Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000819
Emma S J Robinson
{"title":"Delivering a new generation of translational animal models for depression research.","authors":"Emma S J Robinson","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000819","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early animal models of depression focused on developing methods that could predict treatment efficacy and were validated based on pharmacological responses to known antidepressants. As our understanding of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the pharmacology of antidepressants progressed, so did the need for better animal models. This need was met with the development of new disease models, such as the chronic mild stress model, and behavioural readouts such as the sucrose preference test, which more closely aligned with risk factors and symptoms seen in patients. These approaches have supported huge advances in the understanding of how stress affects the brain and impacts on reward-related behaviours. However, there remain significant challenges when trying to model complex psychiatric symptoms and disorders in non-human animals. In this perspective article, a brief history of animal models of depression and associated readouts is discussed with specific reference to the important contributions from Paul Willner. The main discussion then focuses on translational validity and approaches that may support delivering this objective. This is illustrated with the example of the affective bias test and reward learning assays, which have been developed to recapitulate in animals the neuropsychological impairments observed in MDD and modulation by antidepressants.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"36 4","pages":"175-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000816
Kate M Witt, David N Harper, Bart A Ellenbroek
{"title":"A review on the validity of animal models for neuropsychiatric disorders: an exploration of anhedonia.","authors":"Kate M Witt, David N Harper, Bart A Ellenbroek","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite major advances in neuroscience, there has been limited progress in improving pharmacological treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders are heterogeneous with variance in symptoms within disorders and partial overlap in symptoms between disorders, leading to symptoms that remain untreated. To improve treatment outcomes, neuroscience has shifted to examining the neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual components, or dysfunctions, across disorders. Anhedonia, a decreased capacity to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or rewards, is a prominent symptom associated with poor functional outcome across neuropsychiatric disorders. This article reflects on Professor Paul Willner's contributions to the field of behavioural neuroscience, specifically his promotion of validity in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Research can build upon Willner's scholarship by continuing to refine and explore the validity of animal models as our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders improves. To exemplify this, we discuss current understanding of the neurobiological basis and clinical presentation of the two domains of anhedonia: anticipation and consumption. We argue for the examination of anticipatory anhedonia and consummatory anhedonia within a single paradigm to improve understanding of these domains, aligning animal models to the clinical reality in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"36 4","pages":"165-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000817
Morgane Colom, Amy L Milton, Trevor W Robbins
{"title":"'Only connect': cognition meets motivation as cognitive effort to enhance models of depression.","authors":"Morgane Colom, Amy L Milton, Trevor W Robbins","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"36 4","pages":"171-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of cannabinoid agonism on auditory discrimination.","authors":"Danielle Nykanen, Hannah Stiffler, Merrick Bay, Cameron Goldie, Shinnyi Chou, Natashia Swalve","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000811","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence suggests that cannabis can impair simple auditory processes, and these alterations might be due to cannabinoid agonism. The effect of cannabinoid agonism on relatively complex processes such as auditory discrimination is unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of WIN 55,212-2, a CB 1 receptor and CB 2 receptor agonism, on auditory discrimination using a go/no-go task. Twenty-two male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were initially trained to lever-press for sucrose to either a pure tone or white noise cue in a go/no-go paradigm, where rats were reinforced for lever-pressing during one cue and punished for lever-pressing during the other auditory cue. After criterion performance was met, rats were then injected with WIN 55,212-2 at 1.2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or a corresponding vehicle (saline) and were tested on auditory discrimination. On day 3, active lever-pressing was higher in both the low- and high-dose WIN groups compared with the saline group. Overall lever-pressing decreased over time in the high-dose WIN 55,212-2 group. There were no effects of the drug on discrimination or errors, suggesting that cannabinoid agonism did not negatively affect auditory discrimination. This is the first study to examine the impact of cannabinoids on the discrimination of tones, finding that, contrary to previous research, the low and high doses of WIN 55,212-2 did not adversely impact auditory-linked behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"71-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000813
