Autoimmunity reviews最新文献

{"title":"Neuroimmune communication of the cholinergic system in gut inflammation and autoimmunity","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuroimmune communication in the body forms a bridge between two central regulatory systems of the body, i.e., nervous and immune systems. The cholinergic system is a crucial modulatory neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. It includes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), the enzyme required for the synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), the enzyme required for its degradation (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), and cholinergic receptors (Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors). The cholinergic system in neurons is well known for its role in cognitive function, sensory perception, motor control, learning, and memory processes. It has been shown that the non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) is present in various tissues and immune cells and forms a neuroimmune communications system. In the present review, we discussed the NNCS on immune cells, its role in homeostasis and inflammatory reactions in the gut, and how it can be exploited in treating inflammatory responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) from 2011 to 2024: A comprehensive bibliometric review.","authors":"Diego Rajchenberg, Noa Wegerhoff, Yehuda Shoenfeld","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA) encompasses a spectrum of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions triggered by various adjuvants, leading to significant health challenges. This study aims to understand the research landscape and future directions of ASIA through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Relevant original articles were retrieved from the Scopus database, focusing on publications from 2011 to July 2024. The analysis included evaluating countries/regions, institutions, authors, co-cited references, and keywords using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final analysis incorporated 346 documents contributed by numerous researchers from multiple institutions worldwide. Israel emerged as the leading contributor to ASIA research. The study found that while there are significant international collaborations, certain countries like Israel and Italy play central roles in these networks. Key research areas identified include autoimmunity, adjuvants, vaccines, and silicone. Notable keywords include \"ASIA syndrome,\" \"Autoimmunity,\" \"Adjuvants,\" and \"Silicone.\" The citation analysis highlighted the impactful nature of research from Israel, Italy, and Mexico. In addition, the analysis highlights the growing body of evidence that supports the role of adjuvants in triggering autoimmune responses. Over the years, there has been a significant increase in publications investigating the mechanisms by which adjuvants (such as those used in vaccines, silicone implants, and other medical applications) can activate immune responses, leading to conditions associated with ASIA syndrome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The field of ASIA research is experiencing rapid growth, characterized by increasing publication activity and robust international collaborations. Future research is likely to focus on the mechanisms underlying ASIA syndrome and improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mosaic of systemic lupus erythematosus: From autoimmunity to autoinflammation and immunodeficiency and back","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of an “immunological continuum model,” introduced by McGonagle and McDermott in 2006, redefines the traditional dichotomy between autoimmunity and autoinflammation, proposing a spectrum where innate and adaptive immune dysregulation can co-occur, reflecting a more nuanced understanding of immune disorders.</div><div>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exemplifies the complexity of this continuum, often displaying manifestations of autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and immunodeficiency. The interplay between genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, psychological, and environmental factors contributes to its distinctive immunopathological signatures. Historically recognized as a systemic disease with diverse clinical manifestations, SLE is primarily a polygenic autoimmune condition but can, however, present in monogenic forms.</div><div>Examining SLE through the lens of the immunological continuum model allows for emphasis on the contributions of both innate and adaptive immunity. SLE and primary immunodeficiencies share genetic susceptibilities and clinical manifestations. Additionally, autoinflammatory mechanisms, such as inflammasome activation and interferonopathies, can play a role in SLE pathogenesis, illustrating the disease's position at the crossroads of immune dysregulation.</div><div>Recognizing the diverse clinical expressions of SLE and its mimickers is critical for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy.</div><div>In conclusion, the immunological continuum model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding SLE, acknowledging its multifaceted nature and guiding future research and clinical practice toward more effective and individualized treatments. After the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, it is now the time to focus and attempt to solve the intricate mosaic of SLE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sjogren's syndrome: Everything you always wanted to know about genetic and epigenetic factors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular features. Genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in the disease susceptibility and phenotype. There are a multitude of genes that have been identified as implicated in the pathogenesis of pSS, both in HLA and extra-HLA regions with a strong contribution given by genes in interferon signalling pathways. Among the HLA alleles, the most consistent associations have been found with DR2 and DR3 alleles at the DRB1 locus. Moreover, several gene variants outside the MHC locus are in genes involved in NF-κB signalling, B- and T-cell function and methylation processes possibly responsible for lymphomagenesis. There is still a lack of knowledge on precise genetic patterns and