Biological Control最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of fermentation conditions for Bacillus velezensis TCS001 and evaluation of its growth promotion and disease prevention effects on strawberries","authors":"Hao Cao ,&nbsp;Zhilei Chen ,&nbsp;Xuesong Li ,&nbsp;Gening Song ,&nbsp;Yuntian Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Jin ,&nbsp;Feng Cui ,&nbsp;Jing Yuan ,&nbsp;Huan Qi ,&nbsp;Jidong Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bacillus velezensis</em> TCS001 is a novel biocontrol bacterium with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant growth-promoting effects, holding great potential for development in agricultural production. This study optimized the fermentation conditions for <em>B. velezensis</em> TCS001 through single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, and developed a formulation for TCS001 suspension concentrate (TCS001-SC). The efficacy of TCS001-SC to promote the growth of strawberries and to prevent and control strawberry anthracnose was evaluated. The optimal liquid fermentation condition for TCS001 was determined to be 2.89 % soluble peanut cake powder, 3.0 % glucose, 3.0 % soluble starch, 0.002 % FePO₄, 0.006 % KCl, 0.6 % NaCl, 0.05 % MgCl₂·6H₂O, 0.3 % K₂HPO₄, 0.15 % KH₂PO₄, 0.05 % CaCO₃, 0.005 % MnSO₄, a working volume of 31 % (77.5 mL/250 mL), a rotation speed of 173 r/min, a cultivation temperature of 28°C, an inoculum volume of 1.0 %, and a pH of 7.0. The 15 L fermenter upscale culture achieved a spore count of 9.46 × 10⁹ CFU/mL, which was 2.01 times the spore count of 4.7 × 10⁹ CFU/mL before optimization, and a preliminary TCS001-SC was developed with the fermented broth as the main component. Agar plate confrontation tests showed that TCS001 had antifungal activity against five types of anthracnose fungi, with inhibition rates ranging from 70.3 % to 87.2 %. TCS001-SC could promote the growth of strawberries and induce a rapid defense enzyme response in their leaves, enhancing the plant's resistance to pathogens. After treatment, individual strawberry plants showed significant increases in the number of leaves, fresh weight of stems and leaves, root fresh weight, leaf area, plant height, and the content of POD, SOD, CAT enzymes, GA, IAA, and ABA compared to the control.Additionally, it shows good prevention and control effects against strawberry anthracnose, with a control efficacy of 60.45% after five spray treatments at a concentration of 2 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, which is not significantly different from the efficacy of commercial microbial agents such as <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> wettable powder, subsequent field trials will be conducted to determine its potential as a microbial pesticide. This study provides important support for the future industrial production and application of the strain TCS001.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstructing the IOBC tiered method: Are we overestimating the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies?","authors":"John D. Stark ,&nbsp;John E. Banks","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately estimating the risk of sensitive populations subjected to toxicant disturbances is central to our ability to protect ecosystem services. While the gold standard for assessing risk historically involves static measures such as the LD50 or LC50, more sophisticated approaches have been developed in an attempt to capture more nuanced outcomes. In the 1980s the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) developed a tiered approach to determine the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies in the context of integrated pest management (IPM). We analyzed the IOBC approach using stage-based matrix models to project population outcomes for four parasitoid species, <em>Diaeretiella rapae</em>, McIntosh, <em>Fopius arisanus</em>, (Sonan), <em>Diachasmimorpha longicaudata</em> Ashmead, <em>Psyttalia fletcheri</em> (Silvestri) and the predator, <em>Coccinella septempunctata L.</em> By imposing mortality levels in matrix models equivalent to those outlined in the IOBC Tier 1 Class 1 (29 %) (harmless) and Class 2 (79 %) (slightly harmful) mortality classes, we explored discrepancies between the IOBC approach and population outcomes generated by these models. Our results highlight that the IOBC Class 1 and 2 levels of mortality are too high to protect many natural enemies from pesticides, setting the stage for unrealistically optimistic views of pesticide compatibility in many cases. Furthermore, a one size fits all approach to protect natural enemies from pesticides does not work because of differences in demographic rates among species which will be less negatively affected by Tier 1 levels of mortality and those that do not reproduce quickly and will thus be more vulnerable to pesticides. Therefore, the IOBC method should be used cautiously if at all, and results should be interpreted with the caveats and pitfalls highlighted here. Results of this study indicate that it is time to reevaluate how