Focus on gender最新文献_第5页

Gender-related violence: its scope and relevance. 与性别有关的暴力:其范围和相关性。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519961

J El-bushra, E Piza Lopez

{"title":"Gender-related violence: its scope and relevance.","authors":"J El-bushra, E Piza Lopez","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519961","url":null,"abstract":"Policy issues for gender-related violence are reviewed with attention directed to personal violence, violence within the household, public violence, development policies and programs that abuses women, barriers to sustainable development from violence against women, violence against women as women's rights issue, and women in war and other crises. Gender violence touches all social classes and types of people in almost every country of the world. Violence against women causes human suffering, impediments to personal development, and a reduction in the contributions women can make to the lives of others. The issues is complex and reaches the highest international level in the debates about sustainable development, good government, and quality of life. Strategies must be directed to equalizing the well being and status of men and women in all sectors, and to reducing women's political and economic vulnerability. Women must have their social status raised, and their ability to gain control over their own lives must be strengthened. Recommendations for bilateral development cooperation policy included promoting the Draft Declaration on Violence Against Women, making certain that gender violence is on all human rights agendas, and promoting the adoption of gender-related violence and persecution as grounds for asylum in refugee conventions. Governments need assistance as part of bilateral aid in coping with issues of rape and domestic violence by training professionals in police and social services, and by providing safe havens. Governments must be influenced to formulate population policies and to provide family planning respectful of women's reproductive rights. Development projects should be continually monitored for gender violence violations, and research must be directed to assessing the gender impact of relief and rehabilitation projects. Women's centers and groups need support and resources for building self-help, training, networking, and building databases and circulating information. Gender violence includes any of the following acts: rape, marital rape, domestic violence, child abuse, female infanticide, denial of health care or nutrition to girls, sexual and emotional harassment, genital mutilation, prostitution, pornography, population control, war and state violence, exploitation of refugees, political violence, and reduction in state services which increases the stress and workload for women.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Domestic violence as a development issue. 家庭暴力是一个发展问题。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519969

R Jacobson

引用次数: 6

Editorial. 社论。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519960

H O'connell

引用次数: 0

Policy statement on population and the environment. 人口与环境政策声明。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519977

{"title":"Policy statement on population and the environment.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519977","url":null,"abstract":"Development policies of the past have not been able to solve the problem of poverty. Linkages between macroeconomic patterns gender and poverty must be recognized in any new development plans. Growth is essential to economic development however the way growth is measured and the patterns of growth must be carefully examined. If this change of perspective does not occur then millions of people are left behind and shut out from the benefits of development. Policy makers need to take into account the gender division of labor and the fundamentally different lives of women and men in poor households. Attention to these differences is the key to reducing intergenerational poverty. The trickle down theories of development from the 50s have proved inadequate because not enough trickles down to keep millions out of poverty. Welfare programs of the 60s were a response to this. They attempted to tackle the problem of poverty directly rather than waiting for development to reach everyone. These systems were based on the assumption that women were helpless victims in need of handouts from the top in order to benefit from development. The integration of women in the development process was a response to the welfare systems which was found to be unsatisfactory. This approach allowed women to take an active part in development but it had a very high cost. Women had to work more hours for low pay and the result was only a marginal improvement. Gender sensitive planning and implementation was an attempt to correct the major flaws of integrating women into development because it took into account the division of labor based on sex. It attempted to account for the different perspective of women in the areas of agriculture industry education health and homelife. The empowerment approach is a method of building a womans own capacity of self reliance. Since millions of households are headed solely by women empowerment is the only way to give women what they need to benefit from development.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 1","pages":"22-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Looking for a regenerative approach to sustainability. 寻找可持续发展的再生方法。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519957

N Redclift

{"title":"Looking for a regenerative approach to sustainability.","authors":"N Redclift","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519957","url":null,"abstract":"A valuable notion of sustainable development requires an understanding of social reproduction as the mutual interaction of gender ideologies and ecological processes to heighten human survival and livelihood. We should examine gender similarities and differences in rights over the environment, energy systems, reproductive control, and epistemologies. In diverse cultural settings, the relationships women and men have with natural resources (e.g., forests, bush, and water) are not the same. Further, rights to the use of these resources differ. We must address women's reduced access to common property resources for food and fuel, which in some areas constitute up to 20% of income. Minor forest products used at home and in handicraft-making contribute to household survival. Women's labor is an energy system. In some areas, ecological degradation has forced upon women the burden of distance and time. They are approaching the limits of physical endurance which may not be sustainable. Yet society often treats women's labor as inexhaustible. We do not know enough about the space and time changes that are occurring or the effects of these changes for longer term social reproduction. Women carry most of the burden of responsibility for sustaining their families, yet resources and means within their control are dwindling. To achieve sustainability, we must balance the diverging demands of resource provision, environmental protection, and reproductive rights. We must discover a way to stabilize ecosystems, encourage their renewability, and eliminate the gender-induced inequalities in access to food and medical care. It is important that we preserve epistemological diversity. Society devalues women's knowledge of habitats, species, medicinal plants, forms of healing, and productive techniques. In conclusion, achieving sustainability is impossible with existing gender inequities.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 1","pages":"50-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sustainable development: women as partners. 可持续发展:妇女作为伙伴。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519947

