Avian Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Incidence and Economic Impact of Reovirus in the Poultry Industries in the United States.","authors":"David French","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian reoviruses have sole or partial responsibility for a wide range of conditions that are of economic concern to the poultry industries in the United States. It is difficult, however, to determine the exact cost of reoviral-induced disease to this industry for several reasons. Avian reoviruses are ubiquitous in commercial poultry operations, but vary greatly in their ability to cause disease. Many reovirus isolates are not pathogenic, and this contributes to the difficulty in determining their role in production losses or whether they are merely coincidental findings of little or no importance. Results of infection with this virus can be difficult to measure in a commercial setting, aside from morbidity, mortality, or loss of finished product in a processing plant due to condemnation or trim. The fact that there is a relatively high morbidity rate, and at the same time a low mortality rate, makes it extremely difficult to accurately estimate the economic impact of infection with this virus. Variations in the pathogenicity of the virus, the extent of infection within a flock, the blending of progeny from different breeder source flocks into a broiler house, and the lack of separation of infected birds from uninfected birds at processing makes evaluation of economic variables, such as feed conversion and weight gain, very difficult to ascertain. The broiler and turkey industries have been surveyed on the importance of this virus in their respective operations and the results will be consolidated here to consider the economic impact to the poultry industries in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10719568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Reoviruses from Clinical Cases of Tenosynovitis: An Overview of Diagnostic Approaches and 10-Year Review of Isolations and Genetic Characterization.","authors":"Holly S Sellers","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reoviral-induced tenosynovitis/viral arthritis is an economically significant disease of poultry. Affected birds present with lameness, unilateral or bilateral swollen hock joints or shanks, and/or reluctance to move. In severe cases, rupture of the gastrocnemius or digital flexor tendons may occur, and significant culling may be necessary. Historically, vaccination with a combination of modified live and inactivated vaccines has successfully controlled disease. Proper vaccination reduced vertical transmission and provided maternal-derived antibodies to progeny to protect against disease, at an age when they were most susceptible. Starting in 2011-2012, an increased incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis was observed in chickens and turkeys. In chickens, progeny from reovirus-vaccinated breeders were affected, suggesting commercial vaccines did not provide adequate protection against disease. In turkeys, clinical disease was primarily in males, although females can also be affected. The most significant signs were observed around 14-16 wks of age and include reluctance to move, lameness, and limping on one or both legs. The incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis presently remains high. Reoviruses isolated from clinical cases are genetically and antigenically characterized as variants, meaning they are different from vaccine strains. Characterization of the field isolates reveals multiple new genotypes and serotypes that are significantly different from commercial vaccines and each other. In 2012, a single prevalent virus was isolated from a majority of the cases submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia. Genetic characterization of the σC protein revealed the early isolates belonged to genetic cluster (GC) 5. Soon after the initial identification of the GC5 variant reovirus, many broiler companies incorporated these isolates from their farms into their autogenous vaccines and continue to do so today. The incidence of GC5 field isolates has decreased significantly, likely because of the widespread use of the isolates in autogenous vaccines. Unfortunately, variant reoviruses belonging to multiple GCs have emerged, despite inclusion of these isolates in autogenous vaccines. In this review, an overview of nomenclature, sample collection, and diagnostic testing will be covered, and a summary of variant reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis over the past 10 yrs will be provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Control of Avian Reoviruses in Commercial Broiler Production.","authors":"Tyler C Gamble,&nbsp;Holly S Sellers","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prevention of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis caused by variant avian reoviruses within commercial broiler production has become increasingly more challenging because of the lack of protection afforded by the current commercially available vaccines. Avian reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis in recent years are antigenically distinct from nearly all of the commercially licensed modified live and inactivated biologics available in the United States. The emergence of new variants is likely shaped by a lack of homologous protection coupled with selection pressure influences and results in antigenically diverse populations of avian reoviruses. One tool available to the poultry industry is the use of autogenous (custom) vaccines. Although these can be effective, isolation, characterization, and screening of isolates from clinical cases is paramount for the selection of isolates to include in these vaccines. With no treatment options, control can only be attained via prevention of infection. To achieve this goal, commercially licensed products with antigenic applicability and broadly cross-protective vaccine strains are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-Analysis of the Use of <i>Eimeria</i> Lesion Scores and Oocyst Counts in Floor-Pen Studies.","authors":"Ruediger Hauck,&nbsp;Jordan Eckert,&nbsp;Colt