Behavioural Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Polygalic acid produces rapid antidepressant effects via modulation of hippocampal inflammation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in mice.","authors":"Jinjin Xie, Jie Dong, Haixiu Liao, Shuyan Liu, Zhenni He, Chen Zeng","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000890","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder represents a critical global health burden with limited rapid-acting therapeutic options. This study investigated the natural triterpenoid saponin polygalic acid for rapid antidepressant efficacy and its mechanistic relationship with neuroinflammation. In male C57BL/6 mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress, acute intraperitoneal administration of polygalic acid (30 mg/kg) produced robust behavioral improvements 2 h postinjection ( n  = 8-10 per group), as evidenced by reduced immobility in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests (indicative of enhanced stress coping), restored sucrose preference (reversal of anhedonia), and decreased latency to feed in the novelty-suppressed feeding test (improved motivation) - all without altering locomotor activity or anxiety-like behavior in the open field test. Mechanistically, polygalic acid concurrently suppressed hippocampal nuclear factor-kappa B activation and elevated antiinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-beta and interleukin-10) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). To causally examine whether inflammatory status gates polygalic acid's efficacy, coadministration of lipopolysaccharide, which induces acute systemic inflammation, completely abolished polygalic acid's behavioral and molecular effects. These findings demonstrate that polygalic acid produces ketamine-like rapid antidepressant effects specifically through the resolution of chronic neuroinflammatory dysregulation and BDNF restoration. However, the presence of acute inflammatory activation nullifies its therapeutic efficacy, establishing neuroinflammatory context as a critical determinant of treatment response. While limited to male subjects and acute (2-h) assessment, this work identifies polygalic acid as a promising rapid-acting antidepressant candidate and underscores the therapeutic importance of patient stratification based on inflammatory biomarkers when targeting the nuclear factor-kappa B-BDNF axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, attenuates cue-, drug-, and stress-induced fentanyl seeking in male Sprague-Dawley rats.","authors":"Brianna Evans, Nikhil Acharya, Christopher G Brandl, Elise G Shealy, Jennifer E Nyland, Christopher S Freet, Scott C Bunce, Patricia Sue Grigson","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000880","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid overdose deaths continue to be a significant public health problem worldwide, with fentanyl, the primary driver of these losses of life. Indeed, in the USA, overdose deaths continue despite the availability of three food and drug administration-approved medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) due to minimal access to these medications and to stigma. Fortunately, a growing preclinical and clinical literature suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists may serve as new treatments for OUD. Exendin-4/exenatide and liraglutide have been found to reduce opioid intake, cravings, and cue-, drug-, and stress-induced opioid seeking. While these are important findings, exenatide has a higher risk of gastrointestinal distress and, due to its short half-life, requires multiple daily injections for treatment. Liraglutide has a longer half-life, is less likely than exenatide to cause gastrointestinal distress, but still requires daily injections, which many patients find objectionable. Semaglutide, on the other hand, is a GLP-1R agonist with a longer half-life that requires once weekly injections in humans. Some evidence suggests that semaglutide can reduce responding for alcohol, but it is not known whether it can reduce responding for opioids. Here we test whether acute treatment with semaglutide at 0.026, 0.056, and 0.078 mg/kg administered subcutaneously can reduce cue-, drug-, and stress-induced fentanyl seeking in rats. Results show that all doses of semaglutide fully prevented drug- and stress-induced reinstatement of fentanyl seeking elicited by an i.v. infusion of 1.85 µg/kg fentanyl or the i.p. administration of 0.5 mg/kg yohimbine, respectively, while the mid (0.056 mg/kg) and higher doses (0.078 mg/kg) most effectively reduced cue-induced fentanyl seeking. These findings suggest that semaglutide may serve as an additional nonopioid GLP-1R agonist for the treatment of OUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"249-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148148294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucose and fructose differently mediate alcohol cocktail drinking in female and male rats: interaction of glucose and alcohol on post-ingestive behavior.","authors":"Isabel R K Kuebler, Gerin Zimmerman, Shi Q Ng, Hannah M Schneider, Kyle Sextro, Audrey Denning, Bryn Mattes, Matthew Matuszeski, Mauricio Suarez, Ken T Wakabayashi","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000901","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sweetened alcoholic beverages are thought to contribute to developing alcohol use disorder by increasing palatability. One monosaccharide, glucose, readily enters the brain more than fructose and directly impacts the activity of central neurons. