Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Methodology development for high-resolution monitoring of emissions in urban road traffic systems","authors":"Edgar Lorenzo-Sáez ,&nbsp;Javier F. Urchueguía ,&nbsp;Miguel García Folgado ,&nbsp;Jose-Vicente Oliver-Villanueva","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution, especially in cities. Mitigating these emissions is crucial for both climate change and public health, but current emission quantification methodologies lack sufficient resolution at the urban level to apply efficient measures. This gap is addressed by developing a novel temporal and spatial high-resolution methodology to monitor traffic-related emissions based on real-time traffic data gathered from induction loops installed in road networks.</div><div>The methodology integrates vehicle fleet characteristics, emission factors, and traffic intensity to quantify street-level emissions per hour. This bottom-up approach allows for detailed monitoring of pollutants across specific locations and times.</div><div>Applied to Valencia, Spain, the methodology enabled the identification of emission hotspots and the detailed assessment of local mitigation strategies. As a case study, the impact of a newly implemented bike lane was analyzed, demonstrating the method's effectiveness in evaluating sustainable mobility measures and their influence on traffic emissions. This tool provides city planners and policymakers with a robust, data-driven framework to reduce urban emissions and enhance air quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current-use pesticides in ambient air - evaluation of deposition sampling and soil fugacity techniques","authors":"Ludovic Mayer ,&nbsp;Lisa Melymuk ,&nbsp;Jakub Vinkler ,&nbsp;Petr Šenk ,&nbsp;Marek Šudoma ,&nbsp;Petra Přibylová ,&nbsp;Céline Degrendele ,&nbsp;Gerhard Lammel","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The atmospheric fate of current-use pesticides (CUPs) is incompletely understood, and CUPs' air-surface mass exchange has hardly been investigated. In this study, we evaluated techniques to improve our understanding of CUPs’ depositions and volatilisation from soil. Simultaneous sampling of gas-phase air, particulate phase air, wet and dry depositions, soil, and air equilibrated with soil was conducted during the pesticide application season, followed by analysis of 46 CUPs (22 herbicides, 16 insecticides and 12 fungicides) common in European agriculture. CUP deposition fluxes observed suggest that dry deposition of most CUPs is more effective than wet deposition in central Europe. Potential soil fugacity derived from CUP concentration in soil indicated the significance of soil organic matter on the absorption and retention of CUPs in soil. Using a fugacity meter, empirical evidence for net volatilisation of CUPs including the high-risk pesticides chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin from a non-agricultural soil is found for the first time. This suggests that CUPs can be subject to multiple emission-deposition cycles, which enhances their long-range transport potential. More method refinements and field measurements are needed for a mechanistic understanding of diffusive soil-air exchange processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102606"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of elevated CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from power plant and landfill sites using airborne and spaceborne imaging spectroscopy","authors":"Hasmukh K. Varchand ,&nbsp;Mehul R. Pandya ,&nbsp;Jalpesh A. Dave ,&nbsp;Parthkumar N. Parmar ,&nbsp;Dhruv D. Desai ,&nbsp;Manoj Singh ,&nbsp;Dhiraj B. Shah ,&nbsp;Vishal N. Pathak ,&nbsp;Himanshu J. Trivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate quantification of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) emissions from point sources is crucial in advancing our understanding of atmospheric composition and mitigating climate change. In this study, we have established an advanced remote sensing framework using imaging spectrometer data to detect and estimate anomalous concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the atmosphere from targeted point sources, employing the spectral normalized matched filter (SNMF) algorithm. This algorithm utilizes the distinct absorption features of CO₂ and CH₄ in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands, enabling precise discrimination of emission sources from the atmospheric background. The practical benefits of SNMF are robust detection, background suppression, and better adaptiveness. The SNMF algorithm was rigorously tested at two key sites in tropical atmospheric conditions: Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Rajasthan, India, for CO₂ emission detection and Pirana landfill site in Ahmedabad, India, for CH₄ emission detection. Multiple cloud-free satellite observations from PRISMA and EMIT have been used here, and airborne AVIRIS-NG data were also included in the study. The analysis revealed the robustness of the SNMF algorithm for CO₂ and CH₄ detection in different seasons at the same site, and a comparison was also made between PRISMA and EMIT retrievals. We estimated annual CO₂ emissions from KSTPS of 6.35 ± 0.65 megatons and CH₄ emissions from the Pirana landfill of 0.80 ± 0.14 megatons. Wind data have been incorporated for uncertainty analysis to enhance the robustness of the emission estimation, and external emission data has been analyzed for validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust weather in Tarim Basin derived from a dust event on April 18–21, 2023","authors":"Yongchao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yazhou Zhao ,&nbsp;Xin Gao ,&nbsp;Jiaqiang Lei ,&nbsp;Diwen Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosols generated by dust weather significantly affect global climate change by altering solar radiation. In this study, a dust event occurred in Tarim Basin, China, from April 18–21, 2023 was selected to study the optical characteristics, emission, dry deposition, and dust transmission path based on the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and multi-source satellite remote sensing data. We showed that dust weather had effects over a broad region, the most serious effect was found in Tarim Basin, where the particle concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exceeded the national standard. The spatial distribution of the ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI) changed