Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the effects of energy ratio and combustion chamber design on engine performance and emissions in a hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel CRDI engine","authors":"Nurullah Gültekin ,&nbsp;Murat Ciniviz","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In compression ignition engines, the use of hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode has a positive impact on engine performance and emissions. To enhance the impact of hydrogen in dual-fuel mode, it is crucial to properly adjust the energy ratio and design the combustion chamber for dual-fuel mode. This study focuses on these two situations. The study conducted a literature review and designed and manufactured two combustion chambers (Natural Gyration 1, Natural Gyration 2) suitable for dual fuel mode. Using the original combustion chamber and the manufactured combustion chambers, at a constant engine speed of 1850 rpm, at five different loads (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 9 Nm), and at three different hydrogen injection times (1.6, 1.8, and 2.0), tests were performed. Engine performance and emission data obtained as a result of the tests were examined. Tests revealed that at a load of 9 Nm and with a hydrogen energy ratio of 12%, the Natural Gyration 1 combustion chamber increased the internal cylinder maximum pressure by 1.41%, reduced the specific energy consumption by 2.29%, and reduced particulate emissions by 8.82%. On the other hand, it was determined that the Natural Gyration 2 combustion chamber reduced the maximum cylinder internal pressure by 1.98%, increased the specific energy consumption by 2.66%, and soot emissions by 5% at the same load and hydrogen energy ratio.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fragrance chemicals in nail salons: Personal inhalation exposures and potential sources","authors":"Chunrong Jia ,&nbsp;Xianqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Thomas F. Webster ,&nbsp;Diana M. Ceballos","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The indoor air of nail salons is full of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which have fragrances. Little is known about the fragrance chemicals in nail salons, as fragrance ingredients are not required on nail product labels and are considered trade secrets. This study aimed to identify fragrance chemicals and their potential sources and exposures in nail salons. Indoor air samples were collected in seven nail salons in the Greater Boston Area between November 2016 and June 2017. Personal samples were also collected from ten nail salon workers during their work shifts. Follow-up area sampling was performed in two salons one year after the initial visits. All air samples were collected using thermal desorption (TD) tubes and analyzed on a TD-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system targeting 55 fragrance chemicals. Eighteen compounds were detected in air samples, including terpenes, alcohols, carbonyls, ethers, and esters. The concentrations displayed limited spatial variation within a salon but moderate variation over time. The highest median personal inhalation concentrations were benzaldehyde (36.4 μg/m³), 2-ethylhexanol (30.0 μg/m³), d-limonene (16.6 μg/m³), and 2-butoxyethanol (12.6 μg/m³). Highest personal levels were reached by maximum concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol (&lt;1611 μg/m³)), d-limonene (&lt;413 μg/m³), and methyl salicylate (&lt;113.5 μg/m³). Personal concentrations of most compounds were highly correlated with area concentrations (Spearman correlations = 0.69−0.92). Fragrance concentrations from area and personal air samples did not correlate significantly with the ventilation rate. Cleaning agents, personal care products, and nail products were identified as important possible emission sources. This study reveals a subset of fragrance chemicals in nail salons’ indoor air and calls for future research on a full spectrum of these chemicals, their health effects among nail salon workers, and ways to reduce these exposures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of black carbon exposure in urban classrooms during rush hours","authors":"Dongjun Park ,&nbsp;Kyungmo Kang ,&nbsp;Hooseung Na ,&nbsp;Joosang Lee ,&nbsp;Sihyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Taeyeon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traffic-related air pollutants are predominantly emitted in urban environments; therefore, analyzing their impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) is important. Effectively managing IAQ is vital, given the extensive duration individuals, particularly students, spend indoors. This study conducted a quantitative assessment of black carbon (BC) and indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM_2.5, particles with diameter ≤2.5 μm) concentrations in five South Korean classrooms to determine the root cause and effects of traffic-related air pollutants on indoor environments. The research specifically focused on indoor BC levels during rush hours, that is, periods marked by increased traffic volume. The analysis revealed that the mean indoor and outdoor BC concentrations in the five classrooms were measured at 1.03 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.36) and 1.38 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.96) μg/m³, respectively, while the mean PM_2.5 concentrations were measured at 17.07 (95% CI: 12.92, 13.62) and 29.89 (95% CI: 10.88, 48.89) μg/m³, respectively. The indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratio of BC in the five classrooms during the occupied period