Focus on gender最新文献

{"title":"Structural adjustment: cure or curse? Implications for Caribbean development.","authors":"P Antrobus","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519975","url":null,"abstract":"Applying a gender analysis to structural adjustment policies reveals why gender analysis should be viewed as a prerequisite which allows planners and development practitioners to understand the hidden biases in their policies. Structural adjustment policies seek to reduce consumption and stimulate production which is often export-oriented and fueled by foreign investment. The reallocation of governmental resources to such schemes has led to the virtual abandonment of the development goals of the 1970s. Gender analysis bridges the gap between macroeconomic analysis and micro-level policies and exposes the detrimental impact of structural adjustment policies at the household level. Gender analysis also reveals the importance of the dual role of women and how cuts in social services (reducing consumption) make women's lives harder while increases in production exploit women's cheap labor. Gender analysis exposes the dichotomies of private/public lives and exposes contradictions in policies which are derived without such analysis. Planners must recognize the essential links between women's productive and reproductive roles and avoid increasing burdens for women and, thus, undermining the effectiveness of economic and social development policies. In applying a gender perspective to analysis, planners can take advantage of the analytical tools which have been developed for the purpose. Planners can also recognize that those who use services are in the best position to determine priorities. This requires a consideration of whether it is possible to meet strategic gender needs simultaneously with meeting practical needs. The most useful purpose of gender analysis may simply be to question the fundamental principles of the development process itself in order to design projects to place more strategic power in the hands of those who will use the services.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 3","pages":"13-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working with women refugees in eastern Sri Lanka.","authors":"N Kasynathan","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519966","url":null,"abstract":"In 1991 in eastern Sri Lanka, Community Aid Abroad (funded by the Australian government) began a relief and rehabilitation program for refugees displaced by war in Sri Lanka. After the program organized people into groups and provided the essentials to start over, the men remained idle while the women assumed the burden of harvesting grain and caring for the families. After six months, the women indicated that they would like a portion of the available funds dedicated to agricultural loans instead of consumables. During the first season, women were able to grow enough food to meet the needs of their families and to generate income. After a year, the relief phase of the resettlement was over, and the women formed an organization to implement the second phase of the project. This experience points to the necessity and efficiency of working with women during times of war. Many women had become heads of household after their husbands were killed. Because of their family responsibilities, women were more able than men to cope with their changing roles. Engaging in collective and meaningful work helped the women overcome their trauma and develop self-reliance. Thus, war may result in women's greater empowerment, and women must be made aware of empowerment issues in order to solidify these hard-earned gains.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"24-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Clutching a knifeblade\": human rights and development from Asian women's perspective.","authors":"N Sancho-liao","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519968","url":null,"abstract":"A brief, vivid portrait of the human rights conditions for women in Asia was presented: \"kapit sa patalim\" or utter despair, urban migration, export processing zones, tourism and prostitution, political repression, and military sexual slavery. Advocates of women's human rights for Asian women must contend with patriarchal and male-dominated systems that oppress and exploit women to a much greater extent than men. Liberation from these systems and the domination and exploitation by wealthier nations must be a goal of a new economic world order. Unjust and repressive structures must be destroyed, and equitable distribution of wealth and democracy and popular initiatives promoted. The status of women must be raised to coequal status with men. The most important objective of human rights advocates should be the empowerment of women at the individual, community, national, regional, and international level. The Asian Women's Human Rights Council was established as an addition to 3 already operating regional commissions of women's organizations. The aim was not just to describe women as victims, but to pressure development activity to account for women's human rights. Sex tribunals have been scheduled between 1993 and 1994 to address the following issues: 1) sex trafficking (Japan, May 1993); 2) violence against women (Pakistan, December 1993); 3) militarism, environment, and violence against women (Korea, March 1994); 4) crimes of development against women in Asia (India); 5) religion and violence against women (Malaysia, 1994); and 6) indigenous women (December 1994). Women were victims when Filipino domestic workers were stranded and raped in Iraq during the chaos of war, when girls from landless peasant families migrated near Clark Air Force Base to earn a living as prostitutes for US servicemen, when women were forced to work 36-hour shifts in foreign-owned garment factories in Bataan, when women migrated for work, and when women were abused and battered in Bangladesh and India. Many other examples of abuse were indicated in the discussion.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"31-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sochua Mu Leiper, director of Khemara. Interview.