{"title":"On scientific writing.","authors":"W F OGBURN","doi":"10.1086/220029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220029","url":null,"abstract":"As science and scholarship are often not clearly differentiated, so scientific writing is frequently not adecuately distinguished from the writing of essays or speeches. In the interest of candidates for the M.A. and the Ph.D. degrees some standards for scientific writing are set forth. These are clarity and the avoidance of distortion. A few observations are also made on how to attain readability, thought this quality is unimportant for science, while at the same time maintaining the necessary standards of scientific language.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"383-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Race prejudice and Negro-white relations in the Army.","authors":"E T HALL","doi":"10.1086/220032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220032","url":null,"abstract":"In three theaters during the war racial issues were found to revolve around: (1) conditioning, attitudes, and behavior patterns established in civilian life; (2) the degree of adjustment of the individual to Army life; (3) the attitudes of command at all levels; and (4) personal interrelatioships of individuals. Negro troops in the Army proved to be highly sensitive to the qualities of leadership imposed upon them, good leaders having good troops, poor leaders having trouble.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"401-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The chaplain and mental hygiene.","authors":"W E GREGORY","doi":"10.1086/220034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220034","url":null,"abstract":"During the war chaplains often contributed markedly to the mental health of their troops in ways not widely recognized. They had a peculiar military status-rank without command-which enabled them to act as safety valves to many soldiers and sailors. Their professional training, which ranged from strictly denominational formulas to the specific techniques of counseling, and sometimes included psychiatry, enabled them to meet many of the personal needs otherwise unserved.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"420-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Officer-enlisted men's relationships.","authors":"R LEWIS","doi":"10.1086/220033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220033","url":null,"abstract":"The first reaction of the enlisted man to his officers is one of envy. He is jealous of his superior's elevated position and yearns for similar status. As his training and contact with officers increase, he becomes resentful of his officer's superior attitude and special privilege. In officer candidate schools the potential officer is indoctrinated to an attitude of superiority to his troops. This attitude is fortified, upon commission, by the awareness of special privilege which is now his. Re-examination and reorganization of officer-enlisted men's relationship is necessary for the development of a more efficient army.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"410-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The nature of the ethnic group.","authors":"E K FRANCIS","doi":"10.1086/220031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220031","url":null,"abstract":"In search of a common denominator for nation, race, nationality, people, the ethnic type of cumulative groups is construed as a device of further sociological, research. The ethnic group appears as a subtype of the Gemeinschaft, which is formed by the transposition of characteristics from the primary face-do-face group to the secondary group. Once the ethnic group has reached a certain maturity, the ideology which has led to its formation, as well as other conditions necessarily present in the early stages, may change without affecting its identity.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 5","pages":"393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28827205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Suicides in France, 1910-1943.","authors":"W A LUNDEN","doi":"10.1086/220018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220018","url":null,"abstract":"During World Wars I and II suicides in France decreased, whereas in the postwar and depression years they increased, reaching an all-time high in 1934. Seventy per cent of all cases were males, except during the war and occupation. While the Germans occupied France, male suicides decreased more than female cases. Suicides in older ages increased during the wars and decreased in the depression. Hanging, drowning, and shooting were the most common methods. During the depression gas cases increased rapidly. Cases of suicide among married women with children increased during the occupation, while those of women without children decreased. During the depression suicides of non-Frenchmen were more numerous than of Frenchmen. Multiple suicides increased during the depression more than sigle cases. Disgrace and poverty (misère) as causes for suicide were increasingly important during the depression and the occupation.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 4","pages":"321-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28829395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The personality of inmates of concentration camps.","authors":"H A BLOCH","doi":"10.1086/220019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220019","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of life in a concentration camp upon the behavior and personality of former inmates is explored through case studies. The principal findings are based upon a limited control group of 547 Jewish women. The formation of the structural characteristics normally found in institutions of detention was prevented by unique self-attitudes, isolation, and the psychological effects of trauma. Following liberation, the social patterns appear to be those of desocialization, manifested in nascent person-to-person, dependent relations, which lack many of expected elements of group structure.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 4","pages":"335-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28829396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The age of eminent leaders: then and now.","authors":"H C LEHMAN","doi":"10.1086/220020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220020","url":null,"abstract":"This study reveals that certain types of present-day leaders-legislative, judicial, diplomatic, military, naval, religious, and educational-are significantly older than were their predecessors who held the same nominal positions. The recent leaders also exhibit less age variability today than formerly, both in the United States and in certain other countries. Thus, for each of the following groups of non-American leaders, the more recently born 50 per cent are found to have functioned at somewhat older mean ages than the earlier born 50 per cent: the prime ministers of England, the archibishops of Canterbury, the popes of the Roman Catholic church, and hereditary rulers all over the world.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 4","pages":"342-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28829397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cultural contradictions and sex roles.","authors":"M KOMAROVSKY","doi":"10.1086/219982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/219982","url":null,"abstract":"A study of women college Seniors shows that they commonly face mutually exclusive expectations of their adult sex roles. In particular, a girl's family and her male friends are the agencies through which she meets the inconsistency between the ideal of homemaker and that of \"career girl.\" Some girls play vacillating roles, corresponding to the pressures of the movement; all suffer from the uncertainty and insecurity that are the personal manifestations of cultural conflict.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 3","pages":"184-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1946-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/219982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28820841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The changing sex ratio in the United States.","authors":"H T ELDRIDGE, J S SIEGEL","doi":"10.1086/219988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/219988","url":null,"abstract":"The number of males per 100 females has been declining in the United States since 1910. By 1945 the ratio was slightly below 100 according to current estimates of population, but, because of underreporting of young males in the 1940 census, it was probably actually somewhat higher than the estimates indicate. The factors which depress the sex ratio may be expected to continue to operate in the near future, but the decline will be very gradual. There are reasons for expecting an eventual rise. Popular alarm over a sex ratio slightly below 100 is not justified.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"52 3","pages":"224-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1946-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/219988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28820846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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