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of glucose versus fructose on alcohol drinking patterns in female and male rats. Rats drank alcohol cocktails (1.25-10%) containing either glucose or fructose (10%) in 4-h sessions. We sought to parse orosensory effects from post-ingestive central effects by analyzing drinking microstructure. We compared measures of palatability and post-ingestive feedback between early and later in the session when brain levels of alcohol and glucose are different. We found that rats of both sexes drank more low alcohol glucose cocktails than cocktails containing fructose by volume and by overall calories. When considering the estimated dose of alcohol, glucose potentiated alcohol intake by shifting the estimated dose-response curve leftward compared to similar fructose cocktails. We found that drinking patterns associated with palatability remained stable for both types of cocktails over the entire session. In contrast, post-ingestive behavior related to brain mediated satiety or positive feedback showed a greater influence of session time, as well as a greater interaction with sex. Overall, our results suggest that glucose and alcohol interact to impact central regulation of cocktail drinking. This highlights that the type of sugar within cocktails interacts and ultimately may have different effects on brain regulated alcohol drinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspartame and neurobehavioural symptoms: a bibliometric synthesis across four decades (1985-2025).","authors":"Arbind Kumar Choudhary, Jai Chand Patel","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This bibliometric synthesis maps the global research landscape on aspartame (ASP) and neurobehavioral symptoms over a 40-year period (1985-2025). Working from 30 included records, we quantified temporal trends, authorship, journal distribution, study designs, and recurring thematic emphases. Interest in the topic has revived, with most records (approximately 60%, 18/30) published from 2015 onwards. The literature is dispersed across many outlets, and animal/in-vivo studies (56.7%, 17/30) outnumber human/clinical studies (30.0%, 9/30). Recurring domains were behavioral, cognitive, and memory-related outcomes, with proposed mechanisms including neurotransmitter disruption and oxidative imbalance. Despite this activity, a critical evidence gap persists, driven chiefly by the scarcity of adequately powered human data and by methodological heterogeneity. Larger human studies and methodological harmonization are needed to reduce uncertainty and to inform public-health policy. To our knowledge, this is among the first bibliometric syntheses focused specifically on the ASP neurobehavior literature; it is intended to complement, rather than replace, existing narrative and toxicological reviews of the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formoterol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mnemonic impairment in the delayed nonmatch to position task in rats.","authors":"Matthew McAuslan, Danka Kozareva, Fionn Dunphy-Doherty, Myles Corrigan, Jack Prenderville, John Huxter, Andrew Harkin","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The delayed nonmatch to position (DNMTP) task is an instrumental learning paradigm applied to assess higher executive functions including attention and working memory in rats. In this study, the effect of systemic challenge with the acute inflammatory stimulus [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 0.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally] was assessed in Wistar rats on performance in the DNMTP task. By means of validation, the effect of treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine [0.02 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)], known to disrupt performance in the task, and its reversal by coadministration of the cognitive-enhancing agent and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) were confirmed. Sex differences emerged between males' and females' mnemonic response to LPS 24-h postadministration with males showing reduced performance in the DNMTP task at higher working memory loads compared with females. Noradrenaline is an endogenous neurotransmitter with innate anti-inflammatory properties. The impact of targeting the noradrenergic system with the β2-adrenoceptor agonist Formoterol was further assessed on LPS-induced cognitive impairment in the DNMTP task. Coadministration of Formoterol (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated LPS-driven mnemonic impairments in males but not females. Overall, the results show the DNMTP task is a paradigm sensitive to acute systemic inflammation and indicate that Formoterol may have useful anti-inflammatory properties in mitigating inflammatory-associated cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct comparison of the effects of functionally equivalent dosing regimens of methamphetamine, methcathinone, and