significantly with daily dust diffusion and deposition. The UVAI of Tarim Basin was higher than that of the other locations. During this dust event, the vertical distribution of dust aerosols in Tarim Basin was extensive and the maximum height had reached over 10 km. Dust emissions were mainly concentrated on April 18–19, and the eastern part of Xinjiang, China and the central and eastern parts of Tarim Basin were the main emission areas. The dust emission area was much smaller than the dry deposition area. Moreover, wind speed was an important factor causing dust weather, and the high wind speed areas were consistent with the high dust emission areas. Finally, we concluded that the cold air entered Tarim Basin through different paths caused this dust event. The airflows at different heights were affected by the terrain, and the dust subsided and rose several times during its transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor ultrafine particles entering human respiratory regions: defining an index for maximum deposition dose probability in a university classroom case study","authors":"A. Pelliccioni ,&nbsp;M. Gherardi","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are relevant for human health due to their ability to penetrate the respiratory tract. Although several diseases are related to UFPs exposure, no reference levels for protecting human health have been established yet. In this work, experimental size distribution and concentration of UFPs are used to model their deposition in five different regions of the respiratory tract. This has been achieved by introducing the concept of a resonant system between the modelling of human deposition of particles and the environmental data. Such resonant system is mathematically described by the resonance angle, a function linking the particle deposition efficiency for different particles size classes to the corresponding measured size distribution. From this resonance angle it is possible to calculate the probability of maximum deposition dose corresponding to the actual UFPs indoor contamination. This method has been applied to one-month measurements of UFPs in a university classroom in Rome, Italy. Results show that the average values of risk angle of deposition are time dependent and ranged between 46,4° and 62,6° for alveolar and bronchiole regions, respectively, confirming UFPs mainly impacting the deepest respiratory region. The risk of exposure to UFPs as described by the resonance angle resulted varying along the week and among the five pulmonary regions of concern. Moreover, the calculated maximum probability for dose deposition in the five regions of the respiratory tracts did not always occur in correspondence of high values for the total PNC of UFPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mendelian randomization study supports the causal effects of air pollutants on cognitive function","authors":"Yunyun Guo ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Yuxi Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Observational studies have linked air pollutants to cognitive impairment, though the causal relationship is yet to be firmly established. This research employs a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the causal effects of exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and NO_x on cognitive function. This study extracted 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PM_2.5, 22 SNPs associated with PM₁₀, 7 SNPs associated with NO₂ and 8 SNPs associated with NO_x as genetic variants on European ancestry. The primary method for MR estimation utilized was inverse variance weighting (IVW). The findings indicate that exposure to PM_2.5 results in poorer performance on the Trail Making Test (beta = 0.24, 95 % CI: 0.01 to 0.47, P = 0.04). Exposure to NO_x is associated with a decline in fluid intelligence (beta = −0.88, 95 % CI: 1.42 to −0.34, P = 0.002). Additionally, each standard deviation increase in NO_x exposure is linked to a decrease in the number of correct matches (beta = −0.39, 95 % CI: 0.73 to −0.05, P = 0.02) and attempted matches (beta = −0.40, 95 % CI: 0.74 to −0.05, P = 0.02) on the Symbol Digit Substitution (SDS) test, and an increase in the time taken to enter a value (beta = 0.41, 95 % CI: 0.06 to 0.76, P = 0.02). Furthermore, a positive association was observed between PM₁₀ exposure and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (OR = 2.15, 95 % CI: 1.14 to 4.03, P = 0.02). This study suggests that PM₁₀ is causally associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Genetically PM_2.5 and NO_x exposure showed a significant association with cognitive decline in people of European origin. Air pollutants is important for developing effective prevention strategies for cognitive decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the major sources of nitrate in PM2.5 in a port city in southeastern China: Perspectives from nitrate dual isotopes and NOx emission inventory","authors":"Qi-Yu Miao ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Shui-Ping Wu ,&nbsp;Li-Xiong He ,&nbsp;Bing-Qi Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi-Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Xi-Jie Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrate is a major component of PM_2.5 and has important implications for air quality, ecosystems and climate change. Understanding the formation mechanisms and sources of nitrate is crucial for formulating effective NO_x reduction policies. In this study, PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at two sites in Xiamen in 2017. Water-soluble inorganic ions and stable N and O isotopes of nitrate (δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-) were determined. The results showed that NO₃⁻ was less important than SO₄²⁻ (NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ = 0.8), but had a more pronounced seasonal variability. The means of δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- at the urban site (+3.9 ± 2.8 ‰ and +63.0 ± 8.2 ‰) were not significantly different from those at the suburban site (+4.5 ± 2.7 ‰ and +63.4 ± 8.8 ‰). Different from δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- showed a clear seasonal variation and was negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with NO₃⁻ concentration. Using a Bayesian mixing model, NO₂ + •OH was estimated to be the dominant formation pathway for nitrate (51.3−52.4 %), followed by the N₂O₅ hydrolysis (25.7−25.8 %), the