Arkhiv patologii最新文献

{"title":"[The phenomenon of tumor budding in gastric cancer].","authors":"T M Polushkina, E E Porubaeva, N V Danilova","doi":"10.17116/patol20258702179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20258702179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastric cancer remains the fifth most common malignant neoplasm in the world and ranks fifth among the causes associated with cancer. The TNM system remains the gold standard for predictive stratification of patients with gastric cancer, but the search for new sensitive, specific and reproducible biomarkers to develop a personalized approach to the management of patients with gastric cancer does not lose its relevance. The phenomenon of tumor budding is a well-established independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. In 2017, the first guideline on the method of calculating tumor budding for colorectal cancer was published. Despite the promising potential of using tumor budding in gastric cancer this parameter is still not evaluated in everyday practice. This lection provides data on various methods of counting tumor budding in gastric carcinomas, describes the molecular mechanisms of interaction between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment, and summarizes the available data on the relationship of clinical and morphological characteristics of gastric cancer with the degree of tumor budding. The relationship between the degree of tumor budding and the prognostic characteristics of gastric cancer and the prospects for its use is also described.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"87 2","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Morphogenesis and molecular regulation of polyposis rhinosinusitis].","authors":"N Yu Matveeva, D G Pavlush, S G Kalinichenko","doi":"10.17116/patol20258701168","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20258701168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyposis rhinosinusitis (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous proliferative disease characterized by inflammatory hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa with dysregulation of apoptosis and cell differentiation. The review summarizes data on the molecular cellular mechanisms of CRSwNP and presents the concept of intercellular signaling during polyposis growth. Various factors that form a specific endotype are involved in the development of a polyp. Features of morphogenesis make it possible to distinguish edematous, eosinophilic and fibrous NP. In all cases, markers of neurogenic inflammation, impaired expression of proinflammatory cytokines, NO synthase, BMP-2 and other morphogenetic molecules arerecorded. The growing polyp and the inflammatory reaction damage the epithelium of the mucous membrane and bone wall of the nasal cavity. Interleukin-1β and BMP-2 are an integrative link in the pathogenesis of these events.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"87 1","pages":"68-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Liver pathology in COVID-19].","authors":"S F Krasnenkova, O V Zayratyants, K Yu Midiber, L M Mikhaleva","doi":"10.17116/patol20258701153","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20258701153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The literature review presents an analysis of the pathogenesis and pathological anatomy of liver damage in COVID-19. Liver damage with the steatosis, vascular disorders, mild portal and lobular inflammatory infiltration, cholestasis and clinically - liver failure is observed in majority of the patients with COVID-19. Chronic liver diseases with infection SARS-CoV-2 tend to decompensate, which significantly worsens the prognosis of the disease. Pathogenesis of liver damage in COVID19 is unclear. There was no convincing evidence for the hypothesis of cytotoxicity for hepatocytes or cholangiocytes by SARS-CoV-2. Similar liver morphological changes described by different authors suggest their nonspecific nature and multifactorial pathogenesis related to hypoxia, cytokin storm, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and shock, Covid-associated angio- and coagulopathy, as well as drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Further research is needed to clarify the pathogenesis and pathological anatomy of the liver pathology in COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"87 1","pages":"53-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Diffuse changes in the brain in the acute phase of COVID-19 and after infection].","authors":"A N Berliand, P L Anufriev, A A Kanibolotskiy","doi":"10.17116/patol2025870115","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol2025870115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is no consolidated opinion on the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations of COVID-19, especially after infection. A significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms of neuropathology in COVID-19 can be made by detailed morphologic studies of the brain with assessment of changes in different brain regions during different periods of the infection process.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Clarification of the nature of brain morphologic changes and intracerebral virus invasion in COVID-19 and postinfection.