Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000751
Paola Maccioni, Claudia Mugnaini, Mauro A M Carai, Gian Luigi Gessa, Federico Corelli, Giancarlo Colombo
{"title":"Anorectic effect of COR659 in a rat model of overeating.","authors":"Paola Maccioni, Claudia Mugnaini, Mauro A M Carai, Gian Luigi Gessa, Federico Corelli, Giancarlo Colombo","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000751","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COR659 is a new compound, the action of which is exerted via a dual mechanism: positive allosteric modulation of the GABAB receptor; antagonism or inverse agonism at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Recent lines of experimental evidence have indicated that COR659 potently and effectively reduced operant self-administration of and reinstatement of seeking behaviour for a chocolate-flavoured beverage. The present study was designed to assess whether the ability of COR659 to diminish these addictive-like, food-motivated behaviours extended to a rat model of overeating palatable food. To this end, rats were habituated to feed on a standard rat chow for 3 h/day; every 4 days, the 3-hour chow-feeding session was followed by a 1-hour feeding session with highly palatable, calorie-rich Danish butter cookies. Even though satiated, rats overconsumed cookies. COR659 (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered before the start of the cookie-feeding session. Treatment with all 3 doses of COR659 produced a substantial decrease in intake of cookies and calories from cookies. These results extend the anorectic profile of COR659 to overconsumption of a highly palatable food and intake of large amounts of unnecessary calories.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"437-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10288709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000749
Stephen A Cantarutti, Emmanuel M Pothos, Eleni Ziori, Katy Tapper
{"title":"Can we change automatic processes: the influence of social priming on alcohol attentional bias.","authors":"Stephen A Cantarutti, Emmanuel M Pothos, Eleni Ziori, Katy Tapper","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000749","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Stroop Effect has been linked to social concept priming, suggesting that the latter may trigger automatic behaviour aligned with the primed concept. This study examined the effects of social priming on alcohol attentional bias, with a sample of mostly light drinkers; it used a social priming task and an alcohol-Stroop test to measure participants' response times (RTs) before and after they had been socially primed. Participants were separated into one of three social priming conditions: Neutral, Alcohol Addiction, and Alcohol Preoccupation. A mixed ANOVA was run to determine whether participants' RTs to alcohol-related stimuli, \"rather than to neutral sitmuli,\" slowed significantly after the alcohol interference tasks, relative to the neutral interference task, suggesting an alcohol attentional bias had been induced by the social priming exercise. Key interaction terms did not reveal such an interaction, but rather a general slowing down (for both neutral and alcohol stimuli), in the Alcohol conditions, relative to the Neutral one. As a result, we can conclude that while we did not induce an alcohol-specific bias in participants, we did discover a generalised interference effect, following alcohol-related social priming tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"443-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10288711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attenuation of morphine conditioned place preference and reinstatement by vitamin D.","authors":"Mahdieh Akbari, Houman Parsaei, Katayoun Sedaghat, Fatemeh Mousavi","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000747","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid action in the brain involves the dopamine-reward system as well as non-dopamine pathways. Since vitamin D also modulates the brain's dopamine system, the question of this study was how vitamin D might affect the opioid influences on the reward system. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the possible effect of vitamin D on the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine, as a valuable model of assessment of the reinforcing properties of opioids by associating the context to the rewarding properties of the addictive drugs. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two main groups that either received saline (morphine vehicle) or morphine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for CPP. Each of the main groups was divided into three vitamin D treatment subgroups: vitamin D vehicle and vitamin D (5 and 10 μg/kg, intraperitoneally). Vitamin D injections were started 1 week ahead of the experiment (two injections) or immediately after post-conditioning and in both cases, it was continued twice weekly throughout the CPP. Administration of vitamin D (10 μg/kg) before conditioning in CPP markedly attenuated morphine expression in the post-conditioning test. Receiving vitamin D (5 or 10 μg/kg) before or after conditioning significantly attenuated morphine reinstatement. Administration of vitamin D after opioid conditioning facilitated morphine memory extinction and attenuated morphine reinstatement. Vitamin D is probably a valuable addition to be considered as a part of the treatment for prevention or minimizing the dependency or relapse to opioids.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"404-410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10274793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000745
