authors":"Tong Zhao, Chenyan Li, Haoyu Wang, Jiashu Li, Chuyuan Wang, Zhengnan Gao, Jianling Du, Weiping Teng, Zhongyan Shan","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04810-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04810-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between maternal thyroid function and intellectual development of offspring is controversial. Iodine may be an important confounding factor. This study investigated whether maternal iodine status could affect the efficacy of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment during early pregnancy on the intellectual growth of progeny.This prospective study divided participants into two groups; the normal iodine group included 53 mother-child pairs and the low iodine group included 60 mother-child pairs (urinary iodine concentration (UIC) ≥ 150 µg/L and UIC < 150 µg/L). Each iodine status group was further subdivided according to specific maternal thyroid disorders. The two groups were categorized as follows: Control(N), hypothyroxinemia (IH) + LT4, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) + LT4, positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) + LT4. Finally, the study included eight groups. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II were employed to evaluate the neurodevelopment of children (age: 12 -30 months). The main results were age-adjusted scores from the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI).We found that: 1) Under the similar conditions of thyroid function and treatment, iodine deficiency during early pregnancy reduced the MDI value of the offspring (P < 0.001), while, the PDI value was not affected (P = 0.276). Linear regression demonstrated a substantial positive correlation between maternal UIC and MDI of offspring (B = 0.09 [CI 0.06-0.13]; P = 0.01). In the case of iodine deficiency during pregnancy, LT4 treatment on SCH and IH could not improve offspring MDI scores (P < 0.001, P = 0.037, respectively) in contrast to the normal group. However, under normal iodine status during pregnancy, LT4 treatment on SCH and IH could improve offspring MDI scores (P = 0.525, P = 0.650, respectively) compared with the normal group. Concurrently, the PDI of the aforementioned categories did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). 3) In comparison to the normal group, LT4 treatment on TPOAbs during pregnancy could not improve the MDI of the offspring, regardless of whether the iodine nutritional status was normal or not (P < 0.001, P = 0.047, respectively). These findings suggest that concurrent assessment and optimization of both thyroid function and iodine status during early pregnancy may be essential for maximizing offspring intellectual development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}