Biological Trace Element Research最新文献

{"title":"Cytotoxicity of Vanadium(IV) and Vanadium(V) on Caco-2 Cells: The Important Influence of Vanadium Speciation.","authors":"Xin-Yue Du, Ya-Qi Yu, Jie Yang, Heng-Bo Liu, Jin-Yan Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12011-024-04506-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-024-04506-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to vanadium (V) occurs through the ingestion of contaminated water, polluted soil, V-containing foods and medications, and the toxicity and absorption during the small intestine phase after oral ingestion play crucial roles in the ultimate health hazards posed by V. In this study, the human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were selected as an intestinal absorption model to investigate the uptake and cytotoxicity of vanadyl sulfate (VOSO₄) and sodium orthovanadate (Na₃VO₄). Our results confirmed the cytotoxic effects of V(IV) and V(V) and revealed a greater toxicity of V(IV) than V(V) towards Caco-2 cells. Cell viability correlated linearly with V(V) concentration, whereas it exhibited a non-monotonic dose-response curve with V(IV) concentration. Moreover, exposures to V(IV) and V(V) induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Under experimental conditions, Caco-2 cells exhibited greater uptake of V(IV) compared to V(V). Morphological experiments further substantiated the adverse effects of V(IV) on Caco-2 cells, manifested as alterations in cellular morphology and disruption of cell monolayer structure. In conclusion, these results indicate that V(IV) exerts stronger negative effects on Caco-2 cells, with a more complex mechanism of action. Altogether, studying intestinal cytotoxicity of V provides deeper insights into the potential health risks posed by oral V exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4577-4589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142926370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Selenium Against 4-Nonylphenol-induced Toxicity in Rat Testis.","authors":"Gülsüm Yılmaz, Ülker Eren, Özay Güleş, Murat Boyacıoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04539-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04539-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aims to investigate whether selenium (Se) has a protective role against testicular toxicity induced by 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in rats and reduces oxidative damage. For this purpose, 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g/90 days old) were divided into five equal groups: control, sham control, Se, 4-NP, and 4-NP + Se. The trial lasted 48 days, with 4-NP administered at 125 mg/kg/day and Se at 0.5 mg/kg/day. The general microscopic examination of the testicular tissue involved measuring the diameters of seminiferous tubules, epithelial heights, and the density of stage XIV tubules in sections stained with the triple staining method. Caspase 3 and CX43 expressions were observed immunohistochemically, and the numbers of live-dead and normal-abnormal spermatozoa were recorded. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in blood serum and testicular tissue. At the end of the study, testicular toxicity due to 4-NP was demonstrated cytologically, histologically, histometrically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically. Se showed a positive effect against this toxicity, as evidenced by higher stage XIV tubule density in the 4-NP + Se group, lower caspase 3 levels compared to the 4-NP group, decreased MDA levels, increased SOD levels in serum and testicular tissue, and a higher count of live and normal spermatozoa. When used alone, Se may cause metabolic adverse effects, such as decreased live weight gain, reduced tubule diameter and epithelial height, and increased caspase 3 expression, depending on the dose and duration of use.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4774-4788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12316793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics Revealed Cadmium Exposure Associated with Alterations in Serum Metabolism in Children.","authors":"Miaoqian Li, Ping Wan, Lichun Qiao, Xinyue Wen, Huan Deng, Xue Lin, Jingke Lei, Jing Han","doi":"10.1007/s12011-024-04505-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-024-04505-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium is a heavy metal contaminant known to cause various health issues. However, limited research exists on the serum metabolomic effects of cadmium exposure in children. In this study, we recruited 42 children to analyze their serum metabolomic profiles, along with measuring urinary cadmium and creatinine concentrations, to evaluate the impact of environmental cadmium exposure on serum metabolism. We also screened for potential biomarkers. The findings revealed that environmental cadmium exposure led to disruptions in amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, endocrine function, lipid metabolism, nervous system function, sensory processes, and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins in children. Lansioside C, Hydroxytanshinone, and 1-Methylinosine were identified as potential biomarkers. In conclusion, environmental cadmium exposure negatively impacts