Skull base surgery最新文献

{"title":"Weed diversity in tomato crops in the mountainous region of South Kivu, DR Congo","authors":"V. M. Aganze, M. Cokola, Justin M. Salimbasi, A. Monty","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18788","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. Despite the importance of tomato in Central Africa, little is known about the weed flora occurring in tomato crops in this part of the world. Objectives. We aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the weed flora found in tomato crops in the mountainous region of South Kivu, DR Congo. Method. Floristic inventories were made in four cultivation zones of the Kabare territory, South Kivu. Results. In total, 79 species (belonging to 64 genera and 31 families) were recorded. The most species-rich families were Asteraceae and Poaceae. Therophytes and geophytes were the dominant life forms. Weed diversity was not significantly different between sites but species composition varied considerably, likely in relation to soil type. Based on the frequency and the abundance, the most problematic weeds were Commelina benghalensis, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Commelina diffusa, Galinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa, Oxalis debilis and Digitaria velutina. Conclusions. The weed flora in tomato fields of the mountainous regions of DR Congo is diversified, but only a few cosmopolitan species are problematic.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78881889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plants used in traditional medicine in the Comoros archipelago. A review","authors":"Matthew Saive, M. Frédérich, M. Fauconnier","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18553","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In the Comoros archipelago, as in many places in Africa, traditional medicine is the first reflex people have when it comes to finding a cure. This work illustrates the diversity of remedies found in this group of islands. The plant species potentially effective from a pharmaceutical point of view can be targeted through the comparison of different databases. The present study also illustrates the importance of preventing the loss of traditional knowledge based on hundreds of years of observations. Literature. The information in this paper originates from databases built by ethnobotanists as well as peer reviewed scientific articles. In addition, some information also come from work done by locals working with recognized organisms. Conclusions. The scientific literature cites 207 different species that are used for traditional practices in the Comoros archipelago, among which 9 are endemic. These species were compared to the pharmacopoeias of other islands and surroundings from the Indian Ocean in terms of similarities and differences between targeted ailments. Only 3% of the cited species present similarities in use among the islands of the Indian Ocean and surroundings.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79734364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacité des Composés Organiques Volatils fongiques (synthèse bibliographique)","authors":"Amine Kaddes, M. Fauconnier, K. Sassi, Chadi Berhal, B. Nasraoui, H. Jijakli","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18531","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. L’utilisation excessive de fongicides chimiques continue à pousser la recherche vers des alternatives pour la protection des cultures qui soient respectueuses de l’environnement, mais aussi novatrices. Littérature. Les champignons produisent divers mélanges de composés en phase gazeuse, appelés Composés Organiques Volatils (COVs). Ils sont capables de se diffuser dans le sol et dans l’atmosphère et d’inhiber les activités des pathogènes fongiques. Dans cette section, nous résumerons les connaissances récentes sur le potentiel inhibiteur des Composés Organiques Volatils contre les champignons pathogènes en mettant l’accent sur l’effet des COVs fongiques. Dans la pratique, nous y dévoilerons les premières recherches déchiffrant leur mode d’action et les éventuels effets phytotoxiques non spécifiques sur le microbiome environnemental ainsi que sur les plantes. Conclusions. Cet article porte sur les nouvelles techniques utilisées par les chercheurs qui mettent l’accent sur la mycofumigation afin d’optimiser la formulation d’une nouvelle génération de biofongicides. Ainsi, se dessine un nouvel horizon en matière de lutte biologique contre les maladies des cultures.