α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone on behavioral and neurochemical markers of stimulant-induced neurotoxicity.","authors":"Neha M Chitre, Brenda M Gannon, Bruce E Blough, Kevin S Murnane","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given that previous studies have provided mixed results on cathinone neurotoxicity, we compared the effects of 'functionally equivalent' dosing regimens of methamphetamine (METH), methcathinone, and α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) on behavioral and neurochemical markers associated with dopaminergic alterations and cognitive function. Male Swiss Webster mice received METH (5 mg/kg), methcathinone (80 mg/kg), or α-PPP (80 mg/kg), using a 'binge'-like dosing regimen (q2h × 4, intraperitoneal). Body weight and temperature were recorded during dosing. Behavior was assessed 2-4 days later, followed by brain extraction. Motor function was evaluated by open-field testing and stride length analysis. Cognitive function was assessed with the passive avoidance test. Striatal levels of dopamine and its major metabolites were measured using ultra-HPLC. All three drug treatments induced weight loss. METH treatment produced a small, transient increase in rectal temperature (~1 °C); methcathinone and α-PPP did not. All three drug treatments impaired passive avoidance performance (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01), but none produced persistent motor deficits. METH and methcathinone treatment significantly reduced striatal dopamine levels (P < 0.001), whereas α-PPP did not, and only METH treatment increased homovanillic acid/dopamine turnover (P < 0.01). Only METH exposure triggered measurable changes in dopamine metabolism and a small, transient increase in temperature, highlighting its distinct neurochemical profile compared with methcathinone and α-PPP under these conditions. All three drug treatments impaired passive avoidance performance, but none caused lasting motor deficits, demonstrating that behavioral deficits can occur without persistent motor changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148824591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teneurin C-terminal associated peptide-1 attenuates chronic stress in male rats.","authors":"Lauren E Mueller, Justin N Siemian, David A Lovejoy, Robert B Stein, Andrew M Slee","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000886","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis core stress response system can lead to anxiety, chronic stress, and other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mitigating this response requires novel interventions to overcome the delayed efficacy and nonspecificity that characterize the currently available, suboptimal chronic stress treatments. Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1, a naturally occurring neuropeptide, is an established regulator of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mediated stress responses. Although prior work has characterized the ability of TCAP-1 to attenuate the physiological and behavioral expression of stress in acute stress models, the effect of TCAP-1 on chronic stress remains unexplored. Using a chronic unpredictable stress model, the impact of TCAP-1 on the expression of chronic stress in male rats was investigated. Administration of TCAP-1 attenuated plasma corticosterone levels by 56.4% and increased open field center time by 282.04%, reflecting improvements in the physiological and behavioral manifestations of chronic stress, respectively. In contrast, a nonpeptide CRF 1 receptor antagonist, CP-154,526, demonstrated no effect on the chronic stress-induced physiological and behavioral profile. These results provide evidence for the neuromodulatory role of TCAP-1 in the chronic stress response, supporting its potential as a clinically relevant anxiolytic. The divergence between TCAP-1 and CP-154,526 in this chronic model is consistent with the broader clinical failure of CRF 1 receptor antagonists in phase 2 human trials and highlights the potential translational advantage of TCAP-1's distinct, upstream mechanism of action.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"180-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13317898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148325990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psilocybin induces stereotyped movements and reduces defensive responding in planarians through 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms.","authors":"Razeen J Akbar, Amy D Stringer, Sonita Wiah, Meghana Dachepalli, Stephanie E Daws, Saadet Inan, Scott M Rawls","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000879","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psilocybin is a serotonergic 5-HT 2A R agonist that causes psychedelic and anxiolytic effects in human users. To delineate conservation of psilocybin pharmacology, we investigated behavioral effects of psilocybin in planarians ( Dugesia dorotocephala ), the simplest living animal with cephalization that also has a well defined serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system. We quantified stereotyped movements (e.g. head bops, twists, scrunches, and C-shapes) and defensive responding (negative phototaxis) and probed a 5-HT 2A R mechanism for