Eghbal Jasemi, Ali Razmi, Salar Vaseghi, Shayan Amiri, S Mahmoud A Najafi
{"title":"The effect of Psilocybe cubensis alkaloids on depressive-like behavior in mice exposed to maternal separation with respect to hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation of Slc6a4 and Nr3c1.","authors":"Eghbal Jasemi, Ali Razmi, Salar Vaseghi, Shayan Amiri, S Mahmoud A Najafi","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000813","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal separation as an early life stress can lead to long-lasting deleterious effects on cognitive and behavioral functions, and the mood state. On the other hand, Psilocybe cubensis (as one of the most well-known magic mushrooms) may be beneficial in the improvement or the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of P. cubensis extract (PCE) on depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors, and locomotor activity in mice exposed to early maternal separation. Also, we assessed the expression and methylation level of Slc6a4 and Nr3c1 in the hippocampus. Maternal separation was done in postnatal days (PNDs) 2-18. PCE was intraperitoneally injected at the dose of 20 mg/kg at PND 60, and our tests were done at days 1, 3, and 10, of administration. The results showed that maternal separation significantly induced depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT). Also, maternal separation decreased locomotor activity in the OFT. In addition, maternal separation decreased the expression and increased the methylation level of both Slc6a4 and Nr3c1 in the hippocampus. However, PCE significantly reversed all these effects. In conclusion, it seems that P. cubensis affects serotonergic signaling via altering Slc6a4 expression and methylation level in the hippocampus of mice. The effect of P. cubensis on Nr3c1 expression and methylation level may also lead to alter the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the stress response in mice exposed to maternal separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"115-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000800
Neda Alizadeh, Fatemeh Dehbashi, Emad Gholami, Paria Tarahomi, Ali Rashidy-Pour, Abbas Ali Vafaei, Payman Raise-Abdullahi
{"title":"Stress and glucocorticoids impair inhibitory avoidance memory retrieval and extinction in male mice: the ameliorative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract.","authors":"Neda Alizadeh, Fatemeh Dehbashi, Emad Gholami, Paria Tarahomi, Ali Rashidy-Pour, Abbas Ali Vafaei, Payman Raise-Abdullahi","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000800","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memory retrieval involves recalling previously consolidated information, while memory extinction refers to the gradual weakening of such memories after recall. Stress and glucocorticoids influence the retrieval and extinction of memory. This study employed a passive avoidance task to examine the impact of acute mild stress and equivalent doses of exogenous corticosterone on fear memory retrieval and extinction in male mice. Subsequently, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, on memory impairments induced by stress and corticosterone. Corticosterone was administered systemically 30 min before memory reactivation to model glucocorticoid activity during retrieval. Mild acute stress, like the stress levels typically experienced before an exam, was induced through 20-min restraint immediately before reactivation in separate groups. EGb 761 was injected 30 min before corticosterone or stress exposure. Results demonstrated that both corticosterone and acute stress impaired context-specific fear memory retrieval and enhanced subsequent extinction. Pretreatment with EGb 761 inhibited these impairing effects of acute stress and corticosterone on avoidance memory retrieval and extinction. Our findings suggest that the glucocorticoid system and acute stress markedly influence avoidance memory retrieval and extinction. Ginkgo biloba may possess therapeutic and memory-enhancing effects, particularly in stressful situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000799
Elena Castejón, Emilio Ambrosio, Ricardo Pellón, Carmen Torres
