The open forensic science journal最新文献

{"title":"Low Family and High Substances Satisfaction as Important Predictors of Adolescent Hashish Use","authors":"Costas N. Katachanakis, M. Lambraki, N. Paritsis","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010047","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: We investigated the hypothesis, that hashish use among adolescents is strongly related to low levels of satisfaction at home within the family and high gratification from substance usage. Methods: A survey was conducted among 1406 students whose ages ranged from 15 to 22 years old. More specifically, the students all from 16 different Secondary Schools, located on the island of Crete, Greece, were asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire, which referred to their family relations, family size, and substance usage. Hierarchical analysis was used. Results: It was found that in hashish users, there is 2.5 times less family satisfaction (p=0.002), including the absence of both parents from home (p=0.03) and 9 times more substance satisfaction (smoking p=0.001, and consumption of alco- hol p=0.026) compared to non users. Conclusions: There is a low family satisfaction and high satisfaction from smoking and alcohol characterizing hashish's users. The present findings may have implications for the prevention and intervention in hashish use by adolescents.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"47-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Literature in Forensic Sciences: A Bibliometric Study of North-American Journals from 1980 to 2005","authors":"A. Sauvageau, S. Desnoyers, A. Godin","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010041","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to describe the evolution of forensic literature in North-American journals over more than 25 years. From 1980 to 2005, the number of articles per year and the average number of authors per article have both increased almost twofold, while the relative contribution of other countries in comparison to the United States has increased from 19.2% to 61.0%. The contributions to the forensic literature of anthropology and biology/DNA have significantly increased, while the contribution of questioned documents and ballistics decreased. Finally, the number of studies using the scientific method has significantly increased through the years, passing from 10.5% to 40.7%. This better knowledge of our body of literature as a whole could help us assess our strengths and weaknesses, and help us to position ourselves on literature ethical issues.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollen Deterioration in a Tropical Surface Soil and its Impact on Forensic Palynology","authors":"Wongkot Phuphumirat, D. Mildenhall, C. Purintavaragul","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010034","url":null,"abstract":"������������ ����� ���� � ������������� ��� ������������� ������� ����� �� ����� ��������������� ���������������� ���������������� ������������� �������������� ������������� ������� � ������� ���� ������ ������ ������� �������� ��������������� ����������� �!\"\" #� � �!\"\" $# � �!\"\" $% � �!\"\" &\" � �!\"\" && � �!\"\" &� � ��' !% � ��' !# � ��' \"� � ��' \"& � ��' � �!\"\" #� � �!\"\" $# � �!\"\" $% � �!\"\" &\" � �!\"\" && � �!\"\" &� � ��' !% � ��' !# � ��' \"� � ��' \"& � ��' � ��������� � ���� ������� �������� ����������� ��������������������������������� ��������������� ���������������� ����������������� ������������������� ����������������� ���������������� ����������� ����������������� !������������������ \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # *+�������� ( ���� ������� �������� ����������� ��������������������������������� ��������������� ���������������� ����������������� ������������������� ����������������� ���������������� ����������� ����������������� !������������������ \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # *�������� � ���� ������� �������� ��������������������������������� ��������������� ���������������� ����������������� ������������������� ����������������� ���������������� ����������� ����������������� !������������������ ����������� \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ��������� � ���� ������� �������� ������������������������������ �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ���������� \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ������ *+�������� � ���� ������� �������� ������������������������������ �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ���������� \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ������ *�������� � ���� ������� �������� ������������������������������ �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ���������� \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ������ �������� � *�������� ��������� *+�������� ����������������������������� �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ����������� -# .# \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ����������� ( *�������� ��������� *+�������� ����������������������������� �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ����������� -# .# \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# # ������������ � *�������� ��������� *+�������� ����������������������������� �,��������� �,��������� �,���������� ,�������������� �,������� �,���������� ,��������� ,���������� !,�������� ����������� -# .