Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds from industrial and stationary combustion sources in the Ili River Valley core area, China","authors":"Feng Tian ,&nbsp;Yingying Liu ,&nbsp;Chunmei Geng ,&nbsp;Dianzeng Jia ,&nbsp;Wen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One hundred and fifteen types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mass concentrations, composition profiles, and emission factors (EFs) for industrial processes and stationary combustion sources in the core area of the Ili River Valley were investigated using the GC-MS analytical method. This is of great significance for VOC emissions in northwest China. The results show that benzene (25.5%), ethylene (20.8%), 2-butanone (11.3%) and tetrahydrofuran (10.2%) were the most abundant species in the coal-based synthetic natural gas (SNG) industry. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the most important chemical group in the pharmaceutical manufacturing (PM) and the manufacture of other condiments and fermented products (MOCFP). Acetaldehyde, acetone and 2-butanone are the tracers for these two industries. Acetylene and vinyl chloride accounted for 84.3% of the weighted share of emissions from polyvinyl chloride synthetic resin (SYR). M/p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, toluene, acetylene, and o-xylene accounted for 31.7% of the total VOC species in stationary combustion. Two SNG plants have the highest VOC emissions with 2804.5 and 559.8 t/a respectively. PM is the second largest VOCs emitting industry (218.5 t/a), with acetone being the most abundant species. The EF of PM was the largest (13.54 g/kg product), and the EFs of SNG, SYR, and MOCFP were 0.48, 0.145, and 0.45 g/kg product, respectively. The VOC EF of stationary combustion was the lowest (2.12E-05 g/kg coal). However, the average source reactivity (SR) was highest for stationary combustion and SNG. OVOCs, aromatics and alkenes were the main VOC groups to be prioritised for ozone pollution control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring PM2.5 pollution in a representative Northern Chinese county: Insights for air quality management","authors":"Jian Ma ,&nbsp;Philip K. Hopke ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Zhu ,&nbsp;Qingping Song ,&nbsp;Fangxin Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Hu ,&nbsp;Lijing Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanxun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Counties have served as fundamental administrative units in China since the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), a tradition that continues today with hundreds of millions of residents living in county-level cities. Unlike higher-level cities such as municipalities and prefecture-level cities, counties differ significantly in size, development level, and development model, which can lead to distinct PM_2.5 pollution patterns. This study focuses on Yishui County, a representative county in northern China, to explore its PM_2.5 pollution characteristics and source contributions over a one-year period. Furthermore, the study compares Yishui's pollution profile with those of higher-level cities to provide insights into the relationship between development models and air quality. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration in Yishui was 67.8 μg/m³. Source apportionment using Discretized Normalized Positive Matrix Factorization (DN-PMF) identified six primary sources: dust (28.3%), secondary inorganic aerosols and residential coal combustion (SIA/RCC, 25.7%), vehicle emissions (24.6%), coal combustion (10.3%), industrial processes (9.1%), and biomass burning (2.0%). Dust was the dominant contributor, a notable divergence from patterns in higher-level cities. This disparity is likely attributed to Yishui's heavy reliance on real estate development as a primary economic driver, which significantly increases construction dust emissions. These results emphasize the impact of urbanization and economic structure on PM_2.5 pollution, indicating that other counties in northern China undergoing similar development stages may face comparable air quality challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of straw and straw-derived biochar applications with equivalent straw input on ammonia volatilization and N leaching in an alternate wetting and drying paddy ecosystem","authors":"Haixia Liu ,&nbsp;Taotao Chen ,&nbsp;Dongxia Liu ,&nbsp;Qing Zhao ,&nbsp;Daocai Chi ,&nbsp;Shu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contrasting effects of straw and biochar with equivalent straw input on ammonia volatilization and N leaching under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (I_AWD) in paddy ecosystems are limited. A 2-yr paddy buried pot experiment was conducted with annual rice straw and single biochar applications with equivalent straw input under continuously flooded irrigation (I_CF) and I_AWD. Four treatments comprising no amendment under I_CF (I_CFA₀), no amendment under I_AWD (I_AWDA₀), rice straw (29.41 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) under I_AWD (I_AWDA_S) and biochar (20 t ha⁻¹ applied once) under I_AWD (I_AWDA_B) were arranged in a randomized complete block design. I_AWD did not significantly alter ammonia volatilization, but increased N leaching. Compared with I_CFA₀ and I_AWDA₀, I_AWDA_S significantly increased ammonia volatilization by 7.92–52.71% and decreased yield by 22.98–31.87% in both years, but increased N leaching by 31.18% in 2021 only. I_AWDA_B increased ammonia volatilization, N leaching and reactive N losses in 2021 but significantly decreased reactive N losses in 2022 compared with no amendment. I_AWDA_B reduced grain yield due to the increased reactive N losses in 2021. Both I_AWDA_S and I_AWDA_B improved soil total N. I_AWDA_B had higher yield and N uptake, and lower reactive N losses than I_AWDA_S. Overall, biochar is a more effective strategy for reducing reactive N losses in I_AWD paddy systems over time. Direct straw return could take longer for its decomposition or be annually applied at a lower rate to address its higher reactive N losses and lower grain yield after a 2-yr consecutive annual application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration the effect of air pollution on the incidence of myasthenia gravis: An empirical study from Chengdu","authors":"Rui Zhou ,&nbsp;Tianjun Li ,&nbsp;Keyi Tian ,&nbsp;Lei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies attacking and destroying acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. Although the exact cause of the incidence of MG is unclear, it is believed to involve abnormal immune system function, certain genetic factors, and environmental influences. However, limited existing studies explore the correlation between the incidence of MG and the atmospheric environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between the incidence of MG and potential air pollution factors in Chengdu. We used the admission data of MG patients from 2017 to 2023 in a large tertiary general hospital in Chengdu to analyze such correlation with meteorological conditions and air pollution. The data were processed using first-order difference to eliminate the effect of autocorrelation on the regression results. Then we selected the variables using stepwise regression, finding the independent variables who have significant effects on the incidence of MG. Based on this, a multiple linear regression model was established. To solve the problem of multicollinearity among the selected variables, we used ridge regression to amend the model. We also used median regression to reduce the impact of outliers in order to improve the stability of the model. Finally, we assessed variables' importance using random forest and explored causal relationship with causal forest. The results consistently showed a significant positive effect of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration on the incidence of MG, as well as several meteorological conditions and air pollution variables that influenced the incidence of MG to some extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of local and regional sources on concentrations of fine particulate matter in Delhi","authors":"Deepchandra Srivastava ,&nbsp;Mohammed S. Alam ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Rooney ,&nbsp;Leigh R. Crilley ,&nbsp;Louisa Kramer ,&nbsp;Supattarachai Saksakulkrai ,&nbsp;Sachin Dhawan ,&nbsp;Mukesh Khare ,&nbsp;Shivan ,&nbsp;Ranu Gadi ,&nbsp;Prashant Kumar ,&nbsp;Sarkawt Hama ,&nbsp;Roy M. Harrison ,&nbsp;Zongbo Shi ,&nbsp;William J. Bloss","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Delhi is one of the world's most polluted cities, and hence pollution control is a very high priority. A key aspect of a cost-effective strategy is to differentiate emissions from local sources from pollution arising from regional transport. Detailed chemical characterization of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been made at two sites in three seasons with a view to source attribution. Chloride ion (Cl⁻) concentrations make an exceptional contribution at both sites in winter, reaching a maximum of 76 and 97 μg m⁻³ during the winter campaign at the central and suburban sites, respectively. Differing diurnal patterns of Cl⁻ were observed between the seasons, indicating contrasts in sources and secondary chemical processes between seasons. Inter-site comparisons show high correlation between secondary inorganics (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺) in the winter and pre-monsoon, indicating the influence of regional processes for their formation at both sites, while for Cl⁻ and other measured ions (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO₄²⁻ and K⁺), local influences were found to be dominant through inter-site comparisons and ventilation coefficient analyses. A significant contribution of local sources to secondary inorganic compounds and Organic Matter mass within PM_2.5 in the post-monsoon period was observed, implying