GazettePub Date : 2002-02-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640010401
Yu Xu, L. Chu, Guo Zhongshi
{"title":"Reform and Challenge","authors":"Yu Xu, L. Chu, Guo Zhongshi","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640010401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640010401","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of 30 of China's journalism and communication schools traces changes and continuity in the country's journalism education in the past three decades during which dramatic economic and sociopolitical reforms were implemented. Guided by the classic theories of the press and their more recent extensions, this study focuses on two major areas of observation and analysis: (1) journalism schools' internal structural adaptation to the changing social environment; and (2) facilitating forces and constraints imposed on journalism education reform stemming from a unique mixture of commercialization under authoritarian political control. The authors found increasingly intimate ties between pedagogical strategies and market demands. However, despite attempts to push the ideological limits towards more liberalized training, journalism schools continue to yield to political pressure for conformity to the orthodox party line.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"63 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640010401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65551640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2002-02-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640010201
G. Berger
{"title":"Theorizing the Media—Democracy Relationship in Southern Africa","authors":"G. Berger","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640010201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640010201","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of media and democracy, entailing concepts like the `public sphere' and `civil society', have been extensively used in western societies. In contrast, analysis of the role of Africa's media in democratization has been patchy and lacking in theoretical foundation. By reworking some of the theorization that is born of societies with rather different media conditions to Africa, some useful insights can be gained about the processes on this continent, particularly in southern Africa. In particular, such re-engineered theory can help provide an analysis of contemporary issues regarding media freedom, the growth of private media, the contests around government-controlled media, and broadcast deregulation in Africa. In addition, such reworked theory helps contextualize the gender character of southern Africa's media and the significance of the Internet for democracy on the continent.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"21 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640010201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063006004
Kwamena Kwansah-Aidoo
{"title":"The Appeal of Qualitative Methods to Traditional Agenda-Setting Research","authors":"Kwamena Kwansah-Aidoo","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063006004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063006004","url":null,"abstract":"Agenda-setting research is vigorously pursued within the general field of communication research. Despite this, the agenda-setting model continues to be criticized on methodological grounds. Some of the criticisms arise out of the field's heavy reliance on quantitative methods. This article argues that qualitative methods can be used to counter some of these criticisms. This is done using research on media coverage of the environment in the West African country of Ghana. Environmental issues have featured prominently in research aimed at proving that the media do indeed influence the public agenda. However, even within this subarea of agenda-setting research, there is no agreement on the agenda-setting effects of the media. This study adopted qualitative methods and found that the media indeed influenced the environmental agenda of the public. The qualitative approach helped to avoid some of the criticisms levelled against traditional agenda-setting methodology.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"521 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063006004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063006002
Christopher E. Beaudoin, E. Thorson
{"title":"Value Representations in Foreign News","authors":"Christopher E. Beaudoin, E. Thorson","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063006002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063006002","url":null,"abstract":"The study articulates `a values approach' to understanding foreign news coverage in a prestige American newspaper. A system of 13 values - including altruism and freedom, materialism and peace - is articulated, with values examined in terms of how foreign nations, groups and individuals were represented in news coverage. The study finds that values are clustered along two dimensions: (1) conflict; and (2) positive. In addition, values were distributed differently according to story type, story domain and focal nation. Specifically, Asia was depicted as materialistic, Western Europe as beautiful, Africa as consumed with power issues and the Eastern bloc and former Soviet states as concerned with security. The findings rise from a content analysis of 338 news stories.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"481 - 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063006002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063006003
P. Sonwalkar
{"title":"India: Makings of Little Cultural/Media Imperialism?","authors":"P. Sonwalkar","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063006003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063006003","url":null,"abstract":"An efflorescence of the media in India during the 1990s, mainly in television, has revolutionized the South Asian mediascape. After the novelty of foreign channels wore off in the early 1990s, Indian channels consolidated their position, recorded the highest audience ratings and forced foreign channels to adopt local programming in a big way. The late 1990s added a new dimension with language-/region-specific channels displacing pan-Indian networks in localized markets, and also reaching out to the large diaspora across continents. Besides, Indian media products are increasingly being viewed in terms of cultural imperialism within South Asia along the same lines that western products were during the 1960s-70s. India's media strengths and vibrancy appear to pose some challenge to the trope of media imperialism. This article argues that the Indian media situation has the makings of `little cultural/media imperialism', and calls for a multi-centric perspective, as opposed to a linear West-centric perspective, to register the rapidity of changes in this age of globalization.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"505 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063006003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063006001
S. Gunaratne