Yuki Moriya, Yoshiyuki Kasahara, Kana Ishihara, Frank Scott Hall, Yoko Hagino, René Hen, Kazutaka Ikeda, George R Uhl, Ichiro Sora
{"title":"Heterozygous and homozygous gene knockout of the 5-HT1B receptor have different effects on methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.","authors":"Yuki Moriya, Yoshiyuki Kasahara, Kana Ishihara, Frank Scott Hall, Yoko Hagino, René Hen, Kazutaka Ikeda, George R Uhl, Ichiro Sora","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000745","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The psychostimulant drug methamphetamine (METH) causes euphoria in humans and locomotor hyperactivity in rodents by acting on the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway and has severe abuse and addiction liability. Behavioral sensitization, an increased behavioral response to a drug with repeated administration, can persist for many months after the last administration. Research has shown that the serotonin 1B (5-HT1B) receptor plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, as well as other addictive behaviors. This study examined the role of 5-HT1B receptors in METH-induced locomotor sensitization using 5-HT1B knockout (KO) mice. To clarify the action of METH in 5-HT1B KO mice the effects of METH on extracellular levels of DA (DAec) and 5-HT (5-HTec) in the caudate putamen (CPu) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were examined. Locomotor sensitization and extracellular monoamine levels were determined in wild-type mice (5-HT1B +/+), heterozygous 5-HT1B receptor KO (5-HT1B +/-) mice and homozygous 5-HT1B receptor KO mice (5-HT1B -/-). Behavioral sensitization to METH was enhanced in 5-HT1B -/- mice compared to 5-HT1B +/+ mice but was attenuated in 5-HT1B +/- mice compared to 5-HT1B +/+ and 5-HT1B -/- mice. In vivo, microdialysis demonstrated that acute administration of METH increases DAec levels in the CPu and NAc of 5-HT1B KO mice compared to saline groups. In 5-HT1B +/- mice, METH increased 5-HTec levels in the CPu, and DAec levels in the NAc were higher than in others.5-HT1B receptors play an important role in regulating METH-induced behavioral sensitization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10527357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10648932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000748
Lori L Scarpa, Nicholas T Bello
{"title":"Dietary-induced binge-like eating impairs acoustic startle responses to acute nisoxetine in male mice.","authors":"Lori L Scarpa, Nicholas T Bello","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000748","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensorimotor gating disruptions have been noted in several psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the involvement of sensorimotor gating processes in eating disorders has not been well characterized. Our objective was to examine the sensorimotor gating of the acoustic startle response following dietary-induced binge eating and high-fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain in male C57B/6J mice. Acute administration of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, nisoxetine (0.5 and 5 mg/kg), and a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR 12783 (1.6 and 16 mg/kg), were either given alone or in combination to assess norepinephrine and dopamine alterations, respectively. Male mice with repeated bouts of calorie restriction (Restrict) and with limited access to a sweetened fat food (Binge) demonstrated an escalation of intake over 2.5 weeks under standard chow conditions. Restrict Binge (RB) mice had a reduced startle response to the startle pulse (110 dB) compared with the Naive control group at 5 mg/kg nisoxetine. There was an overall effect of nisoxetine (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) to increase percent inhibition at pre-pulse (74 dB), %PP74. Under HFD conditions, the RB group did not demonstrate a binge-like eating phenotype. The RB group on HFD had a higher response to 74 dB with nisoxetine (5.0 mg/kg) compared with a combinational dose of nisoxetine (5.0 mg/kg) and GBR 12783 (1.6 mg/kg). These findings suggest that dietary conditions that promote binge-like eating can influence the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic controls of the acoustic startle response and potentially influence sensorimotor gating.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"411-423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10528891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000744
Stephen Lee-Cheong, Sacha A Ludgate, Tanisse C M Epp, Christian G Schütz
