American journal of immunology最新文献

{"title":"Regulation of Gene Expression by β-Glucans","authors":"M. Huff, C. Klinge","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"β-D-glucans are diverse polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls, fungi and bacteria. β-D-glucans are composed of D-glucose monomers linked by (1-3) β-glycosidic bonds with varying amounts of (1-6) or (1-4) linked side chains that bind cell surface receptors ultimately triggering changes in intracellular pathways and gene transcription. β-D-glucans have anti-viral, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. This article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs. β-D-glucans increase the expression of numerous cytokines and immunomodulatory factors and their receptors in dendritic cells. Pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular responses to β-glucans are summarized.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42255383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lentinan Properties in Anticancer Therapy: A Review on the Last 12-Year Literature","authors":"L. Vannucci, P. Šíma, V. Vetvicka, J. Křížan","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of β-glucan in cancer are the most studied biological effects of β-glucan. From all available β-glucans, the most data are available on lentinan, mostly because it is used in clinical practice for over 20 years. Current review represent a state-of-the-art comprehensive review of knowledge obtained in last twelve years.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41584848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-glucans and probiotics","authors":"M. Arena, G. Spano, D. Fiocco","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent decades, several health-promoting features have been ascribed to β-glucans. Biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity have been claimed for these polysaccharides. Moreover, when β-glucans were used in association with probiotic bacteria, prebiotic effects have been demonstrated, due to their ability to enhance growth, metabolism and/or beneficial activities of probiotics. This review shall present an overview of those studies, which have documented the diverse health-benefits of β-glucans and their association with probiotics.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"34-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41657755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-Glucan in Allergies","authors":"Sima Petr, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple effects of β-glucan are well established. Together with the effects on antibacterial and anticancer immunity, glucan has been shown to stimulate bone marrow cells, lower cholesterol and to protects against stress and some kinds of poisoning. However, despite literally thousands of papers describing biological effects of β-glucan, only limited attention has been focused on the role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Our review is focused on evaluating the current knowledge of the possible role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Most of published studies concur that based on the improved Th1/Th2 balance, β-glucan showed a potential for development as an adjunct to the standard treatment of in patients with allergies.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42272698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucan Supplementation Regulates Secretory Immunity and Stress","authors":"R. Josef, S. Ivana, Král Vlastimil, Svozil Vladimir, V. Vaclav, Rajnohova Dobiasova Lucie","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","url":null,"abstract":"Sixty-six children were supplemented with beta glucan and dietary nucleotides, another 63 children served as negative control. We evaluated the effects of these supplements on several aspects of secretory immunity such as levels of secretory IgA (SIgA), albumin and SIgA/albumin ratio. In addition, in order to monitor effects of physical challenges and compensatory treatments on stress and reparation of immunity, we measured levels of salivary cortisol. We found significant effects of supplementation with beta glucan on secretory IgA in children with increased physical challenge. To fully explain these findings, we will need to add additional indicators of stress and salivary immunity.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46072427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Hyperthermia to Immunomodulating Polysaccharides","authors":"N. Miroslav, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","url":null,"abstract":"Natural polysaccharides remain overlooked as part of naturally occurring bioactive molecules. The current knowledge results in numerous clinical trials, from first observations of their effects on various diseases to precise chemical characterization and decades of biological evaluation. The aim of this report is to summarize historical perspective of the route from the first anecdotical observation to the current position, with emphasis on some crucial turning points.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exocellular (1→6)-β-D-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan): Carboxymethylation, Thermal Behavior, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity","authors":"T. V. Theis, Gabrielle Cristina Calegari, V. Q. Santos, H. E. Z. Junior, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. Dekker, M. A. Cunha","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","url":null,"abstract":"β-Glucans are biomacromolecules of industrial interest for its biological and technological properties, including ability to modify the rheology of food systems and different biological functionalities. In this study, lasiodiplodan an exocellular polysaccharide of the (1→6)-β-D-glucan type produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was obtained in a bench-scale bioreactor operated in discontinuous mode. Lasiodiplodan produced was derivatized by carboxymethylation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential also was assessed. Two strong absorption bands in the regions of 1422 to 1598 cm-1, resulting from symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of