Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519979
J Taguiwalo
{"title":"Filipino women demand freedom from debt.","authors":"J Taguiwalo","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519979","url":null,"abstract":"Filipino women suffer from the dual burden of unpaid reproductive work and underpaid labor in the work force. They are also paying heavily for the huge foreign debt assumed by their country. The fact that economic development has stagnated in the Philippines is directly related to a government policy which provides for automatic debt repayment regardless of the economic status of the country. The strategy of honoring debt obligations and removing governmental market controls was intended to lead to economic development in the Philippines but has instead increased the burden of women who must cope with reductions in income, reductions in social and community services, increases in taxes, and higher prices for essentials. Increased work and less food have had an adverse impact on the women's health, and the emphasis on exports has resulted in an increased number of women migrating overseas to find jobs. Thus, even highly trained women must resort to performing domestic work overseas to earn a living. Cash-crop production has reduced women's role in food production and threatened food security while creating a pool of cheap labor among the newly displaced peasant families. Violence against women is increasing because of stress related to poverty, and women working abroad are subject to rape and sexual abuse. These conditions have led to the creation of women's groups such as the Freedom from Debt Coalition which is developing a comprehensive alternative development strategy which includes measures to reduce the burden of foreign debt.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"30-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519982
C Y Chilangwa-n'gambi
{"title":"Investment finance: off limits for women.","authors":"C Y Chilangwa-n'gambi","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519982","url":null,"abstract":"In Zambia, women's access to finance is limited because 1) women lack collateral, 2) administrative practices discriminate against women, 3) women lack knowledge and information, and 4) women fail to maintain required financial records because their incomes are so low. Women have invested in areas which would be categorized as \"feminine,\" however, including garment-making and flower-growing. The UNIP Women's League, which was the government's official body charged with ensuring gender awareness in policy-making and planning failed to survive the transition to a multiparty democracy. Some churches and nongovernmental organizations have attempted to promote gender-aware projects to help women survive the current economic crisis, but these programs are few and far between and suffer from a lack of capital. Organizations must adopt a business-like approach to help women move from welfare to economic empowerment.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"41-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22030190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519983
L Mayoux
{"title":"NGOs and gender policy: some issues from the south Indian silk-reeling industry.","authors":"L Mayoux","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519983","url":null,"abstract":"In India, silk reeling, the middle stage in silk production, is potentially very profitable, and the silk industry has been required to adopt gender-aware policies such as appointing female staff and introducing gender sensitization training. To date, policies designed to encourage women's entrepreneurship in the reeling industry have been unsuccessful. Men have appropriated credit issued in women's names, and no women's cooperatives are currently in operation. The policies designed to encourage female entrepreneurship in reeling woefully overlooked the complexity of this work which involves a substantial investment of capital and significant risk. Women and girls continue to work as unpaid family workers and wage laborers without the benefits of governmental policies to protect their interests. In fact, attempts to introduce labor legislation to protect women have been blocked on the national level by the powerful Reelers' Association. Policies which address gender issues in the family and in the wider context of the silk industry are also lacking, and there is a wide variation in how women are able or unable to manipulate their positions to their advantage. Women's inabilities are the root cause of their inability to become entrepreneurs and improve their labor status. Nongovernmental organizations can enhance entrepreneurship and cooperative development by improving training in all aspects of running a business and in group formation. Women laborers must organize to improve wages and working conditions, and women must be able to increase their control over income and resources and their access to the outside world even as they decrease the time spent on unpaid reproductive labor.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"43-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22030191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519978
M Mbilinyi
{"title":"Struggles over patriarchal structural adjustment in Tanzania.","authors":"M Mbilinyi","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519978","url":null,"abstract":"Within the space of 7 years (1986-93), structural adjustment policies have contributed to a reversal of the gains in economic development achieved in Tanzania in the 1960s and 1970s. Structural adjustment policies have helped large-scale producers and ordinary citizens but have led to a decline in social services which is reflected in drops in primary school enrollment and increases in medical costs. Government revenues are absorbed by foreign debt servicing. The reduction of support for social services has increased women's work; bolstered gender division of labor; and reduced women's access to education, formal employment, and health services. On the other hand, increased participation in market-oriented activities has increased women's mobility and exposure to modern ideas. This has led to changing gender relations which on the positive side can lead to shared decision-making but on the negative side may cause men to abdicate their familial responsibilities. Women suffer, however, from a lack of investment in ways to lighten their household responsibilities and have lost their ability to control food production because of the shift to cash crop production for export. The combination of hard work, low income, and stress has taken a toll on women's health, and both the maternal mortality rate and incidence of HIV infections among teenage girls has increased. In response to this situation, Tanzanian women have formed the Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP) which seeks to empower women and transform society through such activities as education and training, research, and lobbying and networking. Workshops sponsored by the TGNP have resulted in recommendations for adoption of a people-centered development strategy.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"26-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519984
T Yasmin
{"title":"Saptagram opens up windows of opportunity in Bangladesh.","authors":"T Yasmin","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519984","url":null,"abstract":"In Bangladesh, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Saptagram Nari Swanirvar Parishad help the poorest women living in rural areas by challenging their traditional roles. In these societies, no one counts the work of women as \"real work.\" \"Real work\" involves cash transitions and only occurs when men sell the agricultural and household products produced by women. The \"male sphere\" of the market-place is clearly separated from the domestic \"female sphere.\" The invisibility of women's work deluded development planners during the 1970s into proposing inappropriate \"spare\" time income-generating schemes for women. It was reasoned that women working in their \"spare\" time would not expect or require to be compensated according to any recognized standard for work done in time which would otherwise be \"wasted.\" Saptagram sponsors regular meetings in which women can discuss their problems. The women make time to attend the meetings because each group has a savings kitty which members manage jointly. While the funds are too small to generate income, their existence allows the groups to develop financial skills and devise creative uses for the capital. This meeting technique also helps break the isolation and immobility of the rural women. When women begin to earn cash incomes, they often find that their husbands become willing to help in household chores. Saptagram also provides credit, widens access to raw materials and markets, provides literacy training, and oversees mass employment schemes. In some cases, macro-economic policies have threatened economic development schemes which depend upon the prices of raw material remaining low enough for products to be profitable. Gender disparities are another major barrier which NGOs like Saptagram must continue to attempt to overcome.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"48-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22030192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519985