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84972053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edible mushrooms, a vulnerable ecosystem service from African miombo woodlands","authors":"J. Degreef, Bill Kasongo, Elias Niyongabo, A. Kesel","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18508","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. Edible mushrooms are highly valuable non-wood forest products exploited for food and trade by local populations in the miombo area. Fungal diversity and natural production of edible mushrooms in African miombo woodlands are assessed and quantified for the first time. Objectives. The study aims to characterize the mycodiversity and compare the natural production in different miombo types to help manage this vulnerable ecosystem service. Method. A standardized data collection method was used in three study sites with different miombo types of Burundi and DR Congo. Sixty field surveys were conducted weekly in 22 permanent plots during fruiting periods. Results. The study revealed a high variation in mycodiversity according to the miombo type. Based on fresh biomass production and compared to saprotrophic taxa, it is shown that ectomycorrhizal fungi represent the most productive edible fungal component in African miombo woodlands. Conclusions. Since ectomycorrhizal host trees are systematically felled for fuelwood and charcoal production, their obligate symbiotic fungal partners are particularly vulnerable. It is suggested that for sustaining ecosystem services delivered by wild edible ectomycorrhizal fungi, forests dominated by host trees from the genera Julbernardia, Brachystegia, Isoberlinia, Uapaca and Marquesia, should be separed from clear-felling or frequent and excessive coppicing.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"471 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79912753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature dependent studies on nutritional, total polyphenols, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities of Aframomum citratum (C.Pereira) K.Schum and Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub. fruits","authors":"Manga Eyenga, J. Youovop, J. Ngondi, M. Sindic","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18732","url":null,"abstract":"Description. Hard shelled fruits, Tetrapleura tetraptera and Aframomum citratum nonwood forest products are used as spices and for many medicinal recipes. Mostly used together, they undergo heat treatment before being milled when cooking Mbongo Tchobi, a black spicy stew from central and coastal regions in Cameroon. Objectives. Evaluate the impact of roasting these spices on the physicochemical properties (dry matter, ash, raw protein, total sugar, raw fibre, pH, aw, total energy, total fat), phytochemical content (total polyphenol, total flavonoids) and the antioxidant activities (total antioxidant activity, FRAP, DPPH and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays) of their aqueous extracts in a home food consumption context. Method. Tetrapleura tetraptera and Aframomum citratum fruits from Ngola locality in Yokadouma (east region in Cameroon) locality were collected, sorted, cleaned and dried (72 h, 45 °C) in an oven. Cut into small pieces, a part was heated using roasting parameters deduced from preliminary tests (140 °C/10 min; 180 °C/20 min and 150 °C/12 min respectively for T. tetraptera, A. citratum and a formulation 95/5 of the two spices). The heated and unheated spices were ground and an infusion was prepared from boiling water in the proportion of 1/5 (g·ml-1) for both types of spices. Physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (dry matter, total ash, fat, sugar, crude fibre and energy contents, pH, aw, total flavonoids and polyphenols) as well as the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts of the two spices and a mix of the two spices were evaluated before and after the heat treatment. Results. Heat treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduces fat and total sugars contents but improves raw fiber contents for all spices. Phenolic content is more important for heated spices and percentage differences before and after heat treatment are between 8.0 and 23.2% for both spices. Extracts obtained with heated spices possess the best antioxidant potential. Strong significant positive correlations have been established between the phenolic compounds and the reductive antioxidant activities and negative correlations with the antiradical antioxidant activities as they are expressed as IC50 (mg·ml-1). Conclusions. In most of the features studied, the heated formulation (95/5) possesses the highest characteristics studied. The choice of heating these spices under the roasting parameters identified should be guided by the desire of improving their antioxidant potential because of the nutritional losses observed after heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90945822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer-based nanoinsecticides: current developments, environmental risks and future challenges. A review","authors":"Changjiao Sun, Zhanghua Zeng, H. Cui, F. Verheggen","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18497","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The rapid development of the nanotechnology industry opens new perspectives for modern crop protection