children's neurological development by inducing metabolic disturbances and increasing the risk of oxidative stress-related disorders. This study provides a valuable theoretical foundation for future efforts to prevent the harmful effects of cadmium exposure in children and mitigate associated health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4429-4438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Serum and Intraerythrocyte Zinc Levels and Vitiligo Disease Activity: A Clinical Study.","authors":"Mustafa Bayram, Bilal Doğan, Ercan Karabacak","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04536-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04536-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitiligo, characterized by melanocyte destruction and pigment loss, exhibits variable prevalence across different regions. Although its exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear, numerous hypotheses exist. This study aimed to assess the relationship between serum and intraerythrocyte zinc levels and vitiligo disease activity. We included 104 participants: 52 with vitiligo from Gata Haydarpaşa Training Hospital's Dermatology Clinic and 52 controls. Diagnosis was confirmed via physical examination and Wood's lamp. Blood samples were collected for zinc measurement. The mean age of the participants was 25.76 years and was similar in the control and vitiligo groups (p = 0.23). The mean disease duration was 5.2 years, 8 years in men and 3 years in women. Serum zinc levels, intraerythrocyte zinc levels, hemoglobin and hematocrit values did not differ between the control and vitiligo groups (p = 0.15; p = 0.27; p = 0.56; p = 0.61, respectively). Serum zinc levels, intraerythrocyte zinc levels, zinc concentration per mg of hemoglobin, hematocrit and Hb levels were similar in generalised and localised vitiligo groups (p = 0.49; p = 0.05; p = 0.15; p = 0.54; p = 0.25, respectively). Zinc levels in serum and intraerythrocytes did not significantly differ between vitiligo patients and controls. No correlation was found between disease type (generalized or localized) and zinc levels. Future research should explore zinc levels in affected skin or hair and compare with healthy individuals without skin conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4561-4567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc Transporter 9 (ZnT9) Improves Obesity-Induced Asthenospermia by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS).","authors":"Chen Liang, Mingyang Chen, Zhidan Mu, Xinyan Tian, Wenzhen Zhao, Yarong Hu, Juan Su","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04512-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04512-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to explore the role of the ZnT9 protein in obesity-induced sperm maturation disorders in men. We generated a mouse model of obesity-induced weak spermatogenesis via a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. In addition to the HFD, a 5-week intervention of salubrinal (SAL) (an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress) (1 mg/kg/day), ZnSO₄ (15 mg/kg/day), and their combination was started at week 6, after which sperm viability and epididymal tissue damage were assessed. To investigate the role of the ZnT9 protein in spermatogenesis, the expression levels of the ZnT9 protein, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related protein, Wnt pathway protein, and apoptosis-related protein in epididymal tissue were measured. Compared with those in the normal (N) group, the mice in the HFD group presented decreased sperm motility, damaged epididymal tissue, epididymal tissue showed decreased expression of ZnT9, β-catenin, LEF protein and mRNA, and increased expression of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), GRP78, Caspase-3, BAX protein and mRNA, as well as increased apoptosis as shown by TUNEL staining. Compared with the HFD group, HFD + ZnSO₄ group, HFD + SAL group, and HFD + ZnSO₄ + SAL groups resulted in reduced epididymal damage, improved decreased total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), sperm viability, increased expression of ZnT9, β-catenin, LEF protein and mRNA, and decreased expression of GRP78, Caspase-3, and BAX protein and mRNA, as well as decreased apoptosis as shown by TUNEL staining in epididymal tissues. According to this study, obesity leads to elevated ERS and affects ZnT9 protein synthesis. Inhibition of the Wnt pathway ultimately leads to cell death and damage in epididymal tissue and decreased sperm viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4648-4658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gastroprotective Effects of Salvia indica L. and Selenium In Vivo Study.","authors":"Talal Salem Al-Qaisi, Ahmed A J Jabbar, Mohammed M Hussein M Raouf, Parween Abdul-Samad Ismail, Ramzi A Mothana, Hanan M Al-Yousef, Rawaz Rizgar Hassan, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Musher Ismael Saleh, Mohammed Awad, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04530-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04530-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salvia indica L. is a traditional therapeutic herb used for numerous health purposes, including intestinal and stomach