{"title":"Paper, Printing and the Printing Press","authors":"S. Gunaratne","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063006001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063006001","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese used paper for two or three centuries before CE 105, when Cai Lun, director of imperial arsenals under Emperor He of the later Han dynasty (25-220), officially reported the `invention' of paper. The Chinese began the first printed newspaper, Jing Bao (originally Di Bao), in 713 under the Tang dynasty (618-907); and it continued until the collapse of the Manchu dynasty in 1911. In 868, Wang Jie printed the famous Diamond Sutra (Kumarajiva's Vajracchedika Prajna Paramita), the earliest printed book in existence. Xylography (block printing) was known in China for at least four centuries before 932, when Prime Minister Feng Dao supposedly `invented' it by directing the printing of the 11 Confucian classics filling 130 volumes - a task that took 20 years. Alchemist Bi Sheng experimented with movable type for eight years from 1041, four centuries before Gutenberg. In 1313, Wang Zheng traced the development of movable type in his Nong shu, a treatise on agriculture. Chinese also made typography a fine art and produced numerous books. Printing from movable type reached its highest development in Korea from 1403 onwards. If the invention of printing ushered in the second communication revolution, then the celebration of Gutenberg as the inventor of printing represents a distortion of human history by those trying to document a so-called European `exceptionalism' of the 15th century. The horizontally integrative macrohistory approach should set the record straight.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"459 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063006001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063006005
J. Ramaprasad
{"title":"A Profile of Journalists in Post-Independence Tanzania","authors":"J. Ramaprasad","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063006005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063006005","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a survey of 139 journalists, this study provides an attitudinal profile of Tanzanian journalists at an interesting time in Tanzania's political evolution from a one-party, socialist, controlled press system to a multi-party, capitalist, relatively free press system. Tanzanian journalists rate western journalistic functions - accuracy, analysis, investigation and entertainment - highly, and they place considerable importance on the public affairs benefits of their jobs. At the same time, their Tanzanian conceptions of the role of the press - portraying the country positively, using traditional media, ensuring rural coverage and thinking of news as a social good, all for national development - are also important to them. Their years of socialization under ujamaa and a one-party state are evident even as the western concept of the press is gaining ground. Apart from this duality in their views, these journalists are also consonant in their opinions, with demographic and workplace-related variables scarcely having any effect. They also exhibit the `Lake Woebegone effect', rating almost all the functions and benefits higher than average.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"539 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063006005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063005003
Adrienne Russell
{"title":"The Zapatistas Online","authors":"Adrienne Russell","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063005003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063005003","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the complex and contradictory dynamic of localization and globalization as they are manifest in online postings created by Zapatista supporters in Mexico. The aim is to develop an understanding of the dimensions of the Internet that contribute to its efficacy as a tool in grassroots globalization. Online newsgroup postings and websites created by Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) supporters are examined here in terms of the technological dimensions particular to computer-mediated communication. These dimensions include a relative lack of centralized control, the decentered author, interactivity and an alliance-building capacity. Combined, these technological dimensions facilitate a particular type of communication and contribute to a broadening of the discourse regarding the Mexican government as well as dominant conceptions of the Mexican nation.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"63 1","pages":"399 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063005003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063005001
E. Rollet
{"title":"Connecting to the Information Age","authors":"E. Rollet","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063005001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063005001","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union's communications policy has had mitigated results in addressing issues related to the Information Age. On one hand, deregulation had the positive outcome of building a unified market, with corporations capable of challenging the supremacy of the United States. On the other hand, deregulation has followed the US model and has ignored the European concept of interventionism, which helps safeguard diversity and pluralism that could be threatened by ultraliberalism. National interests and diversity of standpoints constitute a major obstacle for the success of the EU's communication policy. However, one might remain optimistic in view of some of the EU's important actions that have been achieved through cooperation. The strong, self-endowed leadership of the European Commission succeeded in responding to one of the EU's major challenges: overcoming a slow policy-making process that would be particularly inappropriate, considering the fast-paced nature of modern communications.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"22 1","pages":"371 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063005001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GazettePub Date : 2001-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549201063005002
J. Knudson
{"title":"The Mexican Herald: Outpost of Empire, 1895-1915","authors":"J. Knudson","doi":"10.1177/0016549201063005002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549201063005002","url":null,"abstract":"In the globalization of our economy, scant attention has been paid by scholars to the proliferation of English-language newspapers around the world designed to attract or protect American or British investments. This is a study of one such newspaper, the Mexican Herald (1895-1915), one of the early handmaidens of business that presaged the multinational corporations of today. Founded by an American, Frederick J. Guernsey, the Mexican Herald served an enclave of 25,000 American businessmen in Mexico City. The newspaper was dismayed by the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which threatened to wipe out foreign holdings. In particular, the Herald targeted Emiliano Zapata, the agrarian reform leader, for his unremitting attack on the large landowners and therefore private property in general. The Herald supported two reactionary regimes and sent a delegation to Washington, DC before being closed in 1915 by the Revolution which it never understood.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"10 1","pages":"387 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549201063005002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65084430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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