that the regional sources (such as crop residue burning, often indicted as the cause of poor air quality) are not the sole driver for high PM_2.5 loadings in Delhi in autumn, contrary to previous studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 7","pages":"Article 102476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A temporal domain generalization method for PM2.5 concentration prediction based on adversarial training and deep variational information bottleneck","authors":"Miaoxuan Shan ,&nbsp;Chunlin Ye ,&nbsp;Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Shufan Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of PM_2.5 concentration is crucial for environmental pollution control and public safety. However, PM_2.5 concentration is influenced by various factors and follows a dynamic temporal distribution, potentially reducing the generalization capability of prediction models for future prediction. To address this issue, we propose a novel temporal domain generalization method modeled from a distribution perspective. This method aims to extract invariant information from dynamic and time-varying temporal distributions to improve future prediction by combining adversarial training and deep variational information bottleneck (Deep VIB). Specifically, the training data is first segmented into multiple temporal domains characterized by the largest temporal distribution differences. Deep VIB is then employed to extract fine-grained features, combined with a domain classifier to eliminate domain-specific information through adversarial training. Finally, only the trained feature extractor and predictor are applied to the prediction process. This approach enables the prediction model to simultaneously extract domain-invariant features while minimizing prediction errors, thereby enhancing its generalization capability. Experimental results from real-world data demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art prediction models, achieving average improvements of 3% in mean absolute error, 7% in root mean square error, and 3% in R-square compared to the best baseline models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant impact of carbonates on the concentration and light absorption properties of black carbon in Lanzhou, northwest China","authors":"Xiaoxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Shichang Kang ,&nbsp;Zhaofu Hu ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangping Yan ,&nbsp;Pengfei Chen ,&nbsp;Yicheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC, also known as black carbon) are often overestimated by carbonates during the thermal-optical measurement, leading to an underestimation of EC's light absorption ability, especially in northwest China. To investigate this influence, a comparison between untreated and acid-treated total suspended particle (TSP) samples was investigated in Lanzhou. The overestimation of EC concentration due to acid treatment was approximately 17.47 ± 1.09 %. After correction, the overestimations of OC and EC concentrations by carbonates were approximately 9.26 ± 10.76 % and 19.68 ± 14.34 %, respectively. This overestimation of EC concentration by carbonates was highest in spring, driven by dust storms, and lowest values in winter, revealing a contrasting trend to atmospheric temperature. The actual concentrations of OC and EC in Lanzhou were the lowest in summer and highest in winter, respectively. OC/EC ratios and EC concentrations overestimated by carbonates were significantly positively correlated, indicating that mineral dust played an important role in the composition of carbonaceous aerosols, especially during spring dust storm. After correcting for the overestimated EC concentrations, the mass absorption cross-section of EC (MAC_EC) in untreated samples was only about 72.97 ± 11.48 % of that in acid treated samples at 660 nm, indicating a significant underestimation of MAC_EC values due to carbonates. This study provides the first investigation of actual carbonaceous aerosols concentrations and MAC_EC values in northwest China, providing a more accurate understanding for the climatic effects of carbonaceous aerosols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analyses linking PM2.5 to its precursors and meteorological conditions across regions and time scale in China","authors":"Yinchen Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Wang ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Zhong ,&nbsp;Zunli Dai ,&nbsp;Lejiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationships between PM_2.5 concentrations, their chemical precursors and meteorological factors across nine distinct regions in China from 2015 to 2022. Employing sophisticated wavelet-based methodologies—wavelet coherence (WTC), partial wavelet coherence (PWC), and multiple wavelet coherence (MWC)—the research delves into the scale-specific, temporal, and spatial interactions between these variables. Our findings reveal that CO and NO₂ are the predominant precursors affecting PM_2.5 