disorders. The current investigation includes the phytochemical profiling, acute toxicity, and gastroprotective roles of Salvia indica leave extracts (SILE) in combination with selenium (known to facilitate mucosal regeneration, reduce lipid peroxidation, and increase antioxidant activity) in the gastric ulcer animal model. The phytochemical content of SILE was determined through Folin Ciocalteu/10% AlCl3 using a spectrophotometer. Thirty Sprague male rats were divided into five cages: groups A and B administered orally 10% Tween 20; group C was treated with 100 µg/kg selenium; groups D and E were treated daily with 500 mg/kg SILE and SILE + 100 µg/kg selenium, respectively, for 2 weeks. After ethanol delivery for gastric ulceration, all rats were anesthetized and sacrificed, and the stomach was analyzed using histological and biochemical assays. SILE showed higher total phenolic (246 mg GAE/g) than flavonoid (38 mg EQ/g extract). The toxicity test elucidated the safety of SILE supplementation in rats administered with up to 5 g/kg. Ethanol oral delivery provoked significant gastric mucosal injury, reduced mucin, and glycoprotein formation, upregulated HSP 70 proteins, and lowered Bax protein appearance in gastric tissues. Co-administration of SILE and selenium showed significant resistance against ethanol-mediated ulceration and restored stomach immune barriers. Furthermore, selenium or SILE ingestion positively modulated endogenous antioxidant enzymes and lowered inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and interleukin-6) and upregulated interleukin-10 cytokines. The combination of SILE + selenium therapy revealed significant synergistic gastroprotective potentials via different molecular mechanisms. This study tends to advocate that SILE with selenium supplementation can be used in formulation development and might be exploited as a nutraceutical with therapeutic approaches to manage gastric mucosal injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4919-4934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Assessment of Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal Through Ingestion of Two Predominant Fish Species in a Developing Country.","authors":"Tusar Kanti Roy, Sudipta Kumar Nag, Uttam Biswas Antu, Sk Arafat Hossain, Abdullah Al Bakky, Md Tanvir Anjum, Bikash Chandra Sarker, Md Rahamat Ullah, Fariha Farzana, Nor Aida Mahiddin, Ashish Biswas, Pronayan Singha, Md Saiful Islam, Zulhilmi Ismail, Abubakr M Idris","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04540-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04540-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existence of heavy metal pollutants in fish within aquatic ecosystems presents a threat to human health due to trophic shift. This research sought to identify the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) in two economically significant cultured fish species, pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and catla (Labeo catla), which were sourced from key fish markets in Khulna, Bangladesh. Nevertheless, there has been a scarcity of studies addressing the metal concentrations in these species within this region. To evaluate the levels of trace elements, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was employed following the acid digestion of the samples. The concentrations of Cd, As, Cu, Pb, and Cr were observed as 0.372, 0.232, 0.741, 0.758, and 1.356 mg/kg in pangus and 0.395, 0.297, 1.175, 0.616, and 0.959 mg/kg in catla fish, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded the maximum permissible limits established by the FAO and WHO. Apart from Cu, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) for both seasons and age groups exceeded the recommended daily allowance (RDA), indicating that other trace elements could be detrimental to human health. In contrast, the calculated hazard index (HI) and total hazard quotient (THQ) remained below 1, suggesting that the fish examined would not pose health risks to adults but the HI value for children surpassed the acceptable limit. Moreover, Cd (for adult group) and Cd and Cr (for children group) surpassed the acceptable range for carcinogenic risk (CR), and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) exceeded the permissible limit for both groups. This study concluded that studied fishes may represent a health risk for consumers, underscoring the necessity for ongoing monitoring of trace elements in other fish species within that catchment area.