prediction models of diseases, and data on pharmacogenetics is scarce. A comprehensive summary of the common genetic factors and an extensive analysis of novel epigenetic aspects is provided, together with a view on the relationships between novel therapeutic agents for pSS and genetic targets in signalling pathways, aiming at improving tailored treatment strategies in the view of a more personalized medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global burden due to modifiable risk factors for autoimmune diseases, 1990–2021: Temporal trends and socio-demographic inequalities","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103674","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Autoimmune diseases arise from a combination of non-modifiable risk factors, such as gender and genetic predispositions, and modifiable factors, including lifestyle choices and environmental exposures. Given the potential to alter modifiable risk factors, this study aims to evaluate the global burden, temporal trends, and inequalities of autoimmune diseases attributed to modifiable risk factors from 1990 to 2021. The study will provide up-to-date evidence to inform strategies for mitigating the impact of these risk factors on autoimmune diseases worldwide.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Data on the global burden of autoimmune diseases attributed to modifiable risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2021. Temporal trends in age standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rates were evaluated by estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). Spearman rank correlation test was used to explore the association between two variables. Slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CI) were used to evaluated the absolute and relative inequalities in DALY rates and numbers, respectively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;From 1990 to 2021, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) due to high temperature has shown an increasing trend in global age standardized DALY rates (EAPC = 0.88, 0.58 to 1.18), whereas all other autoimmune diseases due to specific risk factors have generally exhibited decreasing trends. Across Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles, notable increases were observed in high SDI countries for T1DM due to high temperature (EAPC = 1.36, 0.92 to 1.80), in low and low-middle SDI countries for multiple sclerosis (MS) due to smoking (EAPC = 0.25, 0.23 to 0.27; 0.22, 0.21 to 0.23, respectively), and in low-middle SDI countries for asthma due to high body-mass index (BMI) (EAPC = 0.25, 0.20 to 0.29). In 2021, significant positive associations were observed between SDI and age-standardized DALY rates for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and MS due to smoking, as well as T1DM due to low temperatures across 204 countries and territories (all &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). In contrast, all other autoimmune diseases attributed to certain risk factors exhibited significant negative associations (all &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Women displayed higher global age-standardized DALY rates for asthma due to high BMI (44.1 per 100,000 population), while men exhibited higher global age-standardized DALY rates for all other autoimmune diseases due to specific risk factors. Except for narrowed inequalities in DALY rates for asthma due to smoking (SII = 20.4, 13.0 to 27.8 in 1990 to 6.7, 2.8 to 10.6 in 2021) and in DALY numbers for asthma due to high BMI (CI = 17.3, 24.5 to 9.5 in 1990 to −0.3, 8.2 to −8.6 in 2021), both absolute and relative SDI-related inequalities have remained stable for all other autoimmune diseases linked to specific risk factors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Over the past th","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global analysis of antiphospholipid syndrome and stroke research: identifying emerging trends, international collaborations, and knowledge gaps","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103672","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel metric of autoimmune disease burden and its estimated incidence across different stages in life cycle of women","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103671","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Aim&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To produce a unique metric ‘autoimmune disease (ADs)’ based on various single autoimmune disorder and estimate its case number and age-standardized rate of incidence for each stage in life cycle of women from 1990 to 2019, and to further explore their temporal trends at global, regional, and national levels.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A comprehensive classification for life cycle of women was proposed. The estimates and 95 % uncertainty intervals (UIs) for case number and rate of incidence for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus in all age groups (&lt; 1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, ……,80–84, 85–89, 90–94, 95+) were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. ‘ADs’ was defined by combining these five disorders. Age standardization by direct method was utilized to estimate the age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence of ‘ADs’ for each stage in life cycle of women. Joinpoint regression analysis was adopted to investigate temporal trends of ASR from 1990 to 2019 by calculating annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC). Associations of incidence in 2019 and change in incidence from 1990 to 2019, with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) were also explored.