Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal最新文献

{"title":"School Resource Officers in Financial Crisis: Which Programs Get Cut and Why","authors":"D. May, Travis A. Hart, Rick Ruddell","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.581517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.581517","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, K–12 education programs throughout the United States have been impacted by budget reductions, particularly in areas that are outside of traditional academic programs. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the areas receiving the greatest reductions may be school safety programs. In this article, we use data from school resource officers (SROs) in Kentucky to examine the types of SRO activities that are impacted by budget reductions and the school- and county-level factors associated with those budget reductions. The findings presented here suggest that SRO training and equipment are most impacted by budget cuts; SROs are more likely to serve more than one school in times of budget reductions as well. Results from multivariate logistic regression models suggest a web of economic factors that impact which SRO programs receive budget reductions, including a county's poverty rate, median household income, and population change. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"125 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.581517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Police Use of Deadly Force in British Columbia: Mental Illness and Crisis Intervention","authors":"R. Parent","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.548144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.548144","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes 30 documented incidents of the police use of deadly force, where police personnel in British Columbia have discharged their firearms while facing a lethal threat. In approximately 25% of these fatal shootings (n = 8) the decedent had a documented history of mental illness and/or suicidal behavior. The findings of this study suggest that frontline police officers require a comprehensive strategy when dealing with individuals who are vulnerable as a result of their mental or emotional state. During their time of crisis, these individuals may be irrational and violent due to factors that include psychosis, suicidal ideation, and emotional upheaval. In some instances, crisis intervention training and less lethal compliance tools may be able to facilitate a successful intervention to an otherwise tragic event. The findings of this study also underscore the complexities of a police shooting incident and of the precarious nature of street-level policing.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"57 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.548144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59873090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board EOV","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.610223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.610223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"ebi - ebi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.610223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59873542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Characteristics and Activities of School Resource Officers: Are Newbies Different than Veterans?","authors":"D. May, George E. Higgins","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.581510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.581510","url":null,"abstract":"As the perception that school violence is increasing persists, school districts have invested in school resource officer (SRO) programs to protect students and teachers in schools. To date, little is known about SROs; thus, using data from a single state (n = 149), this study examined the characteristics and functions of newbies (i.e., officers with less than 2.5 years of service) and veterans (i.e., officers with more than 2.5 years of service). The results showed that newbie SROs had statistically different characteristics than veterans, but the functions were performed similarly between newbies and veterans.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"108 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.581510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shocking Policy: Municipal Liability for the Use of Tasers and Stun Guns by the Police","authors":"Vidisha Barua Worley, R. Worley","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.549394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.549394","url":null,"abstract":"While Tasers and stun guns have proven to be effective tools for averting crises, these instruments have frequently resulted in lawsuits. Since the use of electronic energy devices by the police is in its early stages, effective policies to avoid liabilities are still in the making. This article examines cases filed under title 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 involving the use of Tasers and stun guns by police officers, where the municipalities have been sued for violating the constitutional rights of individuals. A municipality is deemed to be liable if constitutional rights of individuals are violated because of a faulty policy, procedure, or custom, established in Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978). This article concludes that agencies are not liable if they have specific policies in place addressing the appropriate use of Tasers and stun guns in response to crisis situations. Municipalities are, however, liable inter alia, when there are inadequate or broad policies, or a practice, pattern, or custom of tolerating inappropriate use of Tasers and stun guns by their officers that lead to violations of constitutional and federal rights of individuals.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"72 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.549394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59873134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Officers in Crisis: New York City Police Officers Who Assisted the Families of Victims of the World Trade Center Terrorist Attack","authors":"C. Piotrkowski, G. Telesco","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.523310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.523310","url":null,"abstract":"Following September 11, 2001, considerable research focused on the well-being of disaster and recovery workers at the World Trade Center in New York. Yet police officers who assisted the families of victims have been neglected. These officers worked long shifts escorting families to the site of the attack, reviewing lists of the deceased, distributing death certificates and memorial urns, and collecting materials for DNA sampling. Intense work with traumatized individuals can result in secondary traumatization. Six months after the attack, 23% of a convenience sample of these officers (N = 74) had possible posttraumatic stress disorder, as measured by the Posttraumatic Symptom Checklist (Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993). Additional exposures to the attacks and being Hispanic were associated with more severe symptoms, while years of experience as a police officer with the NYPD had no effect. Recommendations for preventive preparedness training and early intervention for police officers who assist victims’ families following disasters are presented.