Hunter","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The success of treatments for, or prophylaxis of, coccidiosis with classical anticoccidial feed additives or alternative treatments can be measured with a variety of metrics. Three important metrics are body weight or body weight gain (BW or BWG), lesion scores (LS), and oocyst shedding (OS). A meta-analysis of floor-pen experiments was performed to determine if using LS and OS would lead to systematically different assessments compared to the use of BW at the end of the experiment, and to what degree changes in LS and OS are correlated with BW. We also investigated if there were days postinfection on which one could expect larger ratios between untreated control groups and treated groups for LS and OS as an aid to selecting sampling days. A total of 38 experiments from 37 articles in peer-reviewed journals were included. Data sets containing experiments that investigated LS or OS in addition to BW or BWG to assess anticoccidial feed additives or alternative treatment were tested for the effectiveness of the intervention either by univariate meta-analyses for each metric or by robust variance estimation multivariate meta-analysis combining BW with LS or BW with OS. The results did not show evidence that the inclusion of LS and OS in experimental designs to assess the effect of conventional and alternative feed additives with assumed anticoccidial activity systematically changed the conclusions drawn from an experiment, but there was no significant correlation between the LS and OS ratios of untreated and treated groups determined during the experiments with the ratios of the BW at the end of the experiment for each experiment. There was also no discernible relationship between LS or OS ratios and days postinfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10719571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of Goose Parvovirus in Induction of Angel Wing Syndrome in Muscovy Ducks.","authors":"Hamdi Mohamed Sallam,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdel Halim Nour,&nbsp;Ali Mahmoud Zanaty","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary, environmental, and hereditary causes were reported as causative agents of angel wing syndrome in waterfowl. Since 2017, several Muscovy duck flocks at Behira governorate were found to exhibit this syndrome associated with the clinical symptoms of goose parvovirus (GPV) infection. Four strains of goose parvovirus named HS1-HS4 were isolated and identified from diseased ducks at some of these flocks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of these strains together and within a distinct monophyletic group in relation to GPV strains of Derzsy's disease and short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS). Nucleotide identities with goose parvovirus strain B of Derzsy's disease were 95.7%-96.6%, and with the strain JS1603 of SBDS they were 96.8%-97.4%. However, nucleotide identities with Muscovy duck parvovirus strain FM were 74.1%-74.6%. The disease was reproduced experimentally via oral-route artificial infection with HS1 strain, and both clinical symptoms of goose parvovirus and angel wing syndrome were observed in the artificially infected Muscovy ducks, but with less severity in geese. This study demonstrated clear evidence for induction of angel wing syndrome, at least partially, with GPV infection in Muscovy duck. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first work to mention a viral cause of angel wing syndrome in waterfowl.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10719569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing of <i>Eimeria maxima</i> in Commercial Broiler Flocks.","authors":"M Carrisosa,&nbsp;M T Terra-Long,&nbsp;J Cline,&nbsp;K S Macklin,&nbsp;T Dormitorio,&nbsp;C Wang,&nbsp;R Hauck","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>About 35% of all broiler flocks in the United States receive an anticoccidial vaccine, but it is not possible to easily differentiate <i>Eimeria</i> vaccine strains from <i>Eimeria</i> field isolates. Being able to do that would allow using vaccines in a more targeted way. The objective of this study was to collect <i>Eimeria maxima</i> isolates from broiler flocks that received anticoccidial feed additives and flocks that had been vaccinated against coccidia and then test them with a multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) scheme developed for this study. Fecal samples were obtained from commercial broiler flocks in Alabama and Tennessee. Oocyst counts in samples tended to be lower in flocks receiving anticoccidial feed additives and higher in vaccinated flocks. Selected samples were screened for presence of <i>E. maxima</i> by quantitative PCR, and <i>Eimeria</i> spp. composition was investigated by next-generation amplicon sequencing (NGAS) in 37 <i>E. maxima</i> positive samples. Other detected <i>Eimeria</i> spp. besides <i>E. maxima</i> were <i>Eimeria acervulina</i> in 35 samples, <i>Eimeria praecox</i> in 23 samples, <i>Eimeria mitis</i> or <i>Eimeria mivati</i> in 17 samples, and <i>Eimeria necatrix</i> or <i>Eimeria tenella</i> in 10 samples. Six partial <i>E. maxima</i> genes (dnaJ domain containing protein, 70-kDa heat shock protein, prolyl endopeptidase, regulator of chromosome condensation domain containing protein, serine carboxypeptidase, and vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase subunit) of 46 samples were sequenced. The MLST scheme was able to differentiate two vaccines from each other. Three of 17 samples from vaccinated flocks differed from the vaccine used in the flock, while 16 of 29 samples from unvaccinated flocks differed from the vaccine. However, there was also a large number of low-quality, ambiguous chromatograms and negative PCRs for the selected genes. If and when more advanced, possibly next-generation sequencing-based methods will be developed, the genes should be considered as targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10719570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Efficacy of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccines (Double-Insert vHVT-IBD-ND and Single-Insert vHVT-ND) Followed by a