G Rajamma
{"title":"Empowerment through income-generating projects.","authors":"G Rajamma","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519985","url":null,"abstract":"In India, income generation projects proposed by development planners have often ignored the realities of women's lives and resulted in increased marginalization of women. In contrast, the Women's Liberation and Rehabilitation Society (WLARS) has adopted an empowerment approach to women's development in its income generation projects which target women of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in Karnataka State. These women have the primary responsibility for sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, and winnowing as well as caring for the household while men plough, apply fertilizer, spray pesticides, and harvest the produce. Because of their low status, women's health suffers and their wages are below those of men doing similar work. Women have no control over property or income, over their bodies or reproductive systems, or over their households if a man is in residence. WLARS, therefore, seeks to minimize socioeconomic gaps faced by women, to organize women to demand their rights, and to improve the economic status of women. WLARS has instigated the formation of women's groups which have collective savings funds and which further the longterm goals of increasing self-reliance among women. Women's groups have reduced women's domestic workload by overseeing the provision of nearby drinking water and domestic electricity, and women now alternate between agricultural labor during the growing season and income-generation activities the rest of the year. The women's groups also provide household necessities locally to reduce the need to travel to markets and have health committees which work to improve the health of the women and their families. The women involved are slowly but steadily improving community life as they improve their own lives.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"53-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22030193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519974
D Elson
{"title":"Gender relations and economic issues.","authors":"D Elson","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519974","url":null,"abstract":"While most discussions of economic issues pay no explicit attention to gender relations, most economic policy is marked by male bias which provides women with an unequal access to resources. This situation exists because most economists, officials, and business managers lack the imagination to see the gender impact of economic issues and most women's groups and researchers lack the language to portray this connection. This article explores some aspects of this gap and aims to provide women with the ability to effectively discuss economic issues. After an introduction, the article considers the basic problem caused by the fact that the economy is defined primarily in terms of money-making activities. This leads to a male bias since much of women's work occurs outside of the monetary sphere. The next section looks at how a failure to understand the significance of gender relations will interfere with the fulfillment of policy objectives. This discussion is followed by a description of how cutbacks in government expenditures increase the burden on women who must replace the services. Problems with the option of the private-sector replacing government services, such as the fact that increasing disposable income in households does not guarantee that unpaid labor will be reduced and the fact that the private sector may fail to expand in a productive way, are covered. The article then touches on the new emphasis placed by some economists and policy makers on cooperative and interactive solutions to these problems and ends by mentioning three new initiatives which seek to build capacity for gender-aware economic analysis: the development of a training program at Manchester University in the UK, coordination of an international research workshop by the University of Utah in the US, and development of an international association for feminist economics based in the US.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22030194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519976
G Rajamma
{"title":"Changing from subsistence to cash cropping. Sakaramma's story.","authors":"G Rajamma","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519976","url":null,"abstract":"In India conversion of land to cash-crop rather than subsistence production has effected the standard of living of rural women. Food security which used to be attained by supplementing home-grown produce with income from agricultural labor is now achieved with funds raised by selling cash crops. The quality of food purchased is often inferior to that formerly raised on homesteads. Greater quantities of a wider variety of food were consumed under the old system and the quality of the food was assured. Cash is now a daily necessity yet the supply of cash depends upon fluctuating markets beyond local control. Cash income can increase without any increase in real income and purchases of necessary fertilizers are financed by loans with high rates of interest. Women have no control over how the increased income from cash is spent and it is often dedicated to debt clearance alcohol and household items rather than food. In the past women agricultural workers were paid in kind and received the same compensation that men received. When payments were converted to cash women received less. Womens work has increased because they must gather fuel and fodder for the cattle after working in their own and others fields. Formerly these raw materials were readily available from the residue of traditional crops. It is clear that traditional farming is more advantageous for small farmers than cash-cropping but more and more small farmers are yielding to government propaganda and adopting the new system. Women are never consulted about such a switch yet they suffer most from the loss of the flow of their nonmonetary resources into their households.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"19-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus on genderPub Date : 1993-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519981
S Barrientos
{"title":"The other side of economic success: poverty, inequality, and women in Chile.","authors":"S Barrientos","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519981","url":null,"abstract":"Chile's recent move to democracy has not yet brought benefits to women. Under the old military regime, economic liberalisation boosted inequality and poverty. A decline in State welfare and male employment forced women into poorly paid jobs, on top of domestic work. On the other hand, women's groups played an important role in establishing the new Government, which is formally committed to addressing their needs. The National Women's Service has been set up to develop public policies specifically for women, but there is still a long way to go.\u0000\u0000This article is hosted by our co-publisher Taylor & Francis. For the full table of contents for this and previous issues of this journal, please visit the Gender and Development website.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"38-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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