N₂O₅ + Cl (10.9−11.3 %) and the NO₃ + HCs (10.9−11.6 %). On average, coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, ship emissions and soil emissions contributed 30.3−36.6 %, 27.8−30.4 %, 19.8−22.2 % and 15.8−17.2 % respectively to NO₃⁻ in PM_2.5. However, NO_x emission inventory showed that soil emissions were negligible (0.09−1.19 %) compared to that of coal combustion (35.6 %), vehicle exhaust (37.2 %) and ship emissions (20.1 %) in Xiamen. The results highlighted that more attention should be paid to ship emissions in coastal areas and that NO_x emissions from soil microbes need further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the environmental effect of China's carbon emissions trading scheme: Firm-level evidence from thermal power plants","authors":"Boyang Xu ,&nbsp;Daxin Dong ,&nbsp;Zijian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China plans to achieve carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. The cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme (ETS) has been implemented in China to achieve its CO₂ emission targets. Using detailed data from thermal power plants from 2006 to 2021, this paper assesses the environmental effects of ETS. The difference-in-differences (DID) regression model is utilized to evaluate the policy impacts. We have the following findings. (1) The ETS not only significantly reduced CO₂ emissions, but also achieved the additional goal of reducing atmospheric pollutant emissions. Therefore, the policy has a marked environmental impact. (2) The mechanism analysis indicates that the ETS regulated power plants through price and trading volume signals. The environmental effects are achieved through reducing fossil fuel usage and driving the transition of the energy structure toward cleaner energy. (3) Further analysis indicates that the ETS has produced beneficial inter-regional spillover effects and that there is no evidence of cross-regional shifts in power generation or energy usage, or of CO₂ emission transfers within power groups. Based on the research results of our study, practical implications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of road dust and formulation of a molasses-based dust suppressant for heavy-duty haul roads in open-pit coal mine","authors":"Jie Yan ,&nbsp;Fanghui Yang ,&nbsp;Weiqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Peiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiang Lu ,&nbsp;Kongqian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the rapid evaporation of water during dust suppression on heavy-duty roads in open-pit coal mine, this study investigated the physicochemical properties of road dust and formulated a molasses-based dust suppressant with enhanced water retention, anti-evaporation, and consolidation capabilities. Analysis revealed that road dust contains high levels of TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, indicating significant dust pollution potential. The presence of hydrophilic components, confirmed by crystal structures and functional groups, was supported by the dust's small initial contact angle and short settling time. However, its low moisture content (1.24 %) highlighted poor water retention. To overcome this, molasses, an industrial by-product with excellent water retention and consolidation properties, was chosen as the primary component of the suppressant. Experiments demonstrated that a 30 % molasses solution combined with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) achieved optimal synergy. The addition of 2 % glycerol enhanced moisturizing performance, while 2 % CaCl₂ provided maximum moisture absorption. The optimized suppressant achieved an evaporation rate of 2.71 g/h, a failure resistance force of 136.69 N, and a penetration depth of 8.27 cm. Microscopic analysis showed that the consolidated dust layer exhibited a smooth, dense layer with firmly bonded dust particles. In its liquid state, the molasses-based dust suppressant wets and suppresses dust; upon water evaporation, it solidifies into a cohesive layer, providing lasting dust suppression. This study offers an efficient and environmentally sustainable solution for dust suppression on open-pit coal mine haul roads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic nitrogen in PM2.5 from a resource-dependent city","authors":"Fei Xie ,&nbsp;Fengjiao Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Li ,&nbsp;Chenchen Peng ,&nbsp;Xinjun Zhou ,&nbsp;Ying Sun ,&nbsp;Changwei Lü","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) are important fine particles (PM_2.5) fractions consisting complex mixtures, while their spatiotemporal characteristics and sources are not fully understood, especially within regions of intense industrial activities and arid climate. Focusing on seasonal pollution characteristics of Wuhai, this work analyzes the relationships between WSON and indicators such as water-soluble organic carbon, water-soluble ions, organic carbon, and elemental carbon, and elucidates the sources of WSON in Wuhai's PM_2.5. The results indicated that WSON concentrations in PM_2.5 during the heating and non-heating seasons were 2.36 ± 2.14 μg/m³ and 0.78 ± 0.37 μg/m³, respectively, showing a seasonal pattern with higher levels in the heating season, consistent with other chemical components of PM_2.5. The significant correlations between WSON and SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, OC, and EC in both seasons suggested that the sources of WSON included secondary aerosol formation, coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle exhaust emissions in Wuhai. The N:C ratio indicated that amino acids and organic nitrates may be major components of WSON in the studied city. The NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio revealed that PM_2.5 level was primarily influenced by fixed combustion sources, particularly during the heating season. The PMF model showed significant seasonal differences in WSON sources, with coal combustion (56.61 % in heating season, 42.47 % in non-heating season) and vehicle emissions (30.87 % in heating season, 25.64 % in non-heating season) being major sources. This study is crucial for understanding atmospheric nitrogen cycles and estimating nitrogen deposition, and provides practical insights for controlling WSON pollution in northwestern inland cities with prominent seasonal pollution characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 102586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}