Avian Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Pathogenicity and Antigenicity of Avian Reoviruses and Disease Control Through Vaccination.","authors":"Milos Markis","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian reoviruses are ubiquitous in poultry production worldwide and can be transmitted vertically or horizontally among chickens. The pathogenicity of reoviruses can range from very pathogenic viruses that affect multiple tissues and organs to apathogenic. Avian reoviruses have been associated with many disease presentations, and two of the most economically significant diseases are viral arthritis/tenosynovitis and viral enteritis. Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis has been recognized since the 1950s and essentially disappeared after development of attenuated live and inactivated vaccines in the 1980s but re-emerged in 2011 due to the emergence of antigenic variants. Viral enteritis was first recognized in the 1970s and became the predominant reovirus-associated disease between 2006 and 2011 due to the emergence of pathogenic enterotropic reoviruses. Pathogenicity of reovirus isolates can be evaluated in several ways, including inoculation of day-old broiler chicks with low maternal reovirus antibody titers via the foot pad route or the oral and intratracheal route. Pathogenic reoviruses induce foot pad inflammation within 3 days of inoculation, and more pathogenic reoviruses are able to disseminate to and damage visceral organs. Only reovirus infections in young chickens result in disease due to age-related resistance to disease development. Reoviruses exist as many serotypes and subtypes with various degrees of interrelatedness. The earliest reovirus strains in the United States were antigenically related to each other and are referred to as S1133-like viruses, but in the 2000s, reoviruses emerged that were antigenically different from the S1133-like viruses. Virus neutralization assay using polyclonal antisera has been used to classify the emerging variant reoviruses into serogroups. The first reovirus vaccines were developed in the 1970s, and by the 1980s breeder vaccination programs were established that protected breeders, prevented vertical transmission of reovirus, and provided maternal immunity to the progeny during the crucial first 3 wk of life. With the emergence of antigenic variant reoviruses in the 2000s, vaccination programs using S1133-like vaccines became ineffective. The poultry industry has relied on vaccination with autogenous inactivated reovirus vaccines to alleviate losses due to viral arthritis/tenosynovitis and viral enteritis. Virus isolates used for autogenous vaccines must be updated regularly and are selected based on pathotype, serotype, or Sigma C (σC) genotype. Live attenuated S1133 vaccines are still used in breeder chickens for the priming effect, followed by one or more injections of the inactivated licensed and/or autogenous vaccines. The route of vaccination and the number of doses received by breeder chickens are very important for a sufficient antibody response. Intramuscular vaccination with inactivated vaccines elicits the highest antibody response, while subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated vacci","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 4","pages":"435-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Pathology Volume 51 Number 3 June 2022 Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 1","pages":"368 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Pathology Volume 51 Number 4 August 2022 Table of Contents","authors":"S. Rautenschlein, Tessa J. Nash, L. Vervelde","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 1","pages":"369 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67547406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Advertisements","authors":"Carlene Burton, Sherri Eckroade Trossbach, K. Schat","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.c2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-66.3.c2","url":null,"abstract":"Dr. Robert (Bob) Eckroade was born at the Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C. on June 24, 1937 to Kermit and June Eckroade. Bob spent his school years in Cradock, VA, a small planned community near Portsmouth. In 1955, he matriculated at Virginia Tech. During this period, he married his high school sweetheart, Carlene Burton, which substantially increased his focus and success in his pre-veterinary medicine studies. After 3 years, Bob enrolled at the University of Georgia (1958-1962) to pursue his dream of becoming a small animal veterinarian. During this period, Don Davis introduced Bob to poultry science, which ultimately led to a career in poultry medicine after receiving his MS and PhD degrees in Pathology and Veterinary Science from the University of Wisconsin in 1971. Afterwards, he joined the University of Delaware working on infectious bursal disease with Walt Staples. In 1975, Bob joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine where he remained until his retirement in 2003.","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"c2 - c6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48823895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IB80-A