psilocybin using a selective 5-HT 2A R antagonist (volinanserin). Psilocybin (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nM) increased all stereotyped movements and, at higher concentrations, reduced motility. Volinanserin (1, 10, and 100 nM) did not induce any stereotyped movements or reduce motility. For combination experiments, volinanserin reduced cumulative stereotyped movements produced by psilocybin (0.01 nM) and specifically reduced psilocybin-evoked twists and head bops. Concentrations (<0.01 nM) of psilocybin that did not significantly reduce motility decreased defensive responding (i.e. increased time spent in light side of Petri dish). The reduction in defensive responding by psilocybin (0.01 nM) was prevented by volinanserin (100 nM). Our results show that psilocybin induces stereotypies and anxiolytic-like effects in planarians, likely through mechanisms involving 5-HT 2A R, and suggest conservation of certain aspects of psilocybin pharmacology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"158-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining methamphetamine doses that produce comparable and stable locomotor activity in male and female rats using dose escalation and repeated administration.","authors":"Isaac Dickess, Jessica Branford, Hannah R Turner, Michael D Berquist, Todd H Davies, Michael D Hambuchen","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000883","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological sex influences sensitivity to the stimulant and toxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) in both humans and rodents, with females exhibiting greater behavioral responsiveness than males. The clinical treatment target of METH-induced agitation is defined by behavioral presentation rather than a known degree of drug exposure. Therefore, the preclinical locomotor activity model of agitation would benefit from dosing strategies that produce comparable behavioral effects across sexes. This study aimed to identify sex-equivalent METH doses in rats with escalating injections of METH (0.1-1.0 mg/kg; subcutaneous), producing predominantly locomotor activity rather than stereotyped movements. It also evaluated the stability of the minimally effective doses' effects within each sex. In males and females, respectively, 0.32 and 0.1 mg/kg METH produced a comparable, significant ( P  < 0.05) increase in activity compared with saline. A maximal locomotor effect resulted from 0.75 mg/kg METH in male rats, which was comparable to 0.32 mg/kg in females. While the locomotor effect plateaued with 0.75 mg/kg METH in male rats, activity continued to increase with the 1 mg/kg dose in female rats. Subsequent repetition of the lower, sex-equivalent METH doses produced overall similar activity between and within sexes over 3 days. These results will inform METH dosing in future preclinical sex-comparison studies of novel interventions for the treatment of METH-induced agitation. By aligning preclinical dosing with behavioral effects rather than absolute exposure, this framework enhances the translational relevance of preclinical agitation models and improves their applicability to the evaluation of sex-inclusive pharmacotherapies for acute METH toxicity in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"174-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing the number of extinction sessions suppresses context-specific sensitization in mice.","authors":"Anthony S Rauhut","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present experiment examined the effects of the number of conditioned stimulus sessions on (a) the rate of extinction of conditioned hyperactivity and (b) the subsequent expression of context-specific sensitization in mice. Male, Swiss Webster mice (n = 10/group) received methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) associated with locomotor activity chambers (paired) or home cages (unpaired) for five sessions (acquisition) followed by vehicle injections (saline) for either 5 (1 session/day × 5 days) or 20 (2 sessions/day × 10 days) sessions (extinction). All mice received an escalating methamphetamine-dose regimen (0.25-1.0 mg/kg, 1 dose/day for 3 days) regimen 24 h after the last extinction session (tests for context-specific sensitization). Distance traveled and vertical counts assessed locomotor activity. Both measures of locomotor activity detected between-session sensitization; however, the distance traveled measure was more sensitive in detecting conditioned hyperactivity. The vertical counts, but not the distance traveled measure, found that 5 extinction sessions compared with 20 extinction sessions produced slower extinction, perhaps owing to the trial spacing effect. However, the distance traveled measure revealed that 20, but not 5, extinction sessions completely suppressed context-specific sensitization following the 0.25 mg/kg methamphetamine challenge dose. These results suggest that increasing the number of conditioned stimulus sessions during extinction effectively suppresses the expression of context-specific sensitization, lending support to a 'Pavlovian excitatory conditioning hypothesis' of context-specific sensitization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"37 4","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}