the -COO- group respectively, were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of the derivatized sample and indicated the carboxymethylation of the macromolecule. TG-DTA curves indicated that native (LAS-N) and carboxymethylated (LAS-C) lasiodiplodan did not suffer significant changes in relation to the heating rates. Native and carboxymethylated lasiodiplodan demonstrated high thermal stability considering the usual standards of the pharmaceutical industry. The final temperature of thermal decomposition increased when the heating rate was increased and less number of steps for thermal decomposition was observed when air was substituted for nitrogen. XRD analysis showed the LAS-N and LAS-C have no crystalline structure, but carboxymethylation led to the arising of regions with certain molecular orientation in biopolymer structure. SEM analysis showed that the carboxymethylation promoted changes in biopolymer macrostructure, including breaking of the polymeric structure and arising of bubbles on the surface area. Carboxymethylation contributed to improving the polysaccharide's antioxidant capacity and LAS-C demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Candida tropicalis.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"19-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41957896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising Effects of Beta-Glucans on Metabolism and on the Immune Responses: Review Article","authors":"V. O. Silva, Natália Oliveira de Moura, L. Oliveira, A. P. Peconick, L. Pereira","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","url":null,"abstract":"A public health issue, Diabetes mellitus, affects millions of people around the globe. Ingestion of foods with a low glycemic index - fiber-rich meals-such as beta-glucans, is increasing as an important alternative for diabetes control. These compounds act reducing parameters such as blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, by decreasing the absorption of glucose and lipids by enterocytes and eventually promote weight loss. Beta-glucans are also described as immunomodulatory agents by stimulating phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing host resistance to viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections; or production of anti-inflammatory cytokinesto return homeostasis after an immune response. Besides, some studies are also evidencing anti-tumoral activity. Beta-glucans main effect depends on their origin-yeast, plants or bacteria. Reports of collateral effects and/or toxicity associated with the use of beta-glucans are rare, which contribute to consider this compound for inclusion in a range of therapies. This review aims to evaluate the most different effects of beta-glucans in metabolic and immune systems, discussing its advantages and limitations.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"62-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47754632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connection between Endometriosis and Vitamin D – True or False?","authors":"K. Ccaron, ková Milena, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","url":null,"abstract":"Endometriosis is a serious health problem characterized by the persistence and growth of vascularized tissue at various ectopic sites such as ovaries, bowel, or bladder. Despite decades of intensive research, we are not making significant progress toward the etiology or treatment of this disease. The question of risk factor is similarly unclear, with one possible factor being diet-particularly the intake of vitamin D. In addition, as endometriosis has some similarities and clear connections to cancer, where vitamin D is heavily studied, this relation started to be a subject of intensive research in this field, too. The overall aim of this study is to review possible links between vitamin D intake and endometriosis.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49178450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease","authors":"Dietrich K. Klinghardt, M. Ruggiero","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","url":null,"abstract":"Here we describe the Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol that is based on integration of Autonomic Response Testing (ART) with diagnostic ultrasonography and on application of therapeutic ultrasounds; the latter are used as a provocation tool and as an instrument to optimize drug uptake and utilization in specific areas of the body. This protocol consists of a precise sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with the ultimate goal of improving sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis at the same time evaluating and optimizing efficacy of treatments in chronic conditions including, but not limited to, persistent Lyme disease. The RK Protocol represents a paradigm shift in diagnostics and therapeutics: Thus, compartmentalized microbes, transformed cells, toxins and metabolites could be detected using a safe and non-invasive method. In addition, the RK Protocol allows optimization of efficacy of drugs and other therapeutic interventions. Although the RK Protocol was initially developed for persistent Lyme disease, it shows significant potential in conditions ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases and autism. In oncology, the RK Protocol may serve to facilitate early diagnosis and to increase sensitivity of cancer cells to the killing effects of a variety of remedies ranging from conventional radio- and chemotherapy to more recent forms of immunotherapy. Thus, the 1st goal of the RK Protocol is diagnostic: That is, to make pathogens, toxins, transformed cells and cells infected by viruses that are inaccessible to conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools, \"visible\" to the therapist who can detect them with laboratory methods and deal with them with appropriate interventions; and also to make them \"visible\" to the immune system that can fight them in a physiological manner. The 2nd goal is to optimize drug uptake and utilization in the organs and tissues studied and targeted with these procedures.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"114-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}