Novel Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotype (GVIII).","authors":"D Petzoldt,&nbsp;N Vogel,&nbsp;W Bielenberg,&nbsp;J Haneke,&nbsp;H Bischoff,&nbsp;M Liman,&nbsp;S Rönchen,&nbsp;K-P Behr,&nbsp;T Menke","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since mid-2015, there has been an increasing number of chicken samples that are positive for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in a screening PCR but which do not show positive results in any established, variant-specific PCR tests (793B, QX, D1466, Massachusetts, D274, Italy 02, Arkansas, Variant 2, Q1). Partial sequencing of the viral genome of those samples shows great similarities, but nucleotide similarity in the S1 gene is only about 57%-61% when compared to any other known GI-GVII IBV genotype and lineage. With nucleotide identity in the S1 gene of approximately 80%, the closest related strain in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (as of March 15, 2020) is the North American PA/1220/98 isolate (AY789942) designated as a unique variant by Valastro <i>et al</i>. in 2016. Due to its divergence from other IBV strains, we propose that strain, designated IB80, is the type strain of a novel IBV genotype GVIII. So far, IB80 has been detected in commercial layer and broiler parent flocks, frequently showing severe drops in egg production as well as in broiler flocks in Europe and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10326735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance and Assessment of Risk Factors for Newcastle Disease Virus from Live Bird Retail Stalls in Lahore District of Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Awais,&nbsp;Abdul Wajid,&nbsp;Iryna V Goraichuk,&nbsp;Andleeb Batool,&nbsp;Asif Rahim,&nbsp;Atif Anif,&nbsp;Nazeer Ahmed,&nbsp;Renfu Yin","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asian countries are considered hubs for the spread of several poultry viruses. In Pakistan, there is a lack of uniformity in practices used in LBMs, which leads to the spread of poultry diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June-October 2017 to determine the circulation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens being sold in live bird retail stalls (LBRSs) and to identify potential risk factors associated with estimated prevalence. A total of 189 stalls (<i>n</i> = 1134 birds) distributed in eight administrative towns of Lahore were visited. A pool of six oropharyngeal swabs was collected from each stall and tested by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the presence of NDV. Forty-two out of 189 swabs were found positive with an overall prevalence of 22.22% (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 16.88%-28.67%). Data for 11 potential risk factors acquired through questionnaires were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (ORs) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for NDV prevalence in LBRSs, including trading other poultry breeds alongside broilers (OR = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-6.1), purchasing birds from mixed sources (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.4-11.9), and number of birds sold per day (OR = 6.32; 95% CI = 1.9-23.5). Additionally, 24 selected samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis of the complete fusion gene (1662 bp) revealed that all isolates belonged to Subgenotype VII.2. This study provides important information on the epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing surveillance and biosecurity practices in LBRSs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Factors Associated with Leg Trimmings at Processing: A 12-Year Review.","authors":"Taylor Boyett,&nbsp;Phillip A Stayer,&nbsp;Maria Correa,&nbsp;Rocio Crespo","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrocnemius tendon injury or rupture is a common consequence from various etiologies and conditions in poultry production. The occurrence of tendon injury can cause significant morbidity and lameness in chickens, as well as quality downgrades and increased trimming on carcasses at processing. In this study, 12 yr of data from a poultry processing plant on leg trim only were compiled and analyzed. The association between grower, season, shift, and time were investigated in relation to the prevalence of ruptured tendons and carcass condemnations. A total of 8585 separate data entries from 195 growers were analyzed. Problem flocks were defined as those that had a carcass trimming rate of the percentage change equal to or above the 95th percentile of all data points (0.603%). We identified 430 instances of high trimmings in this study period, involving 90 growers. Of those, eight growers had 10 or more problem flocks in the study period. Overall, there were no differences in trimming rates due to shift; however, problem flocks had a higher trimming rate (percentage) during the night shift. A significantly higher rate of carcass trimmings was noted in the winter months. In problem flocks, a second and lower peak of a higher trimming was also observed in August. There was an upward trending carcass trimming that peaked in 2014, and it trended downward each year through 2020 overall. However, when the problem flocks were excluded, the trimming