was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.84) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.72) for PM_2.5. During the unoccupied period, the I/O ratio of BC was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.72) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.63) for PM_2.5. The rise in urban traffic increased the BC outdoor level by 47% and the PM_2.5 concentration by 13%. Classrooms situated closer to roadways had higher BC levels than those located at a greater distance. During rush hours, the BC concentration in the classroom closest to the major road was 2.03 (95% CI: 1.78, 2.27) μg/m³, while the furthest classroom recorded a concentration of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.96) μg/m³. During commuting times, classroom BC concentrations increased by up to 5.86 μg/m³ owing to student door-opening activities, increasing the I/O ratio by approximately 20%. Consequently, the average BC concentration in classrooms during rush hours was approximately double that recorded during non-rush hours (0.73 μg/m³). These findings are instrumental in developing strategies to enhance IAQ in educational settings and guiding urban planning decisions regarding the location of schools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 10","pages":"Article 102233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maritime sector contributions on NO2 surface concentrations in major ports of the Mediterranean Basin","authors":"Andreas Pseftogkas ,&nbsp;Maria-Elissavet Koukouli ,&nbsp;Astrid Manders ,&nbsp;Arjo Segers ,&nbsp;Trissevgeni Stavrakou ,&nbsp;Janot Tokaya ,&nbsp;Charikleia Meleti ,&nbsp;Dimitris Balis","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study is to estimate the contribution of the maritime sector on the air quality of major Mediterranean ports with the Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) chemical transport model, using two source apportionment methods: the <em>brute-force emission scenario</em> methodology and the <em>labelling</em> approach. With the brute-force method NO₂ shipping concentrations are estimated by the ratio of the difference between two model runs - with original and reduced emissions - and the equivalent emission reduction factor. In the labelling, emitted species are explicitly labelled per sector and tracked through all model processes. Simulations are performed for a one-year period, from May 2018 to May 2019 and the two methodologies are intercompared. The methods show strong agreement between NO₂ shipping contributions (R &gt; 0.95) and differences of ∼14%. A sensitivity analysis carried out using the brute-force method indicates that a linear regime between NO_X emissions and NO₂ concentrations holds, when adopting a low to moderate emission reduction (&lt;50%). We applied the brute-force method with an assumed 20% emission reduction and found that the NO₂ surface concentrations attributed to maritime sector activities in selected ports were between 5% and 70% of the total NO₂ surface concentrations, with a mean value of 27%. Comparisons between measurements from the European Environment Agency (EEA) ground-based monitoring stations and LOTOS-EUROS NO₂ surface concentrations show a strong correlation (R∼0.8) with an underestimation of the model (∼-32%) for the whole period. The bias is reduced to −20% when air quality monitoring stations affected by traffic and industrial activities are excluded from the analysis. Moreover, observed Sentinel-5 Precursor TroPospheric MOnitoring Instrument (S5P/TROPOMI) and modelled NO₂ vertical column densities (VCDs) show a significant spatial agreement (R∼0.86) for both summer and winter with biases of −25% and −1%, respectively, over the selected ports. These comparisons were carried out as an indirect way of validating the applied methodology and the performance of the model in coastal areas. The present study provides a solid background which will enable the assimilation of the satellite observations to the CTM to infer NO_X shipping emissions in the Mediterranean Basin in view of the upcoming designation of the Mediterranean Sea as an Emission Control Area in 2025.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung deposition of PM-bound trace elements and corresponding human health risk assessment in commercial kitchens serving Mediterranean cuisine","authors":"Semra Navruz Varlı ,&nbsp;Saniye Bilici ,&nbsp;Pelin Ertürk Arı ,&nbsp;Eftade O. Gaga ,&nbsp;Mustafa Necmi İlhan ,&nbsp;Akif Arı","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The service offered by commercial kitchens and the catering industry is becoming more and more popular all around the world. However, the health risks of sector workers are often overlooked. In this study, size-segregated Particulate Matter (PM) samples were collected from the indoor environments of five commercial kitchens, and elemental concentrations were quantified to estimate the corresponding health risks. Lung-deposited fractions of trace elements in three different regions of the respiratory tract were estimated and used to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. Besides, the deterioration in lung capacity of the cooks was also evaluated by spirometry tests to correlate indoor pollutants. Exposure to trace elements was dominated by Na, S, Al, Fe, and Mg. Estimated carcinogenic risk through inhalation exposure to Cr was between the moderate risk level of 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴, while the Hazard Index (HI) values were lower than the acceptable level of 1. This, along with elevated indoor PM levels, represented a significant potential for carcinogenic health hazards for the