we estimate pesticide compatibility with natural enemies and adjust the methods and mortality thresholds based on more realistic measures of toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential distribution of Acerophagus papayae, a parasitoid of the papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus), across Africa","authors":"Elizabeth A. Finch ,&nbsp;Kris A.G. Wyckhuys ,&nbsp;Ivan Rwomushana","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The papaya mealybug, <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em>, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest that affects at least 133 economically important crops, and causes economic losses worldwide. <em>Acerophagus papayae</em> (Noyes and Schauff), a parasitic wasp, has proven to be a successful biocontrol agent, but its use in Africa is limited. Here, we use a predictive correlative model to explore the potential distribution of <em>A. papayae</em> and relate it to data showing the potential distribution of <em>P. marginatus</em>, to highlight potentially suitable areas for biological control of <em>P. marginatus</em>, for its current distribution, as well as its potential future distribution.</div><div>The resulting model performed well with a test AUC of 0.89. Areas that were highly suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> and were also suitable for <em>A. papayae</em> were highest across West Africa. Whilst there were areas which were suitable for both species in both East Africa and Central Africa, there were large areas of cropping land which were highly suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> although not suitable for <em>A. papayae</em>. Across Northern and Southern Africa, there were limited cropping areas which were suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> and where there was suitability, it was only moderate. Across these areas, there was limited suitability for <em>A. papayae</em>.</div><div>Our results offer refined information on the potential suitability for <em>A. papayae</em> across Africa with the aim to help guide decisions on the areas where use of <em>A. papayae</em> could be used effectively as a part of an integrated pest management programme against <em>P. marginatus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to control nasty scarabs? Effectiveness of the generalist entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum against garden chafer larvae","authors":"Tanja Graf ,&nbsp;Tabea Koch ,&nbsp;Jürg Enkerli ,&nbsp;Giselher Grabenweger","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) cause major damage in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Especially root feeding scarab larvae cause substantial economic losses on crops, forage plants and recreational areas. In Europe, the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) <em>Beauveria brongniartii</em> and <em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> are applied against the most problematic, native scarabs, the common cockchafer (<em>Melolontha melolontha</em>) and the garden chafer (<em>Phyllopertha horticola</em>). While the control of cockchafer larvae with <em>B. brongniartii</em> is well-researched, conclusive results from field applications for the control of the garden chafer with <em>M. brunneum</em> remain elusive. We therefore assessed the performance of commercially available fungal strains of <em>M. brunneum</em> against garden chafer larvae in pot and large-scale field experiments.</div><div>The application of <em>M. brunneum</em> significantly increased the abundance of fungal propagules in the soil by approximately a factor of ten, irrespective of high levels of naturally occurring <em>Metarhizium</em> spp. Furthermore, the applied strains infected and propagated on the larvae and the mortality of garden chafer larvae was slightly increased due to the fungal treatments. We found three other EPF species frequently infecting garden chafer larvae (mean infection rates: 13–25%), including <em>B. brongniartii</em> which is considered to be a specific pathogen of the cockchafer. Thus, the applied fungal strains were only part of a consortium of natural enemies which reduces garden chafer populations strongly as a whole. Hence, we suggest that the application of EPF may be advisable on areas with reduced natural enemies such as golf courses but is probably redundant on meadows harboring a diverse consortium of antagonists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol potential of Bevibacillus brevis HK544 for fungal plant diseases","authors":"Bomin Kim ,&nbsp;Yeong Seok Kim ,&nbsp;Jae Woo Han ,&nbsp;Jeong Seon Yu ,&nbsp;Tae Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Taek Su Shin ,&nbsp;Gyung Ja Choi ,&nbsp;Hun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical fungicides have been widely used to control plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Still, the overuse of these fungicides has led to concerns about the hazards to humans, animals, and the environment and an increase in fungicide resistance. Interest in biocontrol