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519956","url":null,"abstract":"Adapted from Gender needs assessment in the fisheries sector, report prepared for Oxfam by WRRC. This case study is based on a participatory research project undertaken by a task force: Oxfam UK, WRRC, PACAF, Shield, and CERD.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"45-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working on gender in conflict situations: some ideas on strategy.","authors":"J El Bushra, E Piza-lopez","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519964","url":null,"abstract":"During times of conflict, development agencies must rely on the relationships they have built with local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to seek effective strategies for working on gender issues. In such critical times it is easy to falsely consider the needs of gender equity as secondary to other goals, yet the community at risk will be constrained in achieving other goals if gender inequities exist to impede progress. Raising gender issues with local NGOs can result in strengthened relationships if this is done as part of a long-term strategy. Ad hoc attempts to deal with gender issues, however, can weaken relationships. A strategy for working with local NGOs on gender and conflict may include: 1) joint training workshops, 2) strengthening ties with women's organizations, 3) networking, 4) research, 5) creating a resource-base, 6) training specialist gender staff to integrate gender into technical issues, 7) joint planning, 8) provision of technical resources, 9) establishing dialogues on gender, and 10) seeking allies among influential people in the community.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"15-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life during wartime: women and conflict in Afghanistan.","authors":"F Mclachlan","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519963","url":null,"abstract":"The civil war in Afghanistan has caused women to suffer psychosomatic disorders and trauma through the loss of relatives and sons. In addition, war-widows face new economic responsibilities for their households and often have had to deal with destruction of their homes and livestock. The women are so depressed that they can no longer enjoy social functions like weddings or trust their neighbors. The only hope the women have is in their children, many of whom were sent to the former Soviet Union to school. For many of the women, the emotional trauma they suffered and the poverty they face combine to make life an ordeal.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"13-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The psychosocial effects of \"La Violencia\" on widows of El Quiche, Guatemala.","authors":"J Zur","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519967","url":null,"abstract":"In Guatemala, government-sponsored terrorism directed at Mayan villagers resulted in at least 122,000 deaths and 18,000 \"disappearances\" during the period 1975-85. Even today, \"low intensity warfare\" in the form of random acts of terrorism continue. Thus, in the past 20 years, 120,000 women have been widowed, 11,000 in the province of El Quiche alone. This violence extended to threats of death directed toward women who joined a human rights organization, to the rape of women by their husbands' murderers and the further murder or kidnapping of their relatives. Groups of women were split between widows and married women, and women had to recreate their roles in society. The resulting reformation of family life led to an irretrievably altered relationship with the past. Survivors had to cope with pervasive fear, with a new understanding of their vulnerability, and with an inability to fulfill their obligations towards the dead who were buried in clandestine graves. The women who coped the best were those who learned to comprehend the violence in political terms through participation in human rights and women's groups and those who lived in villages where the dead were exhumed and properly buried. The psychological pain suffered by the women often manifested itself in physical ways and added to the suffering they realized from overwork and poor nutrition.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forced prostitution of women and girls in Brazil.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519970","url":null,"abstract":"In Para and Maranhao States in Brazil, women and young girls are enticed from their towns by the promise of jobs in mining encampments and near large civil construction sites only to be sold into servitude in brothels. The women are virtually slaves who are told they must work as prostitutes to pay their transportation costs and other debts incurred (such as the purchase of medicine to treat malaria). Once this is done, the women must reimburse the brothel owners for the price paid for them. Since the brothel owners collect the client's money directly and transportation costs out of the area are high, few women can leave. Those who try to escape are beaten, tortured, or even killed. The local police are allegedly party to this situation. After publication of this situation in 1992, federal police raided a number of brothels, released more than 70 prostitutes, including many minors, and arrested 10 brothel owners. There is evidence that this problem is widespread in Amazonia, despite the fact that Brazil has ratified several international conventions designed to outlaw slavery and forced prostitution and to protect children.","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"40-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09682869308519970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refugee women: their perspectives and our responses.","authors":"T Wallace","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519965","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09682869308519965","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict and the women of Chad.","authors":"A D Sy","doi":"10.1080/09682869308519962","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09682869308519962","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84761,"journal":{"name":"Focus on gender","volume":"1 2","pages":"10-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22038581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}