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study included 15 patients who died during the acute phase of COVID-19 (11 people) or after an infection (4 people) without a history of acute focal changes in the brain or neurological diseases. In each case, 9 brain areas were assessed, including the cortex, hippocampus, brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata), cerebellum, basal ganglia, and central parts of the olfactory system. In addition to the histological study, an immunohistochemical study was performed using antibodies against CD8, Iba1, as well as SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S1 and N) and a semi-quantitative assessment of circulatory disorders, microglial reaction and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in the brain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The neuropathological picture was similar in the acute and post-infectious phases of COVID-19: microcirculatory disorders, diffuse cerebral edema, ischemic-hypoxic neuronal changes, accumulations of corpora amylacea, gliosis, small mainly perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates with a predominance of CD8⁺ T cells, moderate microglial reaction, accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in the brain. The N protein of the virus was not detected in the brain. The most pronounced changes were observed in the brainstem, especially in the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum. The severity of structural changes did not correlate with disease duration. S1 protein expression in the brain did not correlate with the severity of the microglial response or disease duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The identified neuropathological changes in COVID-19 in the acute and post-infectious phases are nonspecific with a predominance of vascular disorders and microglial reaction and are most pronounced in the brain stem and cerebellum. The SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein can accumulate in neurons and be detected in the brain a year or more after infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"87 1","pages":"5-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Donat Semenovich Sarkisov. On the occasion of the 100 th anniversary of his birth].","authors":"A A Paltsyn","doi":"10.17116/patol20248605197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20248605197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Donat Semenovich Sarkisov was born in Moscow on September 5, 1924. In the summer of 1942 D.S. Sarkisov was drafted into the army and sent to the Naval Medical Academy (VMMA), from which he graduated in 1947. Thus began his path in medicine, which lasted about 60 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 5","pages":"97-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Lung pathology in children with a long-term novel coronavirus infection COVID-19].","authors":"R A Nasyrov, V A Galichina, V N Timchenko, O L Krasnogorskaya, A S Chepelev, E P Fedotova, N A Sidorova, A A Agafonnikova, N M Anichkov","doi":"10.17116/patol20248601136","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20248601136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New coronavirus infection is registered less frequently in children than in adults. Among all patients with COVID-19, the share of children is 8.6%. Clinical practice shows that in children, COVID-19 can be severe and even fatal. Articles have been published reflecting the clinical manifestations of Long Covid in children, while data on pathomorphological examination of the lungs during long-term COVID-19 in children are not available in the literature. On the basis of the Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of Forensic Medicine and the Pathological-Anatomical Department of the Clinic of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, an analysis of medical documentation was carried out, autopsy materials were selected from 3 observations of the death of children from COVID-19. The selection criterion was the duration of the disease. A histological examination using standard methods and IHC analysis using antibodies to the nucleocapsid of SARS-Cov-2, CD95, CD31 were carried out on the lung tissue of 3 children aged 2 months to 2 years who died from a new coronavirus infection. Microscopically, all three patients showed microvessels damage, their thrombosis, angiogenesis, as well as signs of diffuse alveolar damage The combination of expression of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the apoptosis marker on the vascular endothelium of the MCR is of interest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data obtained indicate infection with coronavirus and death of endothelial cells due to apoptosis. Endothelial damage in the microvessels of the lungs is the initiating factor in the development of capillary-alveolar block, tissue hypoxia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, leading in some cases to respiratory/multiple organ failure and death.