rate percentage change of trimming decreased slightly from 2008 to 2012 and remained steady through 2020. In conclusion, this study was able to demonstrate noninfectious causes that may be associated with increased leg trimmings and consequently made it possible to narrow down management practices to help decrease the instances of leg trimmings in the processing plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Prognosis and Treatment of Crop Impaction in Chickens via Ingluviotomy with Local Infiltration Anesthetic: Case Report.","authors":"Gigi Wing Lin","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two hens from two backyard chicken flocks were presented to a private veterinary practice specializing in poultry, both with a chief complaint of crop distention. Crop impaction was diagnosed based on physical examinations and radiographic findings. The hens were admitted for ingluviotomy surgery to remove the impacted fibrous material under local anesthesia. Even though one of the hens was diagnosed with pendulous crop, both hens recovered uneventfully after ingluviotomy and postoperative care. Follow-up examinations and interviews with the owners confirmed excellent long-term recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Evaluation of a Novel Algal Feed Additive for Poultry Production.","authors":"Weiluo Lee,&nbsp;Allison Matthews,&nbsp;Daniel Moore","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feed additives are critical components for poultry health and the economic viability of antibiotic-free poultry production. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety of a novel algal-derived feed additive, a dried biomass powder produced from <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> strain crAL082, modified to express an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28) and a lysozyme-type enzyme (EC 3.2.1.17). A 42-day oral toxicity study showed that the crAL082 dried biomass powder was fully tolerated by broiler chicken based on the lack of detrimental effects found in performance, mortality, hematology, blood clinical chemistry, and histopathologic results compared with those of a nontreated control group, resulting in a \"No Observed Adverse Effect Level\" of 5000 ppm, the highest dose tested. The study demonstrates the first-ever safety result of a <i>C. reinhardtii</i> microalgae dried biomass powder used as a feed additive in broiler chickens. Furthermore, safety is shown for the two additional enzymes expressed within the <i>C. reinhardtii</i> crAL082 strain and ingested by the birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10322733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necrotizing Hepatitis Associated with <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> in Broiler Chicks.","authors":"Valerie Marcano,&nbsp;Tyler Gamble,&nbsp;Kevin Maschek,&nbsp;Lisa Stabler,&nbsp;Oscar Fletcher,&nbsp;James Davis,&nbsp;Brigid V Troan,&nbsp;Ana M Villegas,&nbsp;Yu-Yang Tsai,&nbsp;Nicolle L Barbieri,&nbsp;Monique Franca","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this retrospective study we describe unusual cases of clostridial hepatitis associated with high mortality in young broiler chicks. Eleven cases of necrotizing hepatitis in broiler chicks from four companies were submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center or the Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network between 2017 and 2020. In most flocks, increased 3-day mortality was followed by an elevated 7-day mortality. Gross lesions included green to dark brown discoloration of the liver, congested lungs, serosanguineous fluid in the caudoventral aspect of the abdomen, and emphysema in the yolk sacs. In birds older than a week of age, disease with neurologic signs became evident and consisted of tremors, stargazing, and incoordination. Histopathologic evaluation revealed multifocal to coalescing fibrinoheterophilic and necrotizing hepatitis associated with gram-positive, long, rod-shaped bacteria. Formalin-fixed liver samples from six cases out of eight cases tested were positive for <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> by immunohistochemistry. Liver samples from two cases were culture positive for <i>Clostridium</i> spp., and <i>C. perfringens</i> was isolated from one sample. Toxinotyping by PCR performed in seven samples revealed the presence of the genes that code for alpha toxin phospholipase C (<i>cpa</i> or <i>plc</i>) and necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (<i>netB</i>) in six samples and as well as <i>C. perfringens</i> large cytotoxin (<i>tpeL</i>) in one sample. Broiler breeders are the suspected source of the infection, and testing revealed <i>C. perfringens</i> in hatchery samples and among broiler breeder flocks. Antimicrobial therapy was coupled with enhanced sanitation at the farm and hatchery in that company, markedly decreasing the mortality and clinical signs. This is the first comprehensive evaluation of clostridial necrotizing hepatitis in newly hatched chicks, and the second ever reported in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"66 3","pages":"337-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10321764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}