Focus on gender最新文献

{"title":"From family planning and maternal and child health to reproductive health.","authors":"J C Mosse","doi":"10.1080/09682869308520017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308520017","url":null,"abstract":"T he current global economic crisis is characterised by growing poverty worldwide, great and growing inequality of income, rising unemployment, debt and negative growth in many countries, and worsening urban and rural pollution and environmental degradation. Linked to these factors are increasing food prices, declining standards of health and education due to reduced spending on services, and social and cultural dislocation (Kaldor 1986). Since the 1980s, global deregulation allowing the private sector to expand without restriction has been the dominant principle in the restructuring of the industrialised nations. The restructuring and globalisation of the financial system, the transnationalisation of production and the spread of neo-liberal ideas are reflected in the growth of economic strategies such as high-tech industry, transnational, off-shore, and home-based production, 'flexible' production, and a rapid growth in the service sector (Marchand 1994, 64). This article argues that 'free trade', which guarantees the free movement of goods and capital, may have allowed for an acceleration of economic growth and economic interdependence among market economies in developed countries, but this has happened at the expense of an economic crisis in countries which have not benefited from such uneven growth. This has had a particularly acute impact on poor women, who are marginalised in the world economy. Although it is important to remember that different women's experiences are 'the outcome of different sets of interactions among patriarchal, class, racial, ethical, and spatial relations' (Pearson 1986, 93), gender is a critical determinant in the degree and manner in which economic and other forces affect different groups.l The effects of deregulation are particularly acute in countries of the East and South. In general, while Central and Eastern European countries are struggling with the impact of a radical economic and political transition, the less-developed countries of the South are burdened by debt, depletion in resources caused by poverty, inequality and environmental problems, and 'aid fatigue' after 40 years of 'development' initiatives. The current trends which are restructuring industry and employment towards service sectors, casual, and part-","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 2","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308520017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female sexuality, regulation and resistance.","authors":"R. Khanna, J. Price","doi":"10.1080/09682869308520008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308520008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 India was the context for this discussion of female sexuality, rigid social norms, women's strategies for resistance, the evolution of norms from colonial India, prostitution, myths, and self-help women's activities. Sexuality is a changing set of ideas, and women have contributed to the redefinition. The biological view without consideration of the sociocultural and historical influences proscribes what is deviant and may be used to reinforce patriarchy and colonialism. Management and control of sexuality has been influenced by class, religion, caste, and ethnicity. During the colonial period, women's sexuality and treatment was challenged by the missionaries. The abolishment of \"sati\" as a traditional practice was used by the British to expand their rule and control over a wider regional area. Attempts were also made to regulate prostitution as means of protecting the health of the British army. The law requiring registration, examination, and commitment for treatment of prostitutes was not adhered to by the women involved. The notion of mothers as irresponsible came into being about 1900, and encouraged abandonment of traditional child- rearing ways for the Western standard of health and hygiene, and lifestyle. In Bengal, motherhood and mother qoddesses became the symbol of the liberation movement. The maternal role could be strengthened through education. The notion of mother and nationhood was supported by the women's movement in Great Britain and the US through positive eugenics ideas of quality race, which supported the ruling elite of British and Indians. Thus, the high class women were to be protected from early marriage, and encouraged to produce children fit to govern; the poor were to be protected from prostitution and overpopulation. Post colonial ideas about sexuality reflected a number of influences both from within and outside India. Health was a focus, and program targets were those who were outside the norm: women with too many children, homosexuals, and prostitutes. Protests have been made against dowry, rape, violence against women, and against specific contraceptives. Women's groups have challenged beliefs about the polluting aspect of women's sexuality, and linked sexuality with spirituality. Grassroots networks were set up in 1989 to teach self- help.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308520008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59598157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of drought on the condition of women.","authors":"W Tichagwa","doi":"10.1080/09682869308520019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308520019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"20-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308520019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of drought on the condition of women.","authors":"W. Tichagwa","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519993","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drought can have economic, social, health, and environmental effects on women in developing countries. Drought contributes to decreased household food supply and little or no crop surplus for sale. When stocks are used up, few resources are available for