Vaccination with a Live Newcastle Disease Vaccine Against a Moroccan Velogenic Newcastle Disease Challenge in Commercial Broilers.","authors":"Siham Fellahi,&nbsp;Taoufik Rawi,&nbsp;Asma Fagrach,&nbsp;Lamiae Berrada,&nbsp;Andrea Delvecchio,&nbsp;Charifa Drissi Touzani,&nbsp;Mohammed El Houadfi,&nbsp;Faouzi Kichou,&nbsp;Stéphane Lemiere","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advent of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vector vaccine technology (vHVT) has made a huge improvement in the prevention and control of several poultry diseases. The objective of this study was to compare, under experimental conditions, the protection conferred by different vaccination programs based on an HVT double-insert (infectious bursal disease {IBD] and Newcastle disease [ND]) vector vaccine (vHVT-IBD-ND) and an HVT single-insert (vHVT-ND) vector vaccine followed by a vaccination with a live ND vaccine at Day 1 only or at Days 1 and 14. Commercial broilers were vaccinated by the recombinant ND virus vaccines subcutaneously at 1 day old, in the hatchery, and challenged at 30 days of age using the Moroccan ND virus velogenic viscerotropic JEL strain. The results showed that the tested vaccine induced 95% to 100% clinical protection against mortality and clinical signs. The humoral immune response to vaccination was detected from 3 wk of age using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition tests. ND challenge virus shedding was significantly reduced in the vaccinated birds as compared to controls. Significant reduction of the cloacal shedding suggests that the vHVT-IBD-ND vaccine stimulates actively the immunity against the tested ND challenge virus. No significant differences were found between the vaccination programs based on vHVT-IBD-ND or on vHVT-ND.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Investigations of Recurring Histomonosis on a Turkey Farm.","authors":"J Lüning,&nbsp;M Auerbach,&nbsp;R Lindenwald,&nbsp;A Campe,&nbsp;S Rautenschlein","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ban of effective feed additives and therapeutics in the European Union and in other parts of the world led to a dramatic increase of histomonosis in turkeys. Despite the impact of the disease on the health and welfare of poultry, many questions remain open regarding the epidemiology of the pathogen. In this study, we retrospectively monitored a farm with recurring cases of histomonosis to identify possible routes of pathogen introduction and predisposing factors that may influence the disease development. We included 32 consecutive turkey flocks, which were fattened between 2007 and 2021 on the same farm under the same management and housing conditions. During this period, <i>Histomonas meleagridis</i> was detected in eight flocks of toms and four flocks of hens with a high variability in disease development. Outbreaks in toms led to significantly (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) higher mortality rates (5.3%-98.3%) than in hens (2.6%-6.1%). Most of the outbreaks (9/12) were diagnosed between June and September with a peak in August, suggesting a possible impact of higher temperatures either on the host or on the pathogen and pathogen-transmitting vectors. Further investigation is necessary to determine why hens might cope better with histomonosis than toms. Continuous flock and hygiene management is important to prevent an introduction of the causative pathogen and to control potential vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Universal, Single-Primer Amplification Protocol to Perform Whole-Genome Sequencing of Segmented dsRNA Avian Orthoreoviruses.","authors":"Klaudia Chrzastek,&nbsp;Holly S Sellers,&nbsp;Darrell R Kapczynski","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Reoviridae</i> family represents the largest family of double-stranded RNA viruses, and members have been isolated from a wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, and plants. Orthoreoviruses, one of the 15 recognized genera in the <i>Reoviridae</i> family, can infect humans and nearly all mammals and birds. Genomic characterization of reoviruses has not been adopted on a large scale because of the complexity of obtaining sequences for all 10 segments. In this study, we develop a time-efficient and practical method to enrich reovirus sequencing reads from isolates that allows for full-genome recovery using a single-primer amplification method coupled with next-generation sequencing. We refer to this protocol as reovirus-single-primer amplification (R-SPA). Our results demonstrate that most of the genes are covered with at least 500 reads per base space. Furthermore, R-SPA covers both the 5' and 3' ends of each reovirus genes. In summary, this study presents a universal and fast amplification protocol that yields sufficient double-stranded cDNA and facilitates and expedites the whole-genome sequencing of reoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9296725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Variant Avian Reoviruses and Their Relationship with Antigenicity and Pathogenicity.","authors":"Rodrigo A Gallardo","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian reovirus variants (ARVs) are important pathogens currently causing losses in poultry production. These variants escape protection elicited by conventional vaccines, i.e., S1133, 2408, and 1733 in chickens. Historically, ARVs have been classified according to their antigenic type and relative pathogenicity. Due to the virus variability, antigenic testing is difficult and laboratory specific, while pathotyping is costly and complex. Current molecular classification methods focus only on one gene, and genomic changes within this gene are not predictive of changes in antigenicity and pathogenicity. This review focuses on existing literature on reovirus antigenicity, pathogenicity, and molecular assessments as an aid to provide insights on how to predict antigenic and pathogenic phenotypes based on genomic information and future focus on development of new and comprehensive classification systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10731697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}