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4876-4886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated In-silico and In-vivo Assessments of Betaine's Effect on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular (HPT) Axis in Fluoride-Treated Rats.","authors":"Solomon Owumi, Bayode J Oluwawibe, Harieme Agbarogi, Moses T Otunla, Olatunde Owoeye, Uche O Arunsi","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04519-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04519-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxicity is associated with undue sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure, and Betaine (BET) is recognised for its nutraceutical benefits. Although it is necessary to reduce toxic level exposure to fluoride, the literature lacks information on the role of BET in mitigating fluoride-induced reproductive toxicity. Therefore, this study assesses the impact of BET on NaF-induced reproductive perturbation in male rats. Wistar rats were treated with NaF (9 mg/kg) alone or co-treated with BET (50 or 100 mg/kg) for 28 d. Our findings indicate that BET significantly mitigated alterations in sperm functionality indices caused by NaF treatment. BET substantially increased reproductive hormone levels and averted NaF-induced increases in oxidative stress biomarkers and testicular enzymes. NaF-induced increases in inflammatory markers in the testis, epididymis, and hypothalamus were effectively reversed upon BET co-treatment. Also, co-treatment with BET protected genome integrity, as evidenced by p53 and apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl-2 levels, abating damages in the testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus of NaF-treated rats. Also, our findings from in-silico studies revealed that BET moderately inhibits the molecular activation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase, hypoxia-inducible factor -1 alpha, and proviral integration for the Moloney murine leukaemia virus-1 kinase. While it is preferable to reduce fluoride exposure, the relevant findings here indicate that BET exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties that ameliorate inadvertent NaF-mediated toxicities in experimental rats exposed to NaF.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4671-4693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Feeding Mice Soluble Metals and Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil on Feces Metal Concentrations.","authors":"Ningning Xu, Liping Li, James A Ippolito, Weiqin Xing, Yale Wang, Baozhong Zhang, Yongqiang Yang, Ling Bai, Linlin Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04532-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04532-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of heavy metal availability and interaction in feed on feces heavy metal excretion in mice has rarely been investigated. In this work, feed containing a polluted soil (total Cd = 6.34, total Pb = 387 mg kg^-1) amended with phosphate, bentonite and lime, or feed spiked with soluble Pb and Cd were fed to mice for 10 days. Feces were collected on Day 2 and Day 10 and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Results indicated that Day 10 samples had 10% greater heavy metal concentrations in some treatments than Day 2. For the Pb and Cd spiked treatments, significant positive correlations were found between Pb and Cd rates and feces Pb and Cd concentrations on both dates. Significantly greater feces Pb and Cd concentrations were found in Day 10 samples than in Day 2 samples. Significant correlations were also found between feed Pb and Cd spiking rates and feces Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn concentrations, indicating mouse metal absorption dynamics and metal interactions. Although the phosphate and lime amended soils had lower DTPA-Pb and Cd than the unamended soil (6.2-17.9%, p < 0.05), no significant difference was found for feces Pb and Cd concentrations between treatments. A marginally negative correlation (p = 0.073) between soil DTPA-Zn and feces Zn concentration for Day 2 samples implied the soil amendment only affected mice absorption of Zn. Overall results imply that mice feces heavy metal concentrations can be used to indicate heavy metal absorption from feed and metal interactions in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4751-4762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infants' Exposure to Toxic Trace Elements in Teethers.","authors":"Karim N Jallad","doi":"10.1007/s12011-025-04527-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12011-025-04527-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infants are particularly vulnerable to exposure to toxic trace elements due to their developmental stage and behaviors such as mouthing and chewing on toys. Chemical exposure to heavy metals in infants' toys is a significant concern as it poses a threat to their health and well-being. Therefore, quality control measures are essential to prevent infants' exposure to potentially harmful metals. This study aimed to assess the presence of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in infants' teethers and evaluate potential health risks associated with their use. Eighteen teethers were analyzed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Results showed varying concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in the teethers, with none exceeding the safety limits for these heavy metals set by regulatory bodies such as ASTM F-963 and EN 71. Furthermore, calculated exposure levels, including Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD), as well as risk assessments covering Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), indicated that the overall health risks associated with teethers' use were non-existent. These findings highlight the importance of stringent regulations and ongoing monitoring of heavy metal levels in infants' products to ensure their safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"4935-4944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}