Avian Diseases最新文献

{"title":"West Nile Virus-Induced Drop in Egg Production in Commercial Pekin Duck Breeders.","authors":"Mayra F Tsoi,&nbsp;Richard M Fulton","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A sudden drop in egg production in commercial poultry flocks can be economically devastating, and rapid identification of the cause often requires a combined effort between the producer, veterinarian, and pathologist. In September 2019, a 35-wk-old commercial Pekin breeder duck flock in Indiana suffered a drop in egg production from 1700 to 1000 eggs daily (41.2% drop). Again, in September 2021, three Pekin breeder duck flocks aged 32, 58, and 62 wk from the same company suffered a similar drop in egg production, with a mild increase in weekly mortality of 1.0% to 2.5%. In 2019 and in 2021, birds from affected flocks were submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University for postmortem examination. Common gross examination findings included flaccid, shrunken, or atrophied ova (all hens), pododermatitis, airsacculitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, and pallor of the left ventricle. Histopathologic examination of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem revealed mild lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, vasculitis, and gliosis, suggesting viral encephalitis. In the heart, there was mild multifocal cardiomyocyte necrosis, mineralization, and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. PCR for Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus (WNV) was performed. Brain and heart samples were positive for WNV by PCR, and WNV antigen was detected in the cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. This is the first report to associate WNV infection with a drop in egg production in waterfowl, which are known to be important reservoir species for WNV and, as such, are generally asymptomatic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9412576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Assembled Nanoparticles with E Protein Domains I and II of Duck Tembusu Virus Can Induce a More Comprehensive Immune Response Against the Duck Tembusu Virus Challenge.","authors":"Qu Zhehui,&nbsp;Zhang Xiwen,&nbsp;Guo Xiaoqiu,&nbsp;Li Zhuoyan,&nbsp;Yu Wenjing,&nbsp;Lv Shuoshuo,&nbsp;Zhang Wen,&nbsp;Jiao Fengchao,&nbsp;He Shuhai,&nbsp;Lu Shaofang","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a pathogenic flavivirus that causes a substantial drop in egg production and severe neurological disorders in domestic waterfowl. Self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles with E protein domains I and II (EDI-II) of DTMUV (EDI-II-RFNp) were prepared, and its morphology was observed. Two independent experiments were conducted. First, Cherry Valley ducks aged 14 days were vaccinated with EDI-II-RFNp, EDI-II, and phosphate buffered solution (PBS, pH 7.4), and special and virus neutralization (VN) antibodies, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in serum, and lymphocyte proliferation were detected. Second, the vaccinated ducks with EDI-II-RFNp, EDI-II, and PBS were injected with virulent DTMUV, clinical signs at 7 days postinfection (dpi) were observed, and mRNA levels of DTMUV in the lungs, liver, and brain at 7 and 14 dpi were detected. The results showed near-spherical nanoparticles EDI-II-RFNp with a 16.46 ± 4.70 nm diameters. The levels of specific and VN antibodies, IL-4 and IFN-γ, and lymphocyte proliferation in the EDI-II-RFNp group were significantly higher than those in the EDI-II and PBS groups. In the DTMUV challenge test, clinical signs and mRNA levels in tissue were used to evaluate protection of EDI-II-RFNp. EDI-II-RFNp-vaccinated ducks showed milder clinical signs and lower levels of DTMUV RNA in the lungs, liver, and brain. These results indicate that EDI-II-RFNp effectively protects ducks against the DTMUV challenge and could be a vaccine candidate to provide an effective and safe method for preventing and controlling DTMUV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9416837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Purple Finches (<i>Haemorhous purpureus</i>) the Next Host for a Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis Epidemic?","authors":"María Teresa Reinoso-Pérez,&nbsp;Keila V Dhondt,&nbsp;Alexander A Levitskiy,&nbsp;Gates Dupont,&nbsp;Edan R Tulman,&nbsp;Steven J Geary,&nbsp;André A Dhondt","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ever since 1994, when the bacterial pathogen <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> jumped from poultry to wild birds, it has been assumed that the primary host species of this pathogen in wild North American birds was the house finch (<i>Haemorhous mexicanus</i>), in which disease prevalence was higher than in any other bird species. Here we tested two hypotheses to explain a recent increase in disease prevalence in purple finches (<i>Haemorhous purpureus</i>) around Ithaca, New York. Hypothesis 1 is that, as <i>M. gallisepticum</i> evolved and became more virulent, it has also become better adapted to other finches. If this is correct, early isolates of <i>M. gallisepticum</i> should cause less-severe eye lesions in purple finches than in house finches, while more-recent isolates should cause eye lesions of similar severity in the two species. Hypothesis 2 is that, as house finch abundance declined following the <i>M. gallisepticum</i> epidemic, purple finches around Ithaca increased in abundance relative to house finches and purple finches are thus more frequently exposed to <i>M. gallisepticum</i>-infected house finches. This would then lead to an increase in <i>M. gallisepticum</i> prevalence in purple finches. Following an experimental infection with an early and a more-recent <i>M. gallisepticum</i> isolate, eye lesions in purple finches were more