Characteristics and deposition capacities of the chemical components in frost in Jinan, China

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2025.102551

Jiarong Li , Shuang Zhang , Wanqi Wu , Xuli Jing , Chao Zhu , Jinhe Wang

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Abstract

Frost usually occurs at night when the temperature falls below the freezing point and the air is saturated with water vapor. In this study, 57 frost samples were collected over two winters (2020 and 2021) in Jinan, a central city located in the North China Plain. The concentrations of water-soluble ions (WSIs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated phenols (NPs) in the frost samples were measured using ion chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. The characteristics and inter relationships were summarized comprehensively. In addition, the deposition effect of frost was investigated. Results showed that each frost process resulted the deposition of 5.6 mg m⁻² WSIs, 0.22 μg m⁻² PAHs and 4.1 μg m⁻² NPs. The monthly deposition fluxes of the WSIs and PAHs through frost were two orders of magnitude lower than those through rain and dry deposition. For the first time, this study calculated the deposition capacity (DC), which indicates how readily a chemical component is eliminated during the frost process. The DC values obtained by chemical group ranked as follows: NPs (362.1 ± 120.3) > WSIs (107.5 ± 61.9) > PAHs (4.8 ± 4.0), indicating that NPs were more easily removed through frost deposition, whereas PAHs were the least likely to be deposited. Among individual components, Ca²⁺ and 5-nitrosalicylic acid exhibited the highest DC values (>600.0), indicating that they participated actively in the frost pross. Furthermore, NP components containing more carboxyl groups and fewer hydroxyl groups were found to have higher DC values.

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济南市霜冻化学成分特征及沉积能力

霜冻通常发生在气温降至冰点以下、空气中水汽饱和的夜间。本研究在华北平原中心城市济南采集了 57 个霜冻样本，历时两个冬季（2020 年和 2021 年）。分别采用离子色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法和超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定了霜冻样品中水溶性离子（WSIs）、多环芳烃（PAHs）和硝化酚（NPs）的浓度。全面总结了其特征和相互关系。此外，还研究了霜的沉积效应。结果表明，每次霜冻过程都会导致 5.6 mg m-2 WSIs、0.22 μg m-2 PAHs 和 4.1 μg m-2 NPs 的沉积。每月通过霜冻沉降的 WSIs 和 PAHs 通量比通过雨水和干沉降的通量低两个数量级。本研究首次计算了沉积能力（DC），它表明了化学成分在霜冻过程中被消除的容易程度。各化学组获得的沉积能力值排名如下：NPs (362.1 ± 120.3) > WSIs (107.5 ± 61.9) > PAHs (4.8 ± 4.0)，表明 NPs 更容易通过霜沉积被清除，而 PAHs 则最不容易沉积。在单个成分中，Ca2+ 和 5-亚硝基水杨酸的 DC 值最高（>600.0），表明它们积极参与了霜冻过程。此外，含有较多羧基和较少羟基的 NP 成分的 DC 值也较高。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Atmospheric Pollution Research ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

6.70%

发文量

256

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.