{"title":"The effectiveness of oxytocin in the treatment of stimulant use disorders: a systematic review.","authors":"Stephen Lee-Cheong, Sacha A Ludgate, Tanisse C M Epp, Christian G Schütz","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000744","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this review is to examine human study evidence on the effectiveness of oxytocin in this patient population. Despite stimulant use disorder being a major public health concern, there are no validated pharmacological treatments. Psychosocial interventions show limited effectiveness especially in the more severe cases of stimulant use disorder, whereas animal models suggest that oxytocin may be a useful treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search using Medline, Embase, and PsychInfo was undertaken. Search results were subsequently imported into Covidence to identify relevant studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six studies were included in this review, two of which were pilot studies. Although oxytocin was well tolerated across studies, no study showed a statistically significant reduction in reported cocaine use or cravings. One study suggested oxytocin increased the desire to use cocaine, although the population of participants should be taken into consideration. In contrast, one study showed a trend towards reduced self-reported cocaine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Available research does not support the use of oxytocin in the management of stimulant use disorder; however, included studies are small in sample size and limited in number. There were several noteworthy findings unrelated to this review's primary and secondary outcomes, which are of interest and warrant further research. We provide suggestions for future studies in this area of research. Considering the limited data available at this time, further studies are required before any definitive conclusions can be made regarding the use of oxytocin in stimulant use disorder management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"381-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10333230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-10-01Epub Date: 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000750
Christoffel van der Westhuizen, Tarryn L Botha, Karin Finger-Baier, Geoffrey de Brouwer, De Wet Wolmarans
{"title":"Contingency learning in zebrafish exposed to apomorphine- and levetiracetam.","authors":"Christoffel van der Westhuizen, Tarryn L Botha, Karin Finger-Baier, Geoffrey de Brouwer, De Wet Wolmarans","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000750","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive rigidity (CR) refers to inadequate executive adaptation in the face of changing circumstances. Increased CR is associated with a number of psychiatric disorders, for example, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and improving cognitive functioning by targeting CR in these conditions, may be fruitful. Levetiracetam (LEV), clinically used to treat epilepsy, may have pro-cognitive effects by restoring balance to neuronal signalling. To explore this possibility, we applied apomorphine (APO) exposure in an attempt to induce rigid cue-directed responses following a cue (visual pattern)-reward (social conspecifics) contingency learning phase and to assess the effects of LEV on such behaviours. Briefly, zebrafish were divided into four different 39-day-long exposure groups ( n = 9-10) as follows: control (CTRL), APO (100 µg/L), LEV (750 µg/L) and APO + LEV (100 µg/L + 750 µg/L). The main findings of this experiment were that 1) all four exposure groups performed similarly with respect to reward- and cue-directed learning over the first two study phases, 2) compared to the CTRL group, all drug interventions, but notably the APO + LEV combination, lowered the degree of reward-directed behaviour during a dissociated presentation of the cue and reward, and 3) temporal and spatial factors influenced the manner in which zebrafish responded to the presentation of the reward. Future studies are needed to explore the relevance of these findings for our understanding of the potential cognitive effects of LEV.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 7","pages":"424-436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-09-01Epub Date: 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000738
Tao Zhu, Bingran Chen, Han Han, Xu Lu, Zhuo Chen, Ting Ye, Hui Zhao, Meng Zheng, Chao Huang
{"title":"Zymosan A produces a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in chronically stressed mice by stimulating hippocampal microglia.","authors":"Tao Zhu, Bingran Chen, Han Han, Xu Lu, Zhuo Chen, Ting Ye, Hui Zhao, Meng Zheng, Chao Huang","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000738","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies had reported that compounds that stimulate microglia could be developed as potential drugs for the treatment of depression due to their reversal effect on depression-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Zymosan A is a cell wall preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae composed of β-glucans. Based on its immuno-stimulatory activities, we hypothesized that zymosan A might have a therapeutic effect on depression. Our results showed that a single injection of zymosan A 5 h before behavioral tests at a dose of 1 or 2 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, reversed chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test. Time-dependent analysis showed that the antidepressant effect of zymosan A (2 mg/kg) in CUS mice became statistically significant at 5 and 8 h, but not at 3 h, and persisted for at least 7 days. Fourteen days after a single injection of zymosan A, no antidepressant effect was observed anymore. However, the disappeared antidepressant effect of zymosan A was restored by a second zymosan A injection (2 mg/kg, 5 h) 14 days after the first zymosan A injection. Stimulation of microglia was essential for the antidepressant effect of zymosan A because pre-inhibition of microglia by minocycline or pre-depletion of microglia by PLX3397 prevented the antidepressant effect of zymosan A. Based on these effects of zymosan A, zymosan A administration could be developed as a new strategy for the treatment of depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 6","pages":"318-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9999027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-09-01Epub Date: 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000743
Susana Barbosa-Méndez, Alberto Salazar-Juárez
{"title":"Estradiol enhances the mirtazapine effects on the expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in female rats.","authors":"Susana Barbosa-Méndez, Alberto Salazar-Juárez","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000743","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiological studies have mentioned that cocaine use disorder (CUD) has increased in the last decade among women; these show endocrine and reproductive disorders and a high propensity to stress and depression disorders. Mirtazapine-a tetracyclic antidepressant-decreases cocaine-induced locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization in male rats. The objective of this study was to evaluate if estradiol alters the efficacy of mirtazapine to decrease cocaine-induced locomotor activity in sham and ovariectomized female rats. Three hundred and twenty adult female Wistar rats were assigned to three experimental protocols. For experiments, 1-3, female rats were daily dosed with 10 mg/kg of cocaine during the 10 days of induction and expression of locomotor sensitization. During drug withdrawal (30 days), cocaine was withdrawn and the groups received daily mirtazapine, estradiol, or saline. In addition, the females underwent sham or ovariectomy surgery. Tamoxifen was administered during the antagonism phase. After each administration, locomotor activity for each animal was recorded for 30 min in activity chambers. The dosage of mirtazapine reduces estradiol-induced enhancement in cocaine-dependent locomotor activity during the expression of locomotor sensitization in sham and ovariectomized female rats. As well as they showed that estradiol co-dosed with mirtazapine enhances the efficacy of mirtazapine to decrease cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Finally, tamoxifen enhanced the estradiol and mirtazapine-induced decrease in the cocaine motor effect in female rats. Mirtazapine may be considered an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of CUD in women, even in those who are on hormonal treatment or antidepressant therapy with estradiol.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 6","pages":"362-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10301333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural PharmacologyPub Date : 2023-09-01Epub Date: 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000742
Anthony S Rauhut
{"title":"Propranolol blocks the unconditioned and conditioned hyperactive effects of methamphetamine in CD-1 mice.","authors":"Anthony S Rauhut","doi":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000742","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FBP.0000000000000742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present experiment examined the contribution of the β-adrenergic receptor system in mediating the unconditioned (i.e. pharmacological) and conditioned (i.e. learned) hyperactive effects of methamphetamine. To this end, mice underwent an 8-day conditioning procedure involving two different, alternating session types (chamber and home-cage days). On chamber days (1, 3, 5, and 7), mice were injected (intraperitoneally) with vehicle (dH 2 O) or propranolol (16 or 32 mg/kg) and were injected (subcutaneously) 30 min (min) later by either vehicle (saline; unpaired) or methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg; paired). On home-cage days (2, 4, 6, and 8), mice were injected (subcutaneously) with either vehicle (saline; paired) or methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg; unpaired) in their home cages. The test day for conditioned hyperactivity occurred 48 h after the last chamber day. Propranolol dose-dependently blocked the unconditioned and conditioned hyperactive effects of methamphetamine, implicating a role for the β-adrenergic system in mediating these effects of methamphetamine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8832,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Pharmacology","volume":"34 6","pages":"375-379"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10530526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}