concentrations across most regions, whereas SO₂ holds greater influence in the South and Southwest. Key meteorological drivers include boundary layer height (BLH), wind speed (WU/WV), temperature (TM), precipitation (TP), and relative humidity (RHU), each exhibiting region- and time-scale-dependent impacts. Notably, BLH and wind speed play critical roles in PM_2.5 dispersion in northern regions, whereas RHU and TP are particularly influential in the South and Southwest, especially during wet seasons. Temperature's influence is dual-faceted, showing positive correlations with PM_2.5 on short time scales and negative correlations on longer scales. The study highlights the synergistic effects of meteorological factors and precursors, demonstrating that optimal combinations provide superior explanatory power for PM_2.5 variability compared to individual factors. The East, South, and Southwest regions display the strongest coherence between PM_2.5 and these combined influences, underscoring the need for region-specific and integrated air quality management strategies. These insights suggest targeted reduction of NO₂ and CO emissions in the North and Northeast, and SO₂ in the South and Southwest, while adapting to seasonal meteorological conditions, could significantly enhance PM_2.5 mitigation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field validation of a novel passive air sampler and monitoring of semivolatile organic pollutants in the remote marine and continental boundary layer","authors":"Gerhard Lammel ,&nbsp;Björn Nillius ,&nbsp;Frank Helleis ,&nbsp;Adela Holubová Šmejkalová ,&nbsp;Petr Kukučka ,&nbsp;Jakub Martiník ,&nbsp;Petra Přibylová ,&nbsp;Roman Prokeš ,&nbsp;Pourya Shahpoury ,&nbsp;Daniel Štěpánek ,&nbsp;Jakub Vinkler","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive air sampling allows spatially high resolved study designs and access to truly remote sites, but determination of the sampling efficiency, especially that of the particulate phase remains challenging. In this work, we present a self-directional passive air sampler which relies on the Venturi principle to enhance the sample air flow and to efficiently collect the air gas and particulate phases. Sample air flow rates ranged 1–13 m³ d⁻¹ depending on wind speed. The sampler was validated by side-by-side sampling with active air samplers at a central European continental site and a Caribbean coastal site.</div><div>The sampler is found suitable for monitoring organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at trace concentrations in the remote environment (mostly 0.1–1 pg m⁻³ concentration range). For some OCPs these levels are among the lowest concentrations in air ever reported. The vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds, OCPs and PCBs at the rural continental site is found determined by advection in the planetary boundary layer during most seasons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emission characteristics, environmental impact, and occupational health risks assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the hairdressing sector","authors":"Run Hao ,&nbsp;Xinmiao Lin ,&nbsp;Zhen Yao ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Jianling Sun ,&nbsp;Hailin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The common presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in hair products means that VOCs are emitted from these products during hairdressing procedures, which can be harmful to both the indoor atmospheric environment and human health. This study focused on sampling VOCs during various hairdressing activities and discussing the correlation between the types of hairdressing activities and the emissions of VOCs. The study revealed that hair treatment had the highest contribution to the VOCs concentrations, at 1294.11 μg/m³. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were the most significant VOCs components in all hairdressing activities, especially contributing over 80% of the VOCs in hair treatment, ordinary perm, hair setting of an ordinary perm, and hair coloring. OVOCs and alkenes were the primary components that significantly influenced the formation of ozone due to their substantial contribution of concentration and their chemical reactivity, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) for hair treatment, cold wave, hair setting of a cold wave, ordinary perm, hair setting of an ordinary perm, and hair coloring were 0.76, 0.93, 0.85, 0.86, 0.93, and 1.36 μg/m³, respectively. Acrolein and acetaldehyde were the main non-carcinogenic species, with acrolein posing a non-carcinogenic risk ranging from 4.04 to 22.98, far exceeding the safety threshold. The most significant carcinogenic risks were associated with 1,3-butadiene and acetaldehyde. Therefore, it is imperative to impose stringent regulations on the management of hair salons and the operations of hairdressers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 5","pages":"Article 102471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}