{"title":"Sociology as a natural science.","authors":"R BAIN","doi":"10.1086/220087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220087","url":null,"abstract":"Natural science is differentiated from other modes of knowledge by method, not by subject matter. The revolutionary concept that social phenomena are natural phenomena and therefore can be studied by natural-science methodology is being rapidly accepted. Some of the most frequently used arguments that sociology \"cannot be scientific\" are refuted by showing the relative orderliness and approximate predictability of certain classes of social phenomena. Such prediction will never cover all aspects of social behavior. The same is true of the prediction of physical and biological phenomena.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28803034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intelligentsia of China.","authors":"S C LEE","doi":"10.1086/220069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220069","url":null,"abstract":"The intellectual class of China has been three different successive groups. The first was the shih ta-fu, who were Confucian scholars and civil administrators before the establishment of the civil examination system. The second were the literati, who elevated themselves through the various examinations. The third group contained those who graduated from modern colleges and universities both in China and in foreign lands. The last group, the intelligentsia of contemporary China, is often recruited from the peasantry and the gentry. It inherits the Confucian tradition of the abhorrence of physical work and military force and supports the rulers in administering the peasantry. There are too many of them for the available suitable positions in the government and the universities. Consequently, some become unscrupulous, cynical, and opportunistic. But others are fighting desperately for democracy in government and education.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 6","pages":"489-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28840210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The sex lives of unmarried men.","authors":"L B HOHMAN, B SCHAFFNER","doi":"10.1086/220071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220071","url":null,"abstract":"This study of 4,600 unmarried men between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-eight includes data on virginity rates in unmarried men, age of first sex relations, masturbation rates, rates of continued masturbation into adult life, and incidence of homosexuality in this male population. It attempts to correlate these rates with education, economic status, and religious denomination and to estimate the sexual activity of unmarried females. It also reports the markedly different sex mores of the Negro population.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 6","pages":"501-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28840212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"National differences in creativity.","authors":"H C LEHMAN","doi":"10.1086/220068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220068","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents chronologically the national differences in eleven kinds of contribution to science and art. Although within recent years Germany has been outstanding in cultural contributions, this has been insufficient to prevent the downfall of the German nation. Other national groups have likewise risen and fallen repeatedly in the history of the world. This is a problem sufficiently large and important to warrant the establishment of a social science section within the proposed federal science foudation.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 6","pages":"475-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28840209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How many Negroes pass?","authors":"E W ECKARD","doi":"10.1086/220070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220070","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to check the conclusion advanced in Collier's of August 3, 1946, that approximately 30,000 light Negroes \"pass\" into the white race per year, census figures for the white and Negro populations of 1930, adjusted for deaths and immigration, were compared with the 1940 population aged ten and over. According to the 1940 census there were 26,000 more whites than calculated and 26,000 fewer Negroes. These figures indicate that the number of Negroes \"passing\" from 1930 to 1940 was very small, probably less than 2,600 per year.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 6","pages":"498-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28840211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiments in testing for leadership.","authors":"J W EATON","doi":"10.1086/220074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220074","url":null,"abstract":"Sociodramatic tests, combined with sociometric ratings, are used in the selection and screening of officers and specialists in the American and British armies. They show much promise on theoretical grounds of improving the validity of selection, but they were not based on rigorous scientific procedures. In onlya few instances has it been possible so far to demonstrate some degree of validity.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 6","pages":"523-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28840213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selection of compatible flying partners.","authors":"L D ZELENY","doi":"10.1086/220035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220035","url":null,"abstract":"Though mutual confidence is essential in flying, pairs of cadet pilot-observers, flying partners in an Army Air Forces flying school, were picked alphabetically, without regard to human relations. Sociometric tests, in which each man stated his most and least preferred choices of partner, were set up; and the degrees of interrelationship among members of \"elements\" of five to seven men were mathematically expressed. On the basis of the tests, it was possible to place nearly all cadets with compatible partners. A man's status in the whole group was also computed by comparing his fellow's acceptances and rejections of him.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"424-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Final note on a case of extreme isolation.","authors":"K DAVIS","doi":"10.1086/220036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220036","url":null,"abstract":"Anna, an extremely isolated girl described in 1940, died in 1942. By the time of her death she had made considerable progress, but she never achieved normality. Her slowness is probably explained by long isolation, poor training, and mental deficiency. Comparison with another case, a girl found in Ohio at the same age and under similar circumstances, suggests that Anna was deficient, and that, at least for some individuals, extreme isolation up to age six does not permanently impair socialization.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"432-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attitudes of progressive trade-union leaders.","authors":"A W GOULDNER","doi":"10.1086/220030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220030","url":null,"abstract":"The roles of husband and father subject the \"progressive\" trade-union leader to conflicting demands. This problem may be resolved either by the redefining of his roles as leader or husband-father or the relinquishing of them. Such conflicts, however, appear to operate within limits set by the whole social structure. During the war the improvement in the labor market increased the prestige of the major social norms, particularly the goal of individual success, conventionally obtained. Thus, there was relatively less pressure on the leaders to conform to the deviant value-system of their union.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"389-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Operational definitions in sociology.","authors":"F ADLER","doi":"10.1086/220037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220037","url":null,"abstract":"A hypothetical concept CN and a refined Cn rate are operationally defined. By using this example, certain weaknesses of operationism are pointed out. The attempt is made to show that operational definitions hamper scientific advance by their inadequacy in dealing with new situations, with situations not measurable as yet, with improvements of measurement, and with choice among various available measurements, and by their inaccessibility to constructive criticism. Four criteria are suggested, and operational definitions are subjected to these criteria.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"438-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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