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In 2019, global ASR of incidence of ‘ADs’ in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, senility, women of childbearing age, perimenopause, menopause, and sex mature adults at the best reproductive age were 45.46 (95 % CI: 36.40 to 55.09), 59.97(95 % CI:46.62 to 75.30), 104.45 (95 % CI: 84.55 to 127.79), 129.58 (95 % CI: 105.18 to 157.68), 89.51 (95 % CI: 71.94 to 110.35), 130.92 (95 % CI: 106.98 to 158.16), 132.94 (95 % CI: 108.76 to 160.90) and 85.78 (95 % CI: 68.72 to 106.37), respectively. Regionally, although ASR in eight life stages differed from distinct geographical areas, the top three highest ASR all occurred in Western Europe, Australasia, and High-income North America. From 1990 to 2019, global ASR in childhood (AAPC: −0.39, [95 % CI: −0.4 to −0.38], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), adolescence (AAPC: −0.4, [95 % CI: −0.41 to −0.4], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), adulthood (AAPC: −0.53, [95 % CI: −0.55 to −0.51], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), senility (AAPC: −0.4, [95 % CI: −0.41 to −0.38], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), women of childbearing age (AAPC: −0.53, [95 % CI: −0.55 to −0.5], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), perimenopause (AAPC: −0.56, [95 % CI: −0.59 to −0.52], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), menopause (AAPC: −0.56, [95 % CI: −0.59 to −0.53], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), and sex mature adults at the best reproductive age (AAPC: −0.5, [95 % CI: −0.51 to −0.49], &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001) all significantly decreased. Nationally, ASR and its temporal trends in eight life stages varied significantly across 204 countries and territories. Additionally, incidence in 2019 and change in incidence from 1990 to 2019 were positively correlated with","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards personalized management of myasthenia gravis phenotypes: From the role of multi-omics to the emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting the onset, progression, and outcome of rare and chronic neurological diseases, i.e. neuromuscular diseases, is an important goal for both clinicians and researchers and should guide clinical decision-making and personalized treatment plans. A prime example is myasthenia gravis (MG), an antibody-mediated disease that affects multiple components of the postsynaptic membrane, impairing neuromuscular transmission and producing fatigable muscle weakness. MG is characterized by several clinical phenotypes, defined by a broad spectrum of factors, which have contributed to the current lack of consensus on the optimal management and treatments of this disease and its related phenotypes (subtypes). This represents a crucial challenge in MG and encourages a revolutionary change in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic guidelines. Emerging factors, such as demographic, clinical and pathophysiological factors, must also be considered. Consequently, the different MG phenotypes are characterized by precise biological signatures, which could represent appropriate biomarkers and targets. Here we describe and discuss these new concepts, highlighting that, thanks to multi-omics technologies, the identification of emerging diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, such as miRNAs, and the subsequent development of new diagnostic/therapeutic algorithms could be facilitated. The latter, in turn, could facilitate the management of different MG phenotypes also in a personalized manner. Limitations and advantages are also reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of acute exacerbation in interstitial lung disease secondary to autoimmune rheumatic diseases: More questions than answers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). In the last years, an acute exacerbation (AE) – defined as an acute, clinically significant respiratory deterioration characterized by evidence of new widespread alveolar abnormality - has been reported to occur in virtually all ILD types, including ARD-ILD. The aim of this review is to describe the available and investigational treatments in patients affected by AE-ARD-ILD in light of the very low quality of evidence available. Currently, management consists of efforts to identify reversible triggers of respiratory decline, such as drugs effective in ARDs and infections, including opportunistic infections, together with supportive treatments. AE-ILD, AE-ARD-ILD and acute respiratory distress syndrome share histopathologically similar findings of diffuse alveolar damage in most cases. Identification of triggers and risk factors might contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of AE-ILD, before the alveolar damage becomes irreversible. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the role of steroids and immunosuppressants remains controversial. Also, many uncertainties characterize the management of AE-ARD-ILD because of the lack of evidence and of an unquestionable effective therapy. At this time, no effective evidence-based therapeutic strategies for AE–ARD–ILD are available. In clinical practice, AE–ARD–ILD is often empirically treated with high-dose systemic steroids and antibiotics, with or without immunosuppressive drugs.</div><div>Randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand the efficacy of current and future drugs for the treatment of this clinical relevant condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging in thyroid eye disease: A systematic review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease secondary largely to hyperthyroid Graves' disease, which profoundly affects patients' visual function, appearance, and physical and mental well-being. Emerging neuroimaging studies have reported alterations in the brains of patients with TED, suggesting that the impact of this autoimmune disease may extend beyond the orbit. This systematic review aims to consolidate the neuroimaging evidence that describes the brain alterations of TED. We analyzed information from thirty-one related studies involving 1349 TED patients and 710 healthy controls, employing multimodal neuroimaging techniques such as structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, diffusion MRI, and metabolic MRI. These studies define the brain alterations in regions associated with vision, cognition, and emotion regulation, such as gray matter volume changes, altered functional connectivity and activity, and microstructural modifications, revealing the neurological impact of TED beyond the orbit. Notably, there was convergence across these studies indicating predominant abnormalities within the occipital and parietal lobes. This review underscores the critical role of advanced neuroimaging techniques in unraveling the complex neuropathological mechanism of TED, laying a foundation for future research and potential therapeutic targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}