severe than in house finches. This did not a support Hypothesis 1; similarly, an analysis of Project Feeder Watch data collected around Ithaca did not show differences in changes in purple and house finches' abundance since 2006, a result which does not support Hypothesis 2. We conclude that purple finch populations will, unlike those of house finches, not suffer a severe decline because of a <i>M. gallisepticum</i> epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9466813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Inoculation of Point-of-Lay Hens with the New South Wales Outbreak Strain of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis Phage Type 12 Causes Infection, but Minimal Histopathology.","authors":"Alison Collins,&nbsp;Anne Jordan,&nbsp;Yuanshuo Gao,&nbsp;Peter Groves","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An outbreak of food poisoning in New South Wales (NSW) Australia in 2018, caused by <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Enteritidis phage type 12 (PT12), was traced to eggs consumed from a NSW layer flock. This was the first report of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis infection in NSW layer flocks, despite ongoing environmental monitoring. Clinical signs and mortalities were minimal in most flocks, although seroconversion and infection were demonstrated in some flocks. An oral dose-response challenge study with <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis PT12 was undertaken in commercial point-of-lay hens. Cloacal swabs collected at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days postinoculation and caeca, liver, spleen, ovary, magnum, and isthmus tissues collected at necropsy at either 7 or 14 days were processed for <i>Salmonella</i> isolation (AS 5013.10-2009 from ISO6579:2002). Histopathology was performed on the above tissues, as well as lung, pancreas, kidney, heart, and additional intestinal and reproductive tract tissues. <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis was consistently detected in cloacal swabs between 7 and 14 days postchallenge. The <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis PT12 isolate successfully colonized the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and spleen of all hens orally challenged with 10⁷, 10⁸, and 10⁹ <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis, and less consistently colonized their reproductive tracts. On histopathology, mild lymphoid hyperplasia in the liver and spleen, along with hepatitis, typhlitis, serositis, and salpingitis, was observed at 7 and 14 days postchallenge, with a greater proportion of affected birds in the two higher dose groups. Diarrhea and culture of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis from heart blood were not detected in challenged layers. The NSW isolate of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis PT12 was able to invade and colonize the birds' reproductive tracts as well as a wide range of other tissues, indicating the potential for these naive commercial hens to contaminate their eggs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9416838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> in the Production Environment and Stagnant Water as a Potential Source of <i>C. hepaticus</i> Causing Spotty Liver Disease in Free-Range Laying Hens in Georgia, United States.","authors":"Roel Becerra,&nbsp;Jenny Nicholds,&nbsp;Karen Grogan,&nbsp;David French,&nbsp;Eric Shepherd,&nbsp;Catherine M Logue","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spotty liver disease (SLD) has emerged as an important cause of disease in egg-producing flocks in countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia and has emerged in the United States. The organisms implicated in SLD include <i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> and, more recently, <i>Campylobacter bilis</i>. These organisms have been found to cause focal lesions on the livers of infected birds. <i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> infection results in reduced egg production, decreased feed consumption resulting in reduced egg size, and increased mortality of highly valuable hens. In the fall of 2021, birds from two flocks (A and B) of organic pasture-raised laying hens were submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic Research Center at the University of Georgia with a history suspicious of SLD. Postmortem examination of Flock A found 5/6 hens had small multifocal lesions on the liver and were PCR positive for <i>C. hepaticus</i> from pooled swab analysis of samples of the liver and gall bladder. Necropsy of Flock B found 6/7 submitted birds had spotty liver lesions. In pooled bile swabs, 2/7 hens from Flock B were also PCR positive for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. A follow-up visit to Flock A was scheduled 5 days later, as well as a visit to a flock where SLD has not been reported (Flock C), which was used as a comparative control. Samples of the liver, spleen, cecal tonsil, ceca, blood, and gall bladder were collected from six hens per house. Additionally, feed, water nipples, and environmental water (stagnant water outside the house) were collected from the affected farm and the control farm. To detect the organism, all samples collected were subjected to direct plating on blood agar and enrichment in Preston broth with incubation under microaerophilic conditions. After multiple phases of bacterial culture purification from all samples, single bacterial cultures displaying characteristics of <i>C. hepaticus</i> were tested by PCR to confirm identity. From Flock A, liver, ceca, cecal tonsils, gall bladder, and environmental water were PCR positive for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. No positive samples were detected in Flock C. After another follow-up visit, 10 wk later, Flock