Biochemical Systematics and Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Maturation of Ardisia compressa K. fruit: A comprehensive study on phenolic potential, physicochemical characterization, and volatile compounds for the determination of optimal harvest time","authors":"Fernanda Rodríguez-Aguilar ,&nbsp;Rocío Aparicio-Ortuño ,&nbsp;Ana B. Bautista-Ortín ,&nbsp;Encarna Gómez-Plaza ,&nbsp;Milena M. Ramírez-Rodrígues ,&nbsp;Ana E. Ortega-Regules","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Capulin (<em>Ardisia compressa</em> K.) is a purple fruit consumed fresh and widely used in tropical cuisine. While studies have highlighted its phenolic potential at harvest, they have often overlooked the quality parameters that determine optimal harvest timing. This research aimed to assess the evolution of phenolic compounds, physicochemical properties, and chromatic changes in capulin fruits to establish the ideal harvest time. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that anthocyanin levels peaked at the final stages of maturation, with malvidin 3-<em>O</em>-galactoside and petunidin 3-<em>O</em>-galactoside showing the greatest increases. Total monomeric anthocyanins accumulated, reaching their highest concentrations in the last three weeks, while total phenolics and antioxidant activity fluctuated. Fruit size and weight increased weekly, accompanied by rising soluble solids and decreasing pH. CIELAB color analysis showed declining L∗ and b∗ values, while a∗ values increased until week 10 before slightly decreasing. Additionally, volatile compound analysis during the maturation phase identified 123 volatile compounds, with 71.80 % classified as terpenes, contributing to the fruit's aromatic profile, with caryophyllene accounting for 65.44 % of them. This study highlights the dynamic evolution of phenolic compounds, physicochemical properties, and chromatic changes in capulin fruits throughout ripening, emphasizing that the optimal harvest time occurs at the end of maturation when phenolic potential is highest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive extracts from plant biomass: Antioxidant, antibacterial, and physicochemical characterization","authors":"Maya Ismayati ,&nbsp;Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat ,&nbsp;Fahriya Puspita Sari ,&nbsp;Widya Fatriasari ,&nbsp;Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti ,&nbsp;Des Saputro Wibowo ,&nbsp;Isti Qomariah ,&nbsp;Nadhifah Mumtaz ,&nbsp;Ismawati ,&nbsp;Ratih Yuniastri ,&nbsp;Iwan Risnasari","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the potential use of polyphenol-rich compounds extracted from Indonesian biomass plants to develop sustainable and multifunctional natural plants for traditional batik artistry. Eight types of plant parts were investigated: pomegranate rinds, areca nut seeds, soga bark, mangosteen rinds, jackfruit bark, mango leaves, green tea bark, and sappan wood.</div><div>All the plant extracts exhibited notable antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Among them, pomegranate, areca, and sappan presented the highest antioxidant activity (62.07 %, 57.11 %, and 52.2 %, respectively) and total phenolic content (38.59 %, 39.55 %, and 43.96 %, respectively). Antibacterial assays revealed that these three extracts effectively inhibited the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, Propionibacterium acnes, <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Volatile and phenolic compound profiling via HS‒GC‒MS (HS‒GC‒MS) and Py‒GC‒MS (Py‒GC‒MS) revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in pomegranate, areca, and sappan that contribute to their antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The overall activity of the extracts was attributed to the synergistic interaction of multiple compounds rather than a single active constituent.</div><div>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further confirmed that the extracts caused structural damage to bacterial cells, including surface perforation and lysis. Additionally, the natural earth‒tone colors of the plant extracts add aesthetic and economic value when applied to traditional Indonesian batik textiles, offering functional benefits such as antibacterial and antioxidant properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemotaxonomic analysis of Laurencia spp. collected from the coast of Akita Prefecture, Japan. Part I: chemical composition of L. venusta and L. okamurae","authors":"Yu Minamida ,&nbsp;Erena Tachibana ,&nbsp;Fumito Kagaya ,&nbsp;Noritoshi Saito ,&nbsp;Keisuke Sugimoto ,&nbsp;Yukimasa Yamagishi ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Matsuura","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chemical compositions of <em>Laurencia venusta</em> and <em>L. okamurae</em> collected from Konoura, Nikaho Akita Prefecture, Japan were examined. <em>L. venusta</em> contained two halogenated C₁₅-acetogenins: a novel 12-<em>trans</em>-(<em>3E</em>)-epoxyvenustin (<strong>1</strong>) and known (3<em>E</em>)-epoxyvenustin (<strong>2</strong>). In contrast, <em>L. okamurae</em> produced laurinterol (<strong>3</strong>) and isolaurinterol (<strong>4</strong>) that are cyclolaurane-type sesquiterpenes characteristic of this species in Japan. In this study, we described the chemical composition, structural elucidation, and certain biological activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Megastigmanes and indoles from Culcasia parviflora (Araceae)","authors":"Onome M. Adeboye ,&nbsp;Fazila Zulfiqar ,&nbsp;Abimbola Sowemimo ,&nbsp;Margaret Sofidiya ,&nbsp;Ikhlas A. Khan ,&nbsp;Zulfiqar Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants of the <em>Culcasia</em> genus have long been used by traditional healers to treat various ailments since ancient times. Ethnomedicinal studies highlight their application in alleviating pain and inflammation, combating cancer, and even in pregnancy detection. Among them, <em>Culcasia