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"40 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.523310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59873076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Hunt, J. C. (2010)","authors":"Peter C. Moskos","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.564963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.564963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"90 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.564963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editor's Introduction","authors":"George E. Higgins","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.581507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.581507","url":null,"abstract":"School violence is an important issue in contemporary society. School violence is a conglomeration of several different behaviors that include physical fighting, feeling unsafe, carrying a weapon, and being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) reported that 11% of students were involved in physical fighting, 5% of students felt unsafe at school or on their way to school, 5.6% of students carried a weapon (i.e., knife, gun, or club), and 7.7% of students were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in 2009 in Grades 9–12. Robers, Zhang, Truman, and Snyder (2010) reported that 38 student, staff, and nonstudent school-associated violent deaths took place in 2009 and 24 were homicides. While this is startling, the rates of victimization at school and being threatened with a knife are declining (Robers et al., 2010). These activities have spurred a substantial amount of research in this area. The research and public outcry has led to some policy implications. One form of policy is school resource officers (SROs). SROs are police officers who are usually employed by a local law enforcement agency and assigned to work in a school or in multiple schools. These officers typically perform traditional law enforcement functions, which include patrolling school property, investigating criminal complaints and violations of laws, and maintaining order at after-school activities. Beyond these functions, SROs educate faculty, staff, and students and improve the school environment. Typically, SROs are uniformed, armed, and have received specialized training for law enforcement in schools. In the past, research has been published in separate venues. Thus, the literature on SROs is in its infancy and is small. Therefore, this special issue on the tactics of SROs has two main purposes. First, it is designed to enlighten the field about SROs by providing articles that empirically examine their characteristics, duties, tactics, and working conditions. Second, it provides","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"93 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.581507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linguistic Style Matching in Crisis Negotiations: A Comparative Analysis of Suicidal and Surrender Outcomes","authors":"Randall G. Rogan","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.523302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.523302","url":null,"abstract":"Recent data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's HOBAS database indicates that suicides, attempted suicides, and barricaded stand-offs account for nearly two thirds of all crisis negotiations to which United States law enforcement responds. Gaining insight into the communication dynamics of suicide incidents is, therefore, a critical concern to law enforcement. Negotiators are commonly coached to engage suicidal persons by exploring the subject's feelings, the reality of suicide, the precipitating causes of the suicidal desire, and expressing his/her own personal concern for seeking the subject's safety. Negotiators operationalize these strategies by striving to match their language to that of the suicidal subject. This investigation sought to explore the level of linguistic style matching between crisis negotiation subjects and negotiators as manifested in incidents that conclude in surrender and suicide. Six incidents were divided into 6 time stages, and the language of negotiators and subjects was analyzed across 18 linguistic dimensions of the computational linguistic analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Findings indicate notable differences in the valence and strength of the correlations for specific linguistic features among negotiators and subjects that vary by outcome. Additionally, composite linguistic style matching in the suicidal incidents was nearly twice as great in the surrender incidents.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"20 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.523302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59873042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Association Between SROs, Private Security Guards, Use-of-Force Capabilities, and Violent Crime in Schools","authors":"Jon Maskály, Christopher M. Donner, Jennifer L. Lanterman, Wesley G. Jennings","doi":"10.1080/15332586.2011.587381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.587381","url":null,"abstract":"Although school crime and the use of security measures to combat school crime has been the focus of a number of prior empirical studies, there is substantially less information known about the relationship between school resource officers (SROs) and private security guards in schools and school crime. Using data from the 2006 School Survey on Crime and Safety, this study investigates the relationships among school characteristics and school crime with a particular focus on their differential effects across schools that utilize varying types of security personnel (e.g., no security, SROs only, or private security guards only) and use-of-force capabilities (e.g., oleoresin-capsicum spray/pepper spray, Tasers, and firearms). Results from a series of negative binomial regression models indicate that there is a considerable degree of variability in the effect of school characteristics on school crime across schools that utilize SROs only versus private security guards only. Additional results suggest that mid-level force capabilities are positively associated with school crime. Study limitations and implications are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":89175,"journal":{"name":"Journal of police crisis negotiations : an international journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"159 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15332586.2011.587381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}