kitchen staff. According to the results of the lung function tests, a significant decrease was determined in the respiratory functions of the cooks, and it was associated with elevated exposure to fine PM, Pb, Cr, Cu, K, Ni, and Mn. Workplace health and safety measures to better protect the health of kitchen staff are urgently needed and should attract more public attention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141482570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variation in exposure to particulate matter among children attending different levels of education: Comparison of two dosimetry models","authors":"Isabella Charres ,&nbsp;Yago Cipoli ,&nbsp;Leonardo C. Furst ,&nbsp;Estela D. Vicente ,&nbsp;Ismael Casotti Rienda ,&nbsp;Mihalis Lazaridis ,&nbsp;Manuel Feliciano ,&nbsp;Célia Alves","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with several adverse health outcomes. Studies indicate that children may be exposed to much higher concentrations of PM at school than in other environments. There exists very little data on the deposited dose of PM while children attend classes. This study was carried out in a school located near an industrial complex in Portugal and attended by children aged 3–12 years. Indoor PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were measured over two seasons in classrooms representing different school year groups. Particle deposition fractions in the respiratory tract, as well as the deposited doses, were calculated using the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) and the Exposure Dose Model (ExDoM2). Both models were implemented assuming an 8-h exposure scenario to represent the school day. In general, differences in PM concentrations were observed depending on room occupancy periods and season. The highest mean PM_2.5 concentration was recorded in winter when the classroom was vacant (23.7 ± 20.5 μg m⁻³), while the highest mean PM₁₀ level was observed in spring during school hours (61.7 ± 24.2 μg m⁻³). Regardless of the dosimetry model, the highest deposition of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was in the upper region, while the lowest was in the tracheobronchial (TB) region. The results indicate that deposited dose and deposition fraction in spring may be more harmful to pupils’ health than in winter. PM₁₀ presented the highest doses, ranging from 54.2 to 128 μg and from 83.9 to 185 μg, according to MPPD and ExDoM2 estimates, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104224001946/pdfft?md5=453ef74799e818b60675467fe843a90c&pid=1-s2.0-S1309104224001946-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving exhaust emission evaluation: An integrated modelling approach for urban road networks in diverse operating environments","authors":"Archana Chawla ,&nbsp;Mukesh Khare ,&nbsp;Harikishan Perugu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motorized vehicle operation stands as a significant contributor to urban air pollution, necessitating immediate attention to prevent its adverse impacts on human mortality and morbidity. However, estimating traffic emissions at a local scale in developing countries is challenging due to heterogeneous traffic conditions. This study proposes an integrated modelling framework called VISSIM-MOVES Integration Model for Delhi City (VMIMD), designated to assess emissions from the congested road network in Delhi's central business district. In addition, the study revises the default emission inventory of the MOVES model by applying correction factors (CFs) developed during the study. These CFs are tailored to address heterogeneous traffic conditions typical of developing nations like India. The application of the CFs has significantly enhanced the overall efficiency of the model for Indian conditions. The study's findings indicate a significant correlation between the duration vehicles spend in different operating conditions (idle, cruise, and braking) and the emission generation. Notably, during heavy traffic hours, emission increases significantly as vehicles reduce their speed and require higher power to transition between different operating modes. The study also includes a comparison between the emissions estimated by VMIMD and emission standards. The results indicate significant differences in emissions, especially during peak traffic hours.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141416036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big data analyses for determining the spatio-temporal trends of air pollution due to wildfires in California using Google Earth Engine","authors":"Abdullah Al Saim,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Aly","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>California has a long history of wildfires that release substantial amounts of smoke, contributing to regional air pollution. This study employs advancements in Earth observation satellites, cloud computing, and the Google Earth Engine to analyze MODIS MCD19A2 Version 6 level 2, Sentinel-5P NRTI AER AI, and Sentinel-5P NRTI NO2, evaluating the impact of wildfires from 2010 to 2022 on air quality in California. Historical fire events are cross-validated using the MODIS 1-km MYD14A1 V6 dataset, and the MODIS MAIAC-derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values are validated against AERONET AOD measurements from ground-based sun photometers. To assess the analysis's uncertainty, metrics such as Mean Absolute Error, Relative Mean Bias, and Root Mean Square Error are applied. Additionally, linear regression is used to verify the correlation between satellite and ground measurements. Results show that the average monthly MODIS MAIAC