M Dem

{"title":"Sustainable development: women as partners.","authors":"M Dem","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519947","url":null,"abstract":"The economic recession and the structural adjustment programs imposed y the International Monetary Fund have caused sluggish or no economic growth and a decline in living conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Senegal's New Agricultural Policy has eliminated subsidies for agricultural inputs, worsening the already declining living conditions. Population growth in Senegal exceeds food production; it is very rapid in cities (urban growth rate, 2.7%). Women, especially, suffer from the economic crisis; it increases the burden on women for income generation, but the increased workload does not equate more income. This workload restricts women's opportunities to improve their physical environment and does not improve their status within society. Women still face discrimination daily; power lies with men. Oxfam supports urban women financially and technically as they organize and pursue income generation activities to institute change leading to sustainable development. It has helped a Serere women's group in Dakar to organize and provided credit funds to support their trading activities and family planning sensitization training. Oxfam also finances rural women coming to Dakar during the dry season to pound millet to sell. Problems which have to be overcome to achieve sustainable development acceptable to women are numerous. Women need access to the ways and means of food production. Resources are insufficient and inaccessible to women because women are excluded from the decision-making process. Women generally do not have access to information and training which would help them make their own choices and manage their own lives. Political and sociocultural environments, especially those of the poor, do not easily allow women opportunities for independent reflection and expression. Grassroots women's groups provide the best base to develop female solidarity and women's representation, leading to sustainable development. Development organizations must take up a new dynamic where each person assumes his/her own responsibilities to search for more justice, dignity, and prosperity for the poor, particularly women.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 1","pages":"14-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Editorial. 社论。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519943

G Reardon

引用次数: 0

Women's relationship with the environment. 女性与环境的关系。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519944

J Davidson

{"title":"Women's relationship with the environment.","authors":"J Davidson","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519944","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries, all development activities as well as reclamation of degraded areas, pollution reduction, and preservation of biodiversity affect women's environment, especially in rural areas. Women produce most subsistence foods and cash crops, but control only about 1% of the world's land. Lack of land tenure and of access to it keep women from obtaining credit, training, and other supports, thereby preventing them from using their traditional, longterm conservation practices. In many developing countries, commercial producers force women off the most productive lands and onto marginal lands where they grow subsistence crops. They tend to overuse the marginal land and to allow little time for soil recovery. Soil degradation is exacerbated when women need to travel greater distances to collect fuelwood, water, fodder, and food. Almost complete desertification awaits Rajasthan, India, where such events and intensive cash cropping occur. Heavy pesticide use on large commercial farms increases pest resistance, thereby boosting infestation and reducing species diversity. Women are testing sustainable agricultural techniques, for instance, interplanting and crop rotation. Even though women supply water needs, they tend to be excluded from planning, implementing, and maintaining water supplies. Women depend on forests to provide food, fodder, fuel, building materials, medicines, and many materials for income-earning efforts. Commercial logging, migration and resettlement, agricultural development, and cutting for firewood and charcoal destroy these forests. Reforestation schemes do not consider women's needs. Deforestation and desertification increase women's work burdens. Poor women who have migrated to urban areas also experience environmental degradation, deteriorating health, and resource depletion; most live in squatter settlements. Deteriorating economic circumstances in developing countries, reduced flows of official development assistance to developing countries, rapid population growth, lack of women's support mechanisms, and civil conflict are underlying factors for environmental degradation.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 1","pages":"5-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Policy statement on population and the environment. 人口与环境政策声明。

Focus on gender Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/09682869308519949

{"title":"Policy statement on population and the environment.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519949","url":null,"abstract":"Inequalities in distribution of wealth, uneven use and distribution of resources, and human settlement patterns contribute more to environmental degradation than does population size. Current global economic strategies and policy decisions affect population and the natural environment. Large-scale technology and communications, the globalization of capital, subordination within world markets, and increasing consumption levels have broken down livelihoods and the environment. Therefore, contrary to popular opinion, population growth is not the key variable in environmental degradation. The erosion of livelihoods really affect women, especially poor women. Legal and political rights, women's economic independence, education, health, access to reproductive health services, and improved child survival greatly influence fertility decline. The disintegration of women's livelihoods restricts their access to health services and education. We cannot depend on capitalism to protect our livelihoods or the health of the environment. So nongovernmental organizations, international agencies, and national and local governments must do so. Assessments of intensive agriculture, industries destroying the social and physical environment, and military activities are critically needed. We need to reassess the macroeconomic forces affecting the natural environment and livelihoods of the poor. Communities should influence and demand policies and regulations preserving their access to resources. Women must participate more intensely in decision making. They should have access to key services. Citizens should have more access to information on environmental damage of industrialized products and processes. All of us need to advocate for more environmentally sound and sustainable forms of development and technology. People at the local, national, and global levels must work to change values that have caused overconsumption, thereby promoting a new ethic centering on caring for people and the environment.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"22-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59598016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0