A was PCR positive for <i>C. hepaticus</i> from gall bladder bile and feces and one environmental water sample displayed a weak positive reaction for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. Flock C was PCR negative for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. To gain more knowledge about <i>C. hepaticus</i> prevalence, a survey of 6 layer hens from 12 different layer hen flocks between the ages of 7 to 80 wk, raised in different housing systems, were tested for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. The 12 layer hen flocks were culture and PCR negative for <i>C. hepaticus</i>. Currently, there are no approved treatments for <i>C. hepaticus</i> and no vaccine is available. The results of this study suggest that <i>C. hepaticus</i> may be endemic in some areas of the United States, and free-range laying hens may be exposed from the environment/stagnant water i","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9416840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Interventions in Preventing and Treating Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Irene Bueno, Isabel Ricke, Haejin Hwang, Emily Smith, André Nault, Timothy J Johnson, Randall S Singer","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00069","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this systematic review was to compare the efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic alternatives in the prevention and treatment of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. <i>In vivo</i> experimental and observational studies that compared the administration of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics to prevent or treat NE in broiler chickens and that evaluated mortality and/or clinical or subclinical NE outcome measures were eligible. Four electronic databases were searched in December 2019 and updated in October 2021. Retrieved studies were evaluated in two phases: abstract and design screening. Data were then extracted from included studies. Risk of bias was assessed by outcome following the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity across interventions and outcomes. The non-antibiotic and antibiotic groups were compared at the outcome level for individual studies using the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated <i>post hoc</i> from raw data. In total, 1282 studies were originally identified, and 40 were included in the final review. The overall risk of bias for the 89 outcomes was either \"high\" (<i>n</i> = 34) or \"some concerns\" (<i>n</i> = 55). Individual study comparisons showed a beneficial trend toward the antibiotic group for reduced mortality, NE lesion scores (overall, jejunum, and ileum), <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> counts, and for most histologic measurements (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villi height, and jejunum and ileum crypt depth). The non-antibiotic groups showed a beneficial trend for NE duodenum lesion scores and duodenum crypt depth measurements. Based on this review, there is a trend that mostly favors antibiotic compounds in preventing and/or treating NE, but the evidence also suggests no difference when comparing them with non-antibiotic alternatives. Studies assessing this research question were heterogeneous in their intervention conditions and outcomes measured, and there were key aspects of the experimental design not reported in some of the studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9412578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Sequencing and Characterization of an Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 VG/GA-like Isolate with a Unique Fusion Cleavage Site Motif.","authors":"Henry M Kariithi,&nbsp;David L Suarez,&nbsp;James F Davis,&nbsp;Louise Dufour-Zavala,&nbsp;Tim L Olivier,&nbsp;Dawn Williams-Coplin,&nbsp;Abhijeet Bakre,&nbsp;Chang-Won Lee","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A complete genome sequence of a VG/GA -like strain of avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1) was identified by nontargeted next-generation sequencing of an oropharyngeal swab sample collected from a carcass of a 12-mo-old backyard chicken. The isolate has a fusion (F) protein cleavage site motif consistent with a low virulent AOAV-1, but it has a unique motif with phenylalanine at position 117 (¹¹²G-R-Q-G-R↓F¹¹⁷), which is typical for virulent AOAV-1 strains. The one nucleotide difference at the cleavage site compared to other low-virulence viruses made the isolate detectable by F-gene-specific real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) developed as a diagnostic test to specifically detect virulent strains. The mean death time determined in eggs and intracerebral pathogenicity index determined in chickens classified the isolate as lentogenic. This is the first report of a lentogenic VG/GA-like virus with a phenylalanine residue at position 117 of the F protein cleavage site in the United States. In addition to concern for potential pathogenic shift of the virus through additional changes at the cleavage site, our finding warrants increased awareness of diagnosticians of potential false positive F-gene rRT-PCR tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9466812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AAAP Sponsors","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.486","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48118870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.490","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135909212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Pathology Volume 51 Number 6 December 2022 Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.4.507","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43602374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}