parviflora</em> N.E.Br. (family Araceae) is traditionally used in Africa for pain and inflammation relief, although its chemical constituents remain largely unexplored. In this study, eight compounds, including megastigmanes and indoles, were isolated from a 95 % ethanol extract of <em>C. parviflora</em> leaves. Structural elucidation was carried out using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, with the results compared against previously reported data. This work details the isolation and structural characterization of these compounds and discusses their chemotaxonomic relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical constituents from the heartwood of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir and their chemotaxonomic significance","authors":"Zhong-Qi Lei ,&nbsp;Xing Dai ,&nbsp;Meng-Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Lan-Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Rong-Hua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Twenty compounds were isolated and identified from the heartwood of <em>Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir</em>. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by comparing their spectral data (HR-ESI-MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) with those reported in the previous literature. Structurally, these compounds were classified into six major groups, including two anisoles (<strong>1</strong>-<strong>2</strong>), four pterocarpans (<strong>3</strong>–<strong>5, 7</strong>), one rotenoid (<strong>6</strong>), ten flavonoids (<strong>8</strong>–<strong>17</strong>), two <em>α</em>-methylbenzoins (<strong>18</strong>–<strong>19</strong>), and one phytosterol (<strong>20</strong>). Among them, compounds <strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> were obtained from natural sources for the first time; compound <strong>9</strong> was reported for the first time in the <em>Fabaceae</em> family; Compounds <strong>3</strong>–<strong>8, 10</strong>–<strong>12</strong> and <strong>20</strong> were identified for the first time in the genus <em>Pterocarpus</em>; and compounds <strong>15</strong> and <strong>19</strong> were separated for the first time from <em>P. erinaceus Poir</em>. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of Curcuma rhizomes species from different origins using LC-orbitrap HRMS combined with chemometrics","authors":"Ayu Septi Anggraeni ,&nbsp;Anjar Windarsih ,&nbsp;Hendy Dwi Warmiko ,&nbsp;Abdul Rohman ,&nbsp;Suratno ,&nbsp;Anita Agustina Styawan ,&nbsp;Ani Widarti","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Curcuma</em> species belonging to the <em>Zingiberaceae</em> family has been widely known for its beneficial effects on human health. Three species of <em>Curcuma, Curcuma longa</em> L., <em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</em>, and <em>Curcuma manga</em>, have been utilized because of their biological and pharmacological activities. Different origins truly affected the metabolite compositions of <em>Curcuma</em> species, thus affecting the biological effects. This research aimed to apply a non-targeted metabolomics approach utilizing liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) incorporated with chemometrics of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for identification of global metabolomics profiles and discrimination of <em>C. longa</em> L., <em>C. xanthorrhiza</em>, and <em>C. manga</em> from different origins. Species and origin-based variations in metabolite composition were clearly visualized through PCA and PLS-DA score plots. Key discriminating metabolites, such as curcumin and (+)-nootkatone, were identified using variable importance in projection (VIP) values, confirming their role in distinguishing among species and origins. These findings suggest that environmental factors significantly influence the metabolic profiles of <em>Curcuma</em> species. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of LC-HRMS-based non-targeted metabolomics combined with chemometric analysis as a reliable tool for the authentication, classification, and quality control of <em>Curcuma</em> species, supporting their safe and standardized use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First phytochemical study of the leaves and stem bark of Grewia brunnea K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and antiplasmodial evaluation of the isolated compounds","authors":"Klev Gaïtan Sikam ,&nbsp;Gervais Mouthé Happi ,&nbsp;Doriane Deutou Tégaboué ,&nbsp;Mohamed Foundikou Nsangou ,&nbsp;Céline Djama Mbazoa ,&nbsp;Jean Wandji ,&nbsp;Jean Duplex Wansi","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The first phytochemical investigation of the leaves and stem bark of <em>Grewia brunnea</em> K. Schum. led to the isolation and structural elucidation of twelve compounds, namely ursolic acid (<strong>1</strong>), rotundic acid (<strong>2</strong>), oleanolic acid (<strong>3</strong>), lupeol (<strong>4</strong>), 2<em>α</em>-hydroxylupeol (<strong>5</strong>), betulinic acid (<strong>6</strong>), lupenone (<strong>7</strong>), kaempferol (<strong>8</strong>), <em>β</em>-sitosterol (<strong>9</strong>), stigmastane-3,6-dione (<strong>10</strong>), stigmasterol (<strong>11</strong>), and stigmasterol-3-<em>O</em>-<em>β</em>-<span>d</span>-glucopyranoside (<strong>12</strong>). Among these, two compounds (<strong>2</strong> and <strong>5</strong>) are reported for the first time within the Malvaceae family, contributing valuable chemotaxonomic insight. Structural elucidation was accomplished using comprehensive spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR analyses, supported by chemical data and comparisons with literature references. Selected compounds (<strong>1</strong>, <strong>3</strong>–<strong>4</strong>, and <strong>6</strong>–<strong>8</strong>) were subsequently evaluated for their <em>in vitro</em> antiplasmodial activity against <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> strains