AOD at 470 nm and 550 nm tends to overestimate AOD by 24% and 6%, respectively, compared to AERONET AOD values. The correlation coefficient and adjusted R-squared value range from 0.78 to 0.80 and from 0.61 to 0.65, respectively, for AOD values at 470 nm and 550 nm. During the fire season, correlations exhibit closer associations, with a coefficient above 0.78 and an adjusted R-squared value above 0.63 are observed for both wavelengths. Sentinel-5P data reveal a significant increase in NO₂ concentration in the surrounding areas during the 2020 and 2021 wildfires. This study identifies historical spatiotemporal trends of air pollution attributable to wildfires in California from 2010 to 2022, informing decision-making in the development of effective prevention and mitigation programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102226"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141325887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents with blood lipids and dyslipidemia in Chinese adults: The CHCN–BTH study","authors":"Pandi Li,&nbsp;Bingxiao Li,&nbsp;Fuyuan Wen,&nbsp;Aibin Qu,&nbsp;Yuan Sun,&nbsp;Xiaojun Yang,&nbsp;Ling Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prior research indicates an association between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and blood lipids, but fewer studies have explored the constituents of PM_2.5. This study investigated the long-term effects of PM_2.5 and its constituents on blood lipid levels and dyslipidemia. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the associations of 3-year mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and its constituents (BC, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, OM) with blood lipids and dyslipidemia, followed by stratified, interactive, and sensitive analysis. Out of 29,223 participants, there were positive associations between increased PM_2.5 and its constituents with total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL–C), while a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–C). Notably, BC and OM exhibited the most significant association with HDL–C and LDL–C, each interquartile range (IQR) increment of BC and OM were positively associated with higher LDL–C (Percentage change: 21.17%, 95% CI:19.58%, 22.77%; 23.05%, 95% CI: 21.53%, 24.58%), and lower HDL–C (19.23%, 95% CI: 18.27%, 20.17%; 18.72%, 95% CI: 17.81%, 19.62%), respectively. PM_2.5 and its constituents were found to be associated with an elevated risk of dyslipidemia. BC, SO₄²⁻, and OM were particularly associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hyperbetalipoproteinemia. Stratified analyses showed that females, individuals residing in rural areas, older adults, those who were overweight or obese, non-smokers, non-drinkers, and regular exercisers displayed higher susceptibility to PM_2.5 and its constituents. These findings have significant implications for reducing the harm of air pollution to dyslipidemia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141406256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the convective transport possibilities of lower-atmospheric pollutants to the UTLS region using rainwater and aerosol chemical characterization","authors":"Chaithanya D. Jain,&nbsp;Shaik Darga Saheb,&nbsp;Shamitaksha Talukdar,&nbsp;B.L. Madhavan,&nbsp;Ghouse Basha,&nbsp;M. Venkat Ratnam","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Various attempts using different platforms to understand the chemical composition of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) have concluded that it primarily consists of nitrate (NO₃⁻) aerosols. Recent in-situ measurements from aircraft flying through ATAL have suggested that ammonia (NH₃) pollution from Asia could serve as the precursor for nitrate aerosols in ATAL through gas-to-particle formation after undergoing convective uplift to the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) regions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential pathways of convective transport of lower-atmospheric pollutants by analysing the chemical composition of rainwater and aerosols in a highly convective region, Kolkata (Head Bay of Bengal), India. We utilized the PILS-IC system established at Kolkata Camp Observatory of the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (KCON). The analysis revealed a significant dominance of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ ions in both rainwater and aerosol samples during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, with the dominance increasing during the post-monsoon season. Air mass trajectories indicated a clear influence of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region during the post-monsoon season, which is well-known for its dense agricultural activities and industries. High concentrations of NH₃ even at higher altitudes, have been observed in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements. Moreover, using Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and vertical wind as proxies for tropical deep convection and updrafts/downdrafts, respectively, we found evidence supporting the possibility of convective transport of these lower-atmospheric pollutants to the UTLS regions during the monsoon season. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the potential convective transport of lower-atmospheric pollutants, including NH₃ and other precursor gases, to higher levels. These pollutants could partially serve as the source of nitrate aerosols in the ATAL through gas-to-particle formation processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102225"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}