agents with strong antimicrobial activity has significantly increased to counteract the escalating risks of chemical fungicides. Our previous study found that a soil-born microbe, <em>Brevibacillus brevis</em> HK544, exhibited a promising antifungal activity against a plant pathogen, <em>Fusarium graminearum</em>, with edeine B₁ identified as the active compound. Herein, we extended our study to investigate the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> antifungal spectrum of <em>B. brevis</em> HK544, including edeine B₁, against various plant pathogenic fungi and evaluated the possibility that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 could be used in combination with chemical fungicides to enhance the disease control efficacy. With an <em>in vitro</em> broad-spectrum antifungal activity, the <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 culture filtrate, culture broth, and metabolite edeine B₁ exhibited a promising disease control efficacy against tomato gray mold and tomato late blight among the tested fungal diseases. Based on the <em>in vitro</em> antifungal activity against <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, when edeine B₁ was combined with various chemical fungicides, the highest average synergy score among the tested combinations was observed in the edeine B₁ and benomyl combination. The co-application of the <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 culture filtrate and benomyl improved the disease control efficacy against gray mold disease, supporting the <em>in vitro</em> result. Taken together, our results show that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 has potential as a biological control agent for controlling plant pathogenic fungi and also that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 could be combined with chemical fungicides to enhance the efficacy of antifungal agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: The XVI international symposium on biological control of weeds","authors":"I.D. Paterson ,&nbsp;G.J. Cabrera Walsh","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105623","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target parasitism of endemic weevils by introduced Microctonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species in tussock grasslands of Otago and Southland, New Zealand","authors":"Colin M. Ferguson ,&nbsp;Diane M. Barton ,&nbsp;Nicola K. Richards ,&nbsp;Karren O’Neill ,&nbsp;Samuel D.J. Brown ,&nbsp;Barbara I.P. Barratt","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parasitoids <em>Microctonus aethiopoides</em> Loan (Moroccan and Irish ecotypes) and <em>M. hyperodae</em> Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been introduced to New Zealand as biological control agents for agricultural pest weevils <em>Sitona discoideus</em> Gyllenhal, <em>S. obsoletus</em> Gmelin and <em>Listronotus bonariensis</em> (Kuschel). These parasitoids are also present in native tussock grassland habitats and a survey carried out over two years at nine tussock grassland sites demonstrated that several endemic weevil species were parasitized by these biological control agents within these habitats. New records of non-target parasitism were found for the endemic species of <em>Chalepistes, Nicaeana</em>, and <em>Eugnomus</em>. It was found that <em>M. aethiopoides</em> is established and cycling within weevil communities in these environments, using endemic weevil hosts in part, but pathways also exist via three pest weevil species for spillover from agricultural environments. Parasitism of endemic weevils was not found to be ubiquitous in these environments and parasitism levels were mostly below 10%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Release strategy and egg parasitism of Telenomus podisi adults fed with different diets","authors":"Leonardo Roswadoski ,&nbsp;Weidson P. Sutil ,&nbsp;Gabriel S. Carneiro ,&nbsp;Rodrigo M.A. Maciel ,&nbsp;Aloisio Coelho Jr ,&nbsp;Adeney F. Bueno","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The release of <em>Telenomus podisi</em> in the pupae stage for the control of <em>Euschistus heros</em> can be negatively affected by biotic and abiotic causes of mortality, reducing parasitoid emergence from pupae in the field. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a solid diet for adults of <em>T. podisi</em> that can be used inside capsules to enable the release of fed and copulated adults. Among different tested diets, 100 % honey, offered as honey-macerated cotton strings, obtained the best results. This solid honey diet is the most appropriate to feed <em>T. podisi</em> inside release capsules, enabling the release of fed adults and, thereby, reducing parasitoid mortality. In addition, the solid diet inside capsules ensures that parasitoids can be stored for at the least 15 days after the onset of adult emergence before their release in the field. This makes the release process more flexible and attractive to farmers by enabling a release delay in bad weather conditions or for other reasons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitutive and inducible tomato defenses contribute to Bacillus thuringiensis lethality against Spodoptera exigua","authors":"Ada Frattini ,&nbsp;Rosa M. González-Martínez ,&nbsp;Juan M. García ,&nbsp;Zhivko Minchev ,&nbsp;María J. Pozo ,&nbsp;Víctor Flors ,&nbsp;Cristina M. Crava ,&nbsp;Salvador Herrero","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nature, insect herbivory exerts continuous selective pressure on plants that, in turn, have developed a wide array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fight against attackers. Since plant defenses may affect higher trophic levels, including entomopathogens, further research is required to understand how plant compounds influence insect-pathogens interactions and their implications for integrated pest management programs. Here, we evaluated the impact of tomato defenses on the lethality produced by the bacterial entomopathogen <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (Bt) against second instar larvae of <em>Spodoptera exigua.</em> We first examined the effect of constitutive defenses from fifteen wild tomato species and forty cultivated varieties (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>) on <em>S. exigua</em> larval growth and susceptibility to Bt. The results showed larvae fed on wild tomato species had a reduced larval growth compared to larvae fed on cultivated varieties, whereas susceptibility to Bt was similar between both groups. We then selected six cultivated varieties, including those with high and low impacts on larval growth and Bt-induced mortality, to further explore the effect of inducible defenses. Elicitation of defenses by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) reduced larval growth and increased basal mortality. Additionally, when larvae were infected with Bt, MeJA treatment further increased their susceptibility to the entomopathogen. Metabolomic analysis confirmed a reprogramming of tomato leaf metabolism following MeJA elicitation, with an induced accumulation of bioactive compounds, such as saponins or flavonoids, known for their anti-herbivory properties in most tomato varieties. Overall, these data reveal that both constitutive and inducible tomato defenses not only protect the plant by directly affecting the insect pest but also enhance the efficacy of bacterial entomopathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotstop and urea treatments do not affect composition of fungal community and diversity in Norway spruce stumps","authors":"Tiia Drenkhan-Maaten ,&nbsp;Ahto Agan ,&nbsp;Kati Küngas ,&nbsp;Kalev Adamson ,&nbsp;Rein Drenkhan","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fungus <em>Heterobasidion annosum</em> s.l. is one of the most destructive pathogens in coniferous forests in the Northern Hemisphere spreading during most of the year with spores and through root contact. However, especially in commercial forest land where forests are in active economic use, it is necessary to implement countermeasures against the spread of the pathogen with stump treatment. For this purpose, the effects of the biological control Rotstop and chemical control urea against <em>Heterobasidion</em> infection were analysed. The best practise for treatment of stumps with Rotstop is mechanical application during thinning, but stump treatment can be delayed after winter thinning due to warmer winters. We analysed the effect of Rotstop treatment on the fungal community and its diversity after mechanical and manual thinning. We found that Rotstop treatment did not significantly decrease fungal diversity at the genus level after mechanical stump treatment. The stump treatment with Rotstop was more successful in mechanically treated stumps, where the effectiveness of Rotstop treatment was 91 %. The treatment with Rotstop was more effective on the <em>Hepatica</em> (97 %) compared to <em>Oxalis</em> site type (84 %), however, the difference was not statistically significant. On the <em>Oxalis</em> site type, 6.0 % of all sequences per sample from Rotstop treated stumps harboured <em>P. gigantea,</em> while on the <em>Hepatica</em> site type 10 % of all sequences were identified as <em>P. gigantea</em>. In manually treated stumps, <em>Heterobasidion</em> and <em>P. gigantea</em> accounted for 6.4 % and 1.0 % of all sequences, respectively. Although the composition of detected taxons was different among sites treated with urea, versus sites treated with Rotstop and control areas, 60.1 % of all taxons detected in the dataset were shared among all three treatments. Fungal species richness and Shannon species diversity indexes were similar in all three manually prepared treatments (Rotstop, urea and control). Rotstop and urea manual treatments 3 months after winter thinning had no significant effect on the relative abundance of <em>Heterobasidion</em>. The results also indicate that only winter thinning (average daily temperature &lt; 5℃) does not control or reduce the <em>Heterobasidion</em> infection from the cut side of the stump.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}