strategies. This review summarizes and discusses the use of polymers as nanocarriers of insecticides. They are expected to ensure a higher level of protection for humans and the environment, while ensuring good efficacy of the active ingredient. Literature. Some of the synthetic polymers (including polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and polyhydroxybutyrate), which are widely used in pharmaceutical or cosmetic areas, can be employed as insecticide carriers. But natural polymers (including chitosan, alginate, cellulose, starch and cyclodextrins) are receiving increasing attention because of their environment-friendly properties. The polymeric materials can be prepared in various types of tridimensional structures, among which nanocapsule, nanosphere, micelle, nanogel and nanofiber are the most common for the delivery of the active ingredient. The environmental risks of polymer-based nanoinsecticides are highlighted, together with the main challenges that must be solved before future marketing. These challenges include the reduction of their production cost and assessment of their performance, especially at the field level. New protocols for characterizing, detecting and quantifying are also urgently required. Conclusions. Polymer-based nanoformulations appear to be promising for target release of active ingredients while reducing excess runoff. In order to facilitate the development of new beneficial products, collaboration among countries around the world is required.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80397339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversité des techniques et pratiques culturales du fonio (Digitaria exilis S.) en Afrique de l’Ouest (synthèse bibliographique)","authors":"Cyrille Kanlindogbe, E. Sêkloka, V. Zinsou, A. Natta","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18695","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. À la différence des grandes cultures, le fonio, une céréale négligée, n’a pu bénéficier d’un grand nombre de recherches formalisées sur les techniques culturales. Sur la base d’une recherche documentaire systématisée, cet article présente une analyse critique des techniques pratiquées en culture du fonio en Afrique subsaharienne. Littérature. Le fonio est cultivé au regard de ses potentiels alimentaire, socioculturel, thérapeutique, économique voire fourrager. Peu exigeant, il se développe dans une large gamme de conditions pédoclimatiques avec une préférence pour les sols légers et riches en matières organiques, et les zones à pluviométrie annuelle moyenne de 900-1 000 mm. Dans les pays producteurs, les variétés et les techniques culturales sont demeurées traditionnelles. Les semis se font principalement à la volée. Contrairement aux autres céréales, le fonio se cultive assez souvent sans fumure minérale ni pesticide chimique et apparait comme une culture biologique valorisable en agroécologie. Les rendements sont généralement faibles et souvent inférieurs à 1 t·ha-1. Ceci est surtout lié à l’absence de variétés améliorées et de pratiques culturales appropriées, au phénomène de verse, à l’égrenage spontané et au défaut de remplissage des grains. Conclusions. Les pratiques culturales du fonio, restées traditionnelles, sont caractérisées par la pénibilité des opérations et la faiblesse des rendements. Des recherches innovantes sur les variétés, les techniques culturales et sur la mécanisation et la rentabilité permettront de lever les contraintes et de favoriser une relance effective de la production.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89790605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dégradation des terres cultivées au Sud-Kivu, R.D. Congo : perceptions paysannes et caractéristiques des exploitations agricoles","authors":"Aimé B. Heri-Kazi, C. Bielders","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18544","url":null,"abstract":"Description du sujet. En comparaison avec les pays environnants de la région des Grands Lacs africains, il existe un manque criant d’informations actualisées sur l’état de dégradation des sols dans la dorsale du Kivu en R.D. Congo. Objectifs. Cette étude vise à caractériser la sévérité de la dégradation des sols cultivés au Sud-Kivu et comment celle-ci est affectée par la diversité des contextes biophysiques et socio-économiques, par les choix de cultures et de pratiques culturales. Méthode. Au sein de quatre territoires de la dorsale du Kivu, 720 petits agriculteurs ont été enquêtés concernant le niveau et les formes de dégradation des parcelles, les cultures et les pratiques culturales. Une classification des exploitations a été réalisée. Résultats. Les exploitations se caractérisent par leur petite taille et leur pauvreté. Globalement, l’état de dégradation est perçu comme moyen, mais il est sévère à très sévère pour un tiers des producteurs. L'érosion, les pertes d'éléments nutritifs et de matière organique sont les principaux types de dégradation. La pression démographique explique en partie les différences observées entre bassins. Les ménages les plus pauvres présentent en moyenne les niveaux de dégradation les plus élevés. Certaines pratiques (billonnage) ou cultures (manioc, café, cultures maraichères) semblent préférentiellement associées à certains états de dégradation, sans que des liens de cause à effet ne puissent être établis en raison de la prédominance des associations culturales. Conclusions. L’enquête a mis en évidence une situation interpellante, affectant particulièrement les ménages les plus pauvres, qui doit inciter à plus d’investissements en matière de conservation des sols.