K1 and 3D7. Among the tested compounds, lupenone (<strong>7</strong>) exhibited strong inhibitory effect on both strains, with IC₅₀ values of 4.7 ± 0.6 μM (K1) and 5.7 ± 0.8 μM (3D7). Betulinic acid (<strong>6</strong>) and lupeol (<strong>4</strong>) also demonstrated notable activity against the 3D7 strain, with IC₅₀ values of 2.1 ± 0.3 μM and 4.3 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. In contrast, compounds <strong>1</strong>, <strong>3</strong>, and <strong>8</strong> showed only weak activity against the tested strains. These findings support the classification of <em>G. brunnea</em> within the <em>Grewia</em> genus and highlight its potential as a promising source of antiplasmodial lead compounds for future drug discovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amides and phenolics with chemotaxonomic value from Delphinium pachycentrum","authors":"Xijing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Shen ,&nbsp;Min Yan ,&nbsp;Haiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Tianpeng Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Delphinium pachycentrum</em> Hemsley, a <em>Delphinium</em> species (Ranunculaceae) endemic to China, is known for its rich diversity of diterpenoid alkaloids and medicinal significance. This study pioneers the investigation of amide compounds in <em>D. pachycentrum</em>, isolating and identifying five amides (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>5</strong>) and nine phenolic compounds (<strong>6</strong>–<strong>14</strong>). Among them, pachycenamide (<strong>1)</strong> is a new compound. Notably, all the compounds were isolated and identified from <em>D. pachycentrum</em> for the first time, with seven of these compounds being newly reported in the <em>Delphinium</em> genus. The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved through spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). These findings highlight the chemotaxonomic value of amide derivatives in distinguishing <em>D. pachycentrum</em> from related species and suggest their potential as novel chemical markers for taxonomic classification. Additionally, this research expands the understanding of non-diterpenoid alkaloids in <em>Delphinium</em>, offering new insights for medicinal resource development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemistry diversity and antioxidant activities of Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C. Agardh","authors":"Youssra Aalilou ,&nbsp;Mustapha Hassoun ,&nbsp;Hanaa Moussa ,&nbsp;Gokhan Zengin ,&nbsp;Güneş Ak ,&nbsp;Riaz Ullah ,&nbsp;Amal Alotaibi ,&nbsp;Abdelhakim Bouyahya ,&nbsp;My El Abbes Faouzi","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C. Agardh</em> is a cosmopolitan brown alga, yet its phytochemical profile and biological potential remain scarcely investigated. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of <em>C. spongiosus</em> collected from the Moroccan Strait of Gibraltar (Fardioua coastline). Five extracts were evaluated for total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, and chemically characterized for bioactive compounds, and assessed for antioxidant properties. Nine compounds were identified, several reported here for the first time in <em>C. spongiosus</em>. Among the extracts the ethanolic and the dichloromethane extracts displayed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with the dichloromethane also exhibiting the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity (318.07 ± 5.3 mg/TE g dry extract). The methanol extract demonstrated the strongest anti-DPPH potential. The aqueous extract contained the highest tannin content and showed the greatest metal chelating capacity, as well as the strongest reducing power in the FRAP assay (31.37 ± 0.20 mg/TE g dry extract). The hexane extract displayed notable reducing power activity in the CUPRAC assay and was the most potent in terms of total antioxidant capacity. Overall, our findings highlight <em>C. spongiosus</em> as promising source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds, underscoring its nutraceutical potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic variation in lipophilic constituents of Cynomorium songaricum in Northwest China: Altitude-mediated metabolic regulation of steroids and fatty acids","authors":"Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Xunchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shibing Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Wenshu Wang ,&nbsp;Yubi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the geographical variation in liposoluble constituents of <em>Cynomorium songaricum</em> across five northwestern provinces of China, lipophilic components from 15 different populations were analyzed using GC-MS. A total of 81 liposoluble compounds were identified. Cluster analysis based on compound types revealed that Steroids and Fatty acids served as key drivers, grouping all samples into three distinct clusters. Correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant antagonistic interaction between Steroids and Fatty acids. Furthermore, altitude exhibited a significant positive correlation with Steroid content. Subsequent ANCOVA revealed that the strong antagonistic effect of Steroids on Fatty acids masked a significant promotive effect of altitude on Fatty acids. Consequently, the overall observed effect of altitude on Fatty acids manifested as a weak inhibitory trend. Additionally, PLS-DA identified marker differential components, such as ∗stigmasta-3,5-diene∗, which serve as characteristic indicators for high-altitude <em>C. songaricum</em> populations. These findings establish a foundation for constructing the tripartite relationship between composition, altitude, and efficacy in <em>C. songaricum</em>, while also providing a crucial basis for further investigation into its underlying regulatory mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}