{"title":"Alcohol consumption and preference in female rats induced by reward downshift reveals sex generality of the modulatory role of physical activity.","authors":"Elena Castejón, Emilio Ambrosio, Ricardo Pellón, Carmen Torres","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000799","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased voluntary consumption of alcohol has been demonstrated in male rats exposed to frustrative reward downshift (the emotional self-medication effect). Access to a wheel for voluntary running abolished this effect in male rats, suggesting an attenuating effect of physical exercise on the negative affect induced by reward downshift and its consequences on drug intake. The present study analyzed this effect in female rats. Sixty-four food-deprived female Wistar rats received 32% sucrose [4% (Experiment 1) or 2% (Experiment 2) in controls] during 10, 5-min preshift sessions followed by 4% (Experiment 1) or 2% (Experiment 2) sucrose during 5 postshift sessions. Immediately after each consummatory session, animals were exposed to a 2-h, two-bottle preference test involving 32% alcohol vs. water. Half of the animals also had access to a running wheel during the preference test. The results showed (a) lower sucrose consumption in the downshifted groups (32-4% and 32-2%) compared to the unshifted controls (4-4% and 2-2%, respectively); (b) higher alcohol preference in downshifted groups without access to a wheel compared with downshifted groups with access to the wheel (Experiments 1 and 2); and (c) increased alcohol intake (g/kg) after experiencing reward downshift in animals without access to the wheel (Experiment 1). Voluntary wheel running thus reduced alcohol intake in female rats experiencing reward downshift. These findings are comparable to previous results reported in male rats and support the usefulness of physical exercise to prevent alcohol self-medication induced by frustrative nonreward.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"144-155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142725334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000801
Bo Pang, Ting Cao
{"title":"Hesperidin produces antidepressant effects by activating AMPA receptor: enhancing synaptic proteins to promote hippocampal neuronal activities.","authors":"Bo Pang, Ting Cao","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000801","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hesperidin treatments reduce depressive symptoms in mouse models of depression, but the mechanism that mediates its antidepressant effects is unclear. This study shows that hesperidin exerts its antidepressant effects by activating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor to promote synaptic and neuronal function in the hippocampus. The optimal dose of hesperidin (10 mg/kg) for the antidepressant potential was determined after 7 consecutive days of treatments, demonstrating decreased latency to eat and increased food consumption in novelty suppressed feeding, and decreased immobility time in tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, the optimal dose also reversed the depressive phenotypes of Institute of Cancer Research mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), including reduced immobility time in the TST and increased sucrose preference in the sucrose preference test. In addition, hesperidin increased the expression of AMPA receptor protein (Glur1) and synaptic proteins (BDNF, PSD95, synapsin1) in the hippocampus of CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPA receptor activity by NBQX blocked the effect of hesperidin in reversing the depressive phenotypes, upregulated the expression of synaptic proteins (BDNF, PSD95, synapsin1) and cFOS-positive cells in the hippocampus, and increased the number of Ki67-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of CUMS-exposed mice. These results help to further understand the antidepressant mechanism of hesperidin and provide new ideas for the future development of antidepressant drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"127-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000818
Priya Mullassaril, Lucy Brodkin, Jesse Brodkin
{"title":"Monlunabant suppresses appetite through a central mechanism.","authors":"Priya Mullassaril, Lucy Brodkin, Jesse Brodkin","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000818","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine whether the second-generation cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB 1 ) antagonist, monlunabant - designed to treat obesity by targeting peripheral receptors - might actually exert its effects through CB 1 receptors in the central nervous system. In adult male mice, both monlunabant and rimonabant reduced appetite and antagonized CB 1 agonist-induced hypothermia. Monlunabant was consistently less potent than rimonabant in both appetite suppression and blocking hypothermia. The cannabinoid agonist HU-210 produced profound hypothermia, which was significantly attenuated by 10 mg/kg of either drug and by 3 mg/kg of rimonabant. Similarly, both drugs reduced appetite in food-deprived mice with limited access to preferred food at the same doses that were effective in the hypothermia assay. Lower doses of monlunabant, which likely saturated peripheral receptors, had no effect on appetite. These findings suggest that monlunabant suppresses appetite mainly through antagonism of central CB 1 receptors. Consequently, monlunabant and other second-generation CB 1 antagonists being developed for obesity may carry a similar risk of adverse psychiatric effects, as previously observed with rimonabant.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"156-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}