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90364061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorisation du surnageant d’effluents de brasserie dans la production de planctons pour la pisciculture : une alternative pour la protection de l’environnement dans les pays du Sud","authors":"M. N. D. Liady, Baruc Kpèhouénou Goussanou, R. Adande, Agossou D. Pacôme Noumavo, L. Kouadio, Fouad Zouhir, M. P. Aïna, E. D. Fiogbé","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18768","url":null,"abstract":"Description du sujet. Déterminer les conditions optimales d’utilisation des effluents de brasserie en production de phytoplancton. Objectifs. Déterminer le potentiel nutritif, les conditions d’utilisation et la dépollution réalisée suite à l’utilisation d’effluents de brasserie en aquaculture. Méthode. Le surnageant a été analysé. Ensuite, cinq traitements ont été ensemencés de Scenedesmus quadricauda et suivis (biomasses et paramètres physico-chimiques) pendant 27 jours. Finalement, les taux d’abattements des charges polluantes initiales ont été déterminés. Résultats. Le surnageant n’est pas conforme à la norme béninoise, mais présente un potentiel nutritif élevé. La non-neutralisation du pH, initialement acide, occasionne un démarrage tardif de la croissance algale. Le traitement à 10 % présente la production maximale et d’importants abattements de charges polluantes. Conclusions. Dans un contexte où il n’y a pas de station d’épuration fonctionnelle, il serait intéressant d’envisager un partenariat gagnant-gagnant entre les brasseries et les pisciculteurs. Les conditions optimales d’utilisation incluent une dose optimale et une neutralisation préalable du pH.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80169426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emergence of agroecological practices on agropastoral dairy farms in the face of changing demand from dairies","authors":"Arielle R. Vidal, A. Lurette, M. Nozières-Petit, E. Vall, C. Moulin","doi":"10.25518/1780-4507.18645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18645","url":null,"abstract":"Description of the subject. Today, the dairy sector is facing economic, social and environmental challenges. Agroecology seems to be one way of meeting those challenges. However, dairy market demand in terms of volume and supply periods may not be in line with an agroecological transition. Breeders must respond to the production conditions fixed by dairies. Objectives. We analyzed to what extent dairy farming practices are changing in two agropastoral territories after a change in the dairy process or supply period, and whether changes in practices induce a stronger uptake of agroecological practices or, on the contrary, a shift towards more conventional intensification of those practices. We were thus able to see if and how these livestock farming system dynamics contribute to and fashion agroecological transition in dairy production, in response to changes in local contexts. Method. To highlight the evolution of breeders' practices, we interviewed 41 dairy ewe farmers in the South of France and dairy cattle farmers in Western Burkina Faso. We then proposed a normative approach to evaluate to what extent changes in practices corresponded to an agroecological transition. For that purpose, we proposed a grid to analyze local practices in combination with agroecological principles. We evaluated practices before and after changes to the supply period or the dairy market. Results. In each of the territories studied, four trajectories emerged, some of which were part of an agroecological transition. The results showed that the market plays an important role as a driver of transition, in particular in situations of organic production, or limited access to inputs. Other drivers, such as resource management schemes, lead to changes in practices on rangelands towards a reduced use of pastoral resources. Conclusions. In these highly contrasting contexts with different issues, such as food security and land accessibility, farmers bring into play practices according to agroecological principles that appear to respond to the local situation.","PeriodicalId":87455,"journal":{"name":"Skull base surgery","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85905322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}