# \"# $# %# &# '# (# )# #","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Selection of Specific Filters for Enhancement of Recorded Speech for Speaker Identification","authors":"P. V. Jiju, C. P. Singh, R. Sharma","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010029","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the noise characteristics for finding appropriate filtering technique/s so as to obtain sufficiently clear speech samples for Speaker Identification, is one of the challenging tasks in Forensic Acoustics. Speaker's idiosyncratic speech should not be affected when the noise reduction is carried out; otherwise, Speaker Identification becomes highly erroneous. We have collected fifty noisy speech samples reported to be recorded in different modes from actual crime cases received in the laboratory. The samples are analyzed after subjecting to various filtering techniques and compared with the clear speech mixed with the noise collected from non-speech portion. Distortion levels on the speech are studied at various stages of application of filters in terms of SNR and Speaker Specific Information. Retaining the Speaker Specific Information as primary concern of our study, the limitation of filtering techniques depending on the characteristic and intensity level of noise is worked out for noisy speech samples. Subsequently a statistical study is also conducted. Listening tests were conducted to ensure that the perceptual features of the original noisy speech are preserved while applying filters. This work demonstrates the efficiency of Noise reduction filters in improving SNR and their controlled applications for preserving Speaker dependent features depending on the various noise characteristics embedded on speech samples. Audio Forensics has a challenging history of enhancement problems of speech samples received for examination. It is observed that out of the total speech samples received for Speaker Identification in the Laboratory, a large number of recordings requires enhancement. Speech is a non-linear time series represented in terms of complex number. Hence separating noise from noisy speech in spectral domain results into countless solutions. The main objective of a Noise Cancellation system is to obtain a clear signal with higher quality of speech signal. The presence of noise in speech signals can create higher degree of mismatch in performance of speech processing systems used for Speaker Identification as well as Speech Recognition. Inappropriate filtering of noise corresponds to extracting features of noise together with the actual speech signal during the feature extraction process. However, the desired parametric representation carries a high amount of error rate. The presence of broadband noise and a very low SNR deteriorate the intelligibility of most of the recorded speech samples. Speaker's idiosyncratic speech is affected when the noise reduction is carried out. Thus the Speaker Identification","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass Disaster Victim Identification: The Tsunami Experience","authors":"J. Beauthier, E. Valck, P. Lefévre, Jan de Winne","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010054","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important reasons to identify unknown persons is because non-identification may result in nu- merous issues at emotional and legal level for the surviving family members and friends. To reach a level of scientific supported positive identification, which can withstand international legal scrutiny, the identi- fication process of mass disaster victims requires a well-structured and pre-planned management based upon the interna- tional Interpol DVI Standing Committee guidelines. The handling of the December 2004 Tsunami disaster, affecting people of different nationalities and ethnic origins, will be used as an example to illustrate this methodology and standard operating protocols which can be used under similar circumstances. The activities of the Belgian DVI Team in the Khao Lak area, as part of the multinational help force bringing assistance to the local Thai law enforcement agencies, is discussed. Taking part in the first operations of identification, we were confronted with the hard reality of the hugeness of this plane- tary tragedy having made on the whole more than 200,000 victims. Differences in composition of the teams and their working philosophies are illustrated, based on the experience of the Belgian multidisciplinary team including scientific forensic experts (pathology, anthropology, odontology), police offi- cers, members of the civil protection (with their technical capabilities in particular working conditions), but also a physi- cian, a nurse and a stress team. Some of the applied methods and techniques used in the identification process were reviewed and suggestions given about how improvements can be made for future reference.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"54-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic DNA Typing: Quo Vadis?","authors":"G. Mertens","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010021","url":null,"abstract":"Since Alec Jeffreys coined the term \"individual-specific genetic fingerprints\" in 1985, DNA typing has become indispensable in forensic analysis, having as its central rationale the evidential power of the \"match\" between trace evi- dence and suspect. Established technological advances in this field include the adoption of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate DNA profiles from minute biological samples, the use of mitochondrial DNA to obtain information from old bones and the application of Y chromosomal polymorphisms in sexual assault cases. Present research questions focus on genetic markers for external visible traits and on improving the utility of poor quality samples with degraded DNA. The first valid marker for a physical trait was the sex marker amelogenin, which has been part of short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex PCRs for over a decade. Current studies are investigating markers for human pigmen- tation, predicting hair, iris and skin colour. The relationship between genome and pigmentation however is complex, involving numerous genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes make promising candidates for predictive markers. Physical stature is also a complex genetic trait where study subjects can be phenotyped easily. Linkage analy- sis has revealed several short stature-quantitative trait loci, and polymorphisms in the fibrillin I gene are asso- ciated with tall stature.