the purchase of food. Male labor migration increases during drought and may become permanent. Prostitution in urban areas and forced marriages increase. The work load of women increases. Drought can deplete pastures and reduce livestock counts. Women are left to till the fields by hand and must reduce the area cultivated. Aid programs can offer food or money in exchange for work. Drought reinforces the sexual division of labor and leaves the population malnourished, hungry, and with a reduced physical ability to perform work. Child labor may be reduced, but mothers must compensate and fetch water and firewood or wash dishes. Diets are supplemented by the harvesting of wild fruits and tubers. Caterpillar collection may lead to the felling of slow growing trees. Fruit trees may be cut down without regard to future harvests, because the fruit was not reachable. Water tables can be reduced and force collection of water from more remote areas. Programs should help people meet immediate food needs, strengthen women's role, and introduce environmentally sustainable longterm solutions to food deficits. These suggestions empower women to be able to adapt better to future drought conditions. Women must have the means to provide for food self-sufficiency through access to agricultural credit and services and to equal control of agricultural produce and income. Ecologically sound projects, such as controlled grazing schemes, reforestation, construction of silt traps, and construction of dams for irrigation purposes, can help prevent drought. Drought is recurrent, however, and national governments must have contingency plans and programs such as food banks and an effective food distribution and storage system. Women should not be assumed to have an unlimited capacity to sustain this burden.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"20-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59598307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Women and children first\". Introducing a gender strategy into disaster preparedness.","authors":"M Meyers","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519991","url":null,"abstract":"Women have been included in development strategies, but women's issues and women's involvement have been missing from centrally planned government programs of disaster relief. The axiom of putting women and children first has been lost in the maelstrom of immediate need planning without consideration of consequences. The UN developed a training manual and seminars for disaster management. Included in one of the UN manuals are directives that emphasized priorities for nine main components of disaster relief: 1) vulnerability assessment, 2) planning, 3) institutional framework, 4) information systems, 5) resource base, 6) warning systems, 7) response mechanisms, 8) public education and training, and 9) rehearsals. Gender issues should be addressed for each of these components. The question of whether gender was included in a disaster assessment must be answered. Male planners may not be sufficiently informed of how women are affected; therefore, women need to be consulted at the planning stage. A national ministry of women should be involved in disaster relief planning. Women's needs and coping strategies must be accounted for in data-gathering instruments. Emergency supplies must include gynecological and obstetric supplies. The media must be able to reach women and children with disaster warnings. Relief plans must consider whether women will be unduly burdened by the strategy. The inclusion of women in disaster relief efforts not only helps women in crises but helps to break down gender inequalities and imbalances in general.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"14-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519991","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial.","authors":"B Walker","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519988","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"2-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testimonies from Zaire.","authors":"A Hussein","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519994","url":null,"abstract":"Tribal hatred and rivalry can contribute to the dislocation of many people and reduction in their social welfare. Assimilation into new areas is made difficult by limitations on resources: the results can be starvation, malnutrition, death, morbidity, prostitution and rape, and inadequate shelter and means of survival. In the fall of 1992, more than 150,000 Kasaians were forced to leave Zaire and travel to regions in the East and West Kasai by whatever means possible. Accounts of \"repatriation\" were given by women involved in the movement. One account describes the initial adjustment in 1991 of a nine-child family in Katanga; this family took in 10 refugee families until it became impossible to survive or get along with neighbors. The decision was made to take the one train out of the area to Kasai territory. The journey was difficult for the children who had to stand and did not have sufficient food or water. A two to three day trip took two weeks. The adjustment to the new village was a strange experience, after having lived with electricity and tap water. By March 1993, conditions had so deteriorated that Kasaian women were banned from economic activity of any kind, and young thugs brandishing knives and clubs hurt and killed Kasaian women and children. Houses were set on fire, and people were disposed without any shelter in the rainy season. Those with possessions sold them and bought food. Some tried to find food in abandoned fields, but were driven back by Katangan military personnel. Maize grains and maniac root were the only food options. Many became ill with kwashiorkor and dysentery, and as many as 35 people died daily. The Red Cross counted 640 deaths between March 20 and May 25, 1993. The hatred ran deep, and mixed marriages suffered. Most families left by train, but the conditions in Kananga were the same as in Kolwezi. Food rations were inadequate. The refugee camps had bottled water, but access meant a very long wait. There was no income and no facility to plan for the future.