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 1","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Morphological features of vasoproliferative tumor of the retina].","authors":"A V Shatskikh, A A Yarovoy, I M Gorshkov, Yu B Gorodetskaya","doi":"10.17116/patol20248602142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20248602142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vasoproliferative retinal tumor (VPT) is a term proposed by ophthalmologists in relation to the totality of manifestations of an intraocular volumetric process with involvement of the inner lining of the eye, an integral part of which is the active growth of blood vessels. The available literature data on the morphology of this process are very contradictory and ambiguous. The article presents two clinical cases of vasoproliferative retinal tumor with own illustration of morphological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 2","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Ippolit Vasilyevich Davydovsky -academician, educator, healthcare organizer].","authors":"M V Mnikhovich, P A Akhsanova, T N Sotnikova","doi":"10.17116/patol20248602172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20248602172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ippolit Vasilyevich Davydovsky was born in 1887 in Danilov, Yaroslavl province, into the family of a clergyman. He received his primary education in a parochial church school. After I.V. Davydovsky's family moved to Yaroslavl, he continued his education in a men's gymnasium. Having successfully graduated from the gymnasium, I.V. Davydovsky in 1905 entered the medical faculty of Moscow State University, where he studied and was influenced by Acad. A.I. Abrikosov formed his first scientific interests. After graduating from the university in 1910, I.V. Davydovsky worked as a sanitary doctor and then as a zemstvo doctor. In 1912. I.V. Davydovsky received the title of Doctor of Medicine and a year later became a prozektor of the Yauza Hospital, which today bears his name. At this time, under the influence of Prof. M.N. Nikiforov, I.V. Davydovsky began to be interested in infectious pathology, which was later reflected in a number of his scientific works on typhus, paratyphus, dysentery and other infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 2","pages":"72-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Cardiac myxoma: biological features, morphology, differential diagnosis].","authors":"N V Vasilyev, N V Krakhmal, K S Vtorushin, I V Stepanov, S V Vtorushin","doi":"10.17116/patol20248606174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20248606174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac myxoma in its morphology is a typical benign tumor, meanwhile, the fact of its localization in the heart chamber, directly in the constant blood flow, largely determines the clinical behavior of this neoplasm, which is often manifested by the development of characteristics that formally determine the aggressive and even malignant nature of the course. Accordingly, the malignancy of cardiac myxoma is determined more by its clinical behavior (recurrence, multifocality of the lesion, the presence of mechanisms of spread similar to metastasis) rather than by its histological picture. In the structure of primary benign tumors of the heart, myxoma occupies a dominant position and its incidence is up to 85%. According to some authors, the tumor develops from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells of the endocardium, mainly in the area of the fossa ovale, while according to others the histogenesis of the tumor remains unclear. The obligate morphology element is the myxoma cell. The presence of so-called \"ring\" structures is special, regular and highly specific, and Gamna - Gandy bodies, foci of calcification and superficial thrombosis are considered characteristic secondary destructive morphological signs. The review describes the morphology features, specific clinical manifestations, immunohistochemical parameters of cardiac myxoma, and presents information available in the literature on the mechanisms of tumor spread (metastasis).</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 6","pages":"74-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Characteristics of the cytogenetic variants of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma].","authors":"A S Sharlai, I V Sidorov, D M Konovalov","doi":"10.17116/patol20248606121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20248606121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are one of the most common types of sarcomas in children and adolescents. The alveolar RMS subgroup is of particular interest because in some cases, the translocation of the <i>PAX3</i> and <i>FOXO1</i> genes is combined with an amplification of the corresponding hybrid gene. According to literature data, the frequency of the <i>PAX3::FOXO1</i> translocation is 70-90% and the <i>PAX7::FOXO1</i> translocation 10-30%.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the frequency of variable <i>FOXO1</i> translocations in the alveolar RMS patient group.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Thirty-two tumor samples were collected and analyzed using a combination of histological, immunohistochemistry (Myogenin, MyoD1), and molecular genetic techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cytogenetic analysis using the FISH technique with a FOXO1-specific probe identified 26 (81%) samples with rearrangements at the FOXO1 locus and seven (19%) without rearrangements. Real-time PCR identified the translocation partners <i>PAX3</i> in 58% (15/26) and <i>PAX7</i> in 42% (11/26) of samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four cytogenetic patterns were observed: classical translocation, translocation with amplification, translocation with deletion, and normal signal distribution. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas exhibit genetic heterogeneity and a diversity of cytogenetic profiles. The frequency ratio of <i>PAX3/PAX7::FOXO1</i> variable transcripts is 1:1. Approximately 20% of cases of alveolar RMS do not have cytogenetic signs of rearrangements of the <i>FOXO1</i> gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"86 6","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}