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adulterants and Diluents in Heroin, Amphetamine, and Cocaine Found on the Illicit Drug Market in Aarhus, Denmark","authors":"M. F. Andreasen, C. Lindholst, E. Kaa","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010016","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine seized in the police district of Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark, during a 2-year period. The purity of the active substance was measured together with the frequency and purity of adulterants and diluents present in the drugs. Results are com- pared with a similar study conducted ten years earlier. The concentrations of the active substances in illicit heroin, am- phetamine, and cocaine samples have decreased significantly over a 10-year period. This finding shows that the \"cutting\" of illicit drugs is more prevalent and comprehensive today than it was 10 years ago. Also, the variety and quantity of adul- terants and diluents have changed over time.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"16-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Liquid-Liquid Extraction Procedure for the Analysis of Amphetamine in Biological Specimens by GC-FID","authors":"N. Raikos, K. Spagou, M. Vlachou, A. Pouliopoulos, E. Thessalonikeos, H. Tsoukali","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010012","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of amphetamine from biological samples was systematically optimised. The recovery of amphetamine extraction was studied using a variety of 5 solvents (chloroform, 1-chlorobutan, dichloromethane, diethylether, ethyl acetate) as well as a system of solvents (chloroform: ethyl acetate: ethanol, 3:1:1 v/v). Furthermore the influence of the volume of the extracting solvent and the pH on the recovery of amphetamine was examined. The optimum conditions of LLE procedure were applied for the extraction of amphetamine from biological samples such as urine, blood and also from less commonly used biological specimens such as liver, bile, brain, vitreous humour, pericardial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow and bone. The determination of amphetamine was accom- plished by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID), after derivatization with heptafluorobu- tyric anhydride (HFBA).","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Alu Insertion Polymorphism in South Morocco (Souss): Use of Markers in Forensic Science","authors":"S. Chadli, M. Wajih, H. Izaabel","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is the assessment of the utility of Alu insertions in forensic DNA typing within the South Moroccan population. We report on a comprehensive study of seven loci of interest due to the insertion or the dele- tion of human-specific Alu fragments. The study was carried out on 215 unrelated healthy individuals, including five Souss Berber groups and one Saharawi. The accurate genotype frequency data and other genetic parameters of forensic in- terest were obtained. The frequencies of the Alu insertion in the total sample population were found to be 0.176 (ACE), 0.455 (TPA25), 0.196 (PV92), 0.697 (APO), 0.267 (FXIIIB), 0.373 (B65) and 0.804 (HS 3.23). The power of discrimina- tion ranged from 0.4540 for ACE to 0.6223 for TPA25. The power of exclusion for these seven loci ranged from 0.1240 to 0.1865. The combined discrimination power and the joint power of exclusion were respectively 0.9959 and 0.6910. The results indicated that the application of Alu insertion polymorphism will assist in forensic identification and paternity test- ing that is performed by current STR technology.","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68070683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception.","authors":"F Andrew Kozel,&nbsp;Steven J Laken,&nbsp;Kevin A Johnson,&nbsp;Bryant Boren,&nbsp;Kimberly S Mapes,&nbsp;Paul S Morgan,&nbsp;Mark S George","doi":"10.2174/1874402800902010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874402800902010006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Several studies support the use of fMRI for detecting deception. There have been, however, no reported replications on different scanners or at different locations. In a previous study, deception was accurately detected in at least 90% of the participants in two independent cohorts. This study attempted to replicate those findings using a different scanner and location. METHODS: Healthy participants 18-50 years of age were recruited from the local community. After providing written informed consent, participants were screened to ensure that they were healthy, not taking any medications, and safe to have an MRI. For the testing paradigm, subjects chose one of two objects (ring or watch) to \"steal\" and placed it in their locker. Participants were then scanned while being visually presented with a series of questions. Functional MRI analysis was performed in the same manner as described in Kozel et al. 2005. A Chi-Squared test was used to test for a significant difference between the results in the previous study and in this replication study. RESULTS: Thirty subjects (20 women, mean age 29.0+/-6.5 years) were scanned with one subject being noncompliant with the protocol. Twenty-five of twenty-nine (86%) participants were correctly identified when being deceptive. There was no statistical difference between the accuracy rate obtained in this study (25/29) versus the previous study (28/31) (Chi-Squared, chi(2)=0.246, p=0.6197). CONCLUSIONS: Our methodology for detecting deception was successfully replicated at a different site suggesting that this methodology is robust and independent of both scanner and location.</p>","PeriodicalId":88327,"journal":{"name":"The open forensic science journal","volume":"2 ","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874402800902010006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28075572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}