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"26-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sudanese refugees in Koboko: environmental health interventions.","authors":"J Morgan","doi":"10.1080/09682869308520024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308520024","url":null,"abstract":"The recounted experiences of an emergency support engineer revealed the importance of involving women in decision making at the local level. The task involved the provision of a gender sensitive technical program: a construction project to identify and supply safe, clean tap water for Sudanese refugees resettled in Uganda border areas where Ugandans had just returned as refugees in Zaire. There was squabbling among refugees because soap distribution was unsatisfactory, and a village elder revealed that corruption among elected officials was interfering with relief supplies. The village elder was able to notify an Oxfam spring technician, and other village women were consulted about suitable springs for providing permanent supplies during the dry season. Several springs were located, and one was selected. Six women helped prepare the spring for piped water, and, in the process, learned about spring technology. The location of tapstands was accomplished with village men and women mapping exact locations. Six taps were needed to serve a population of 100 people. Refugees helped with the digging of trenches, fixing the pipes, and assembling the tapstands. The operation took two weeks, but after the work was done, no one would use the tap water. A health educator consultant had to assure the villagers that the water was safe. Within days, villagers and refugees were using the tap water. Street theater was used to convey another health message about the importance of water tap maintenance. As a consequence, six men and women formed a sanitary committee to make certain the areas remained clean and well drained and that water was not wasted. Committee members were trained to make simple repairs. The lesson learned was that women can be effectively involved at the local level, if one listens intently, talks with women, and watches behavior carefully.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"41-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308520024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22016295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some problems women are facing.","authors":"M Tokle","doi":"10.1080/09682869308520023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308520023","url":null,"abstract":"Women in India after the earthquake are afraid. They are paralyzed by insecurity about another earthquake occurring and are unable to work or rebuild. The sowing was delayed, and a crop failure is possible. Nurses and gynecologists are unavailable to treat those with health problems made worse by the tension. Bathrooms and latrines are absent in most of the camps. A full bath is permitted only once every 15 days. Tankers supply water to some, but not all, villages. Those last in line go without water and children bathe in puddles. Destitute women and widows have no emotional or economic support; the help they do receive is taken by neighbors or relatives. Without money or food in the present situation, women are skeptical about the future of their children, particularly their education. Fearing that they will become beggars or be killed in another earthquake if they remain, the mothers are sending their children to the cities to attend school. Skilled and unskilled workers face unemployment in the village. Since their temporary shelters have no doors, they are unable to leave them to seek employment outside. There is a belief among many of the women that the earthquake is the first of a series that will be sent in punishment for their sins in this life or previous lives, ending in total destruction of the villages. Uncertainty, instability, and illiteracy are the roots of this belief.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"2 1","pages":"37-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308520023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22016294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is liberalisation damaging Albanian women's health?","authors":"C Corrin","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519980","url":null,"abstract":"Albania is suffering from low levels of economic development and political instability, which have led to impaired provision of basic health care. With 40% of the population under age 15 years, Albania is experiencing a high rate of natural increase and a high but falling birth rate. In January 1992, Albania legalized abortion for women over age 16 years who are less than 12 weeks pregnant. Women outside of these parameters must face a special commission to obtain an abortion. In the first quarter of 1992, there were 0.8 births/abortion. Rapidly deteriorating conditions in maternity homes and women's hospitals are characterized by a lack of anaesthetic, reuse of equipment including needles, and failure to change sheets between patients. There is little access to contraception or sex education, especially for poor women. Child care facilities are being closed as factories shut down and private individuals reclaim the villas used by the government as child care centers. Albanian children suffer from a very high incidence of viral hepatitis, diarrheal disease (with no production of oral rehydration salts in the country), and parasitoses. In rural areas, one nurse serves two or three villages, most births take place in single-roomed homes which lack disinfectants, and people suffer from poor nutrition caused by lack of access to food. Access to water is also limited and available only on a strict timetable. Current conditions in Albania make it dangerous for women to walk abroad